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Azanaw J, Malede A, Yalew HF, Worede EA. Determinants of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in Africa (2013-2023): a comprehensive systematic review highlighting geographic variances, socioeconomic influences, and environmental factors. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2399. [PMID: 39232730 PMCID: PMC11373296 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea diseases continue to present a significant threat to the well-being of children under the age of five in Africa, thereby contributing substantially to both morbidity and mortality rates. The period spanning between January 2013 and December 2023 has witnessed persistent challenges in the fight against these diseases, thereby necessitating a thorough investigation into the factors that determine their occurrence. It is important to note that the burden of diarrhea diseases is not evenly distributed across the continent, with residence, socioeconomic, and environmental factors playing pivotal roles in shaping the prevalence and incidence rates. Consequently, this systematic review aimed to consolidate and analyze the existing body of literature on the determinants of diarrhea diseases among children under the age of five in Africa between January 2013 and December 2023. METHOD The systematic review employed a rigorous methodological approach to examine the determinants of diarrhea diseases among children under the age of five in Africa between January 2013 and December 2023. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented, utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and incorporating relevant keywords. The inclusion criteria focused on studies published within the specified timeframe, with a specific focus on the determinants of diarrhea disease among children under the age of five in Africa. The study selection process involved a two-stage screening, with independent reviewers evaluating titles, abstracts, and full texts to determine eligibility. The quality assessment, employing a standardized tool, ensured the inclusion of studies with robust methodologies. Data extraction encompassed key study details, including demographics, residence factors, socioeconomic influences, environmental variables, and intervention outcomes. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 12,580 articles across 25 African countries; however, only 97 of these articles met the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included in the systematic review. The systematic review revealed geographic and seasonal disparities in the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases across different countries in Africa. Factors such as age-related vulnerabilities, gender disparities, maternal occupation, disposal of young children's stools, and economic status were identified as significant determinants of the prevalence of diarrhea disease. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of diarrhea diseases among children under the age of five in Africa between January 2013 and December 2023. The nuanced analysis of residence variations, socioeconomic influences, environmental factors, and intervention outcomes underscores the complex nature of this issue. The findings highlight the necessity for region-specific and context-sensitive interventions to address the unique challenges faced by diverse communities. This review serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers, guiding the development of evidence-based strategies aimed at reducing the burden of diarrhea diseases and improving child health outcomes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Asmamaw Malede
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Feleke Yalew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Abera Worede
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Grant PC, Levy K, Rossi JL, Kerr CW. Role of Post-Traumatic Growth in Bereavement Outcomes: An Inquiry of Family Caregivers in Hospice. J Palliat Med 2024; 27:168-175. [PMID: 37676983 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Family caregivers (FCGs) encounter several physical, psychosocial, and financial struggles while caring for a dying loved one. After their loved one has passed, FCGs face new difficulties as they transition out of the caregiving role and into bereavement. Recent research has focused on the positive adaptive outcomes of bereavement. Objective: This study examined the relationship between core bereavement experiences and post-traumatic growth (PTG) for bereaved hospice FCGs. Design: This is a quantitative cross-sectional mail-in survey. Settings/Subjects: A total of 395 bereaved FCGs of patients who died while under the care of a comprehensive hospice program were surveyed. Measurements: Demographics were collected. Bereavement experiences were assessed using the core bereavement items, and PTG was assessed using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Both surveys are validated measures. Results: Two-tailed bivariate correlations were used to analyze the relationships between bereavement experiences and PTG. Significant positive relationships were found between all bereavement experiences and PTG variables (p = <0.01-0.011, r = 0.134-0.290), except for one variable pairing (grief × new possibilities). Participants who reported more intense bereavement experiences also reported greater PTG, especially in the areas relating to others and appreciation of life. Conclusion: FCGs who undergo more intense bereavement experiences tend to experience greater PTG. This information can be used in the future to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of grief and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei C Grant
- Phronesis Consulting LLC, Clarence, New York, USA
- Research Department, Hospice and Palliative Care Buffalo, Cheektowaga, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Levy
- Research Department, Hospice and Palliative Care Buffalo, Cheektowaga, New York, USA
- Planning and Research Department, Trocaire College, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan L Rossi
- Wellness Center, Stop Soldier Suicide, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher W Kerr
- Research Department, Hospice and Palliative Care Buffalo, Cheektowaga, New York, USA
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Parsekar SS, Meijering L, Bailey A, Nair S. Perceptions and Experiences of Informal Caregivers of Breast Cancer Patients in South India: A Qualitative Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:1651-1658. [PMID: 37247285 PMCID: PMC10495876 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.5.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to explore the prevailing perceptions and experiences of caregiving burden among informal caregivers of women living with breast cancer in South India. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted among breast cancer care-receivers (n=35) and their informal caregivers (n=39) and a thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Informal caregiver in the context of this study was defined as one who takes up the responsibility of an informal caregiving role, and were either self-identified or acknowledged by the care-receivers. RESULTS Four main inductive themes in the domains of: emotional culpability, financial and workplace liability, psychosocial affliction, physical strain and health system demand were identified, that were associated with caregiver burden. CONCLUSION Informal caregivers form an integral part of the cancer care continuum in India. It is recommended to factor in the identified themes while developing a caregiver needs assessment model in the context of caring for breast cancer patients in the Indian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha S. Parsekar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
| | - Louise Meijering
- Department of Demography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ajay Bailey
- International Development Studies, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
- Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Prasanna School of Public Health, MAHE, Manipal, India.
| | - Suma Nair
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
- Centre for Community Oncology, KMC, MAHE, Manipal, India.
- DYPU School of Public Health, DY Patil Deemed to be University, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India.
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Poulin TG, Krewulak KD, Rosgen BK, Stelfox HT, Fiest KM, Moss SJ. The impact of patient delirium in the intensive care unit: patterns of anxiety symptoms in family caregivers. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1202. [PMID: 34740349 PMCID: PMC8571897 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the association of patient delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) with patterns of anxiety symptoms in family caregivers when delirium was determined by clinical assessment and family-administered delirium detection. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, consecutive adult patients anticipated to remain in the ICU for longer than 24 h were eligible for participation given at least one present family caregiver (e.g., spouse, friend) provided informed consent (to be enrolled as a dyad) and were eligible for delirium detection (i.e., Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale score ≥ - 3). Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) was used to assess self-reported symptoms of anxiety. Clinical assessment (Confusion Assessment Method for ICU, CAM-ICU) and family-administered delirium detection (Sour Seven) were completed once daily for up to five days. RESULTS We included 147 family caregivers; the mean age was 54.3 years (standard deviation [SD] 14.3 years) and 74% (n = 129) were female. Fifty (34% [95% confidence interval [CI] 26.4-42.2]) caregivers experienced clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (median GAD-7 score 16.0 [interquartile range 6]). The most prevalent symptoms of anxiety were "Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge" (96.0% [95%CI 85.2-99.0]); "Not being able to stop or control worrying" (88.0% [95%CI 75.6-94.5]; "Worrying too much about different things" and "Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen" (84.0% [95%CI 71.0-91.8], for both). Family caregivers of critically ill adults with delirium were significantly more likely to report "Worrying too much about different things" more than half of the time (CAM-ICU, Odds Ratio [OR] 2.27 [95%CI 1.04-4.91]; Sour Seven, OR 2.28 [95%CI 1.00-5.23]). CONCLUSIONS Family caregivers of critically ill adults with delirium frequently experience clinically significant anxiety and are significantly more likely to report frequently worrying too much about different things. Future work is needed to develop mental health interventions for the diversity of anxiety symptoms experienced by family members of critically ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03379129 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese G Poulin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Karla D Krewulak
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brianna K Rosgen
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Henry T Stelfox
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Fiest
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Community Health Sciences & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Stephana J Moss
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Moss SJ, Wollny K, Amarbayan M, Lorenzetti DL, Kassam A. Interventions to improve the well-being of medical learners in Canada: a scoping review. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E765-E776. [PMID: 34285056 PMCID: PMC8313096 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical education affects learner well-being. We explored the breadth and depth of interventions to improve the well-being of medical learners in Canada. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO from inception to July 11, 2020, using the Arksey-O'Malley, 5-stage, scoping review method. We included interventions to improve well-being across 5 wellness domains (i.e., social, mental, physical, intellectual, occupational) for medical learners in Canada, grouped as undergraduate or graduate nonmedical (i.e., health sciences) students, undergraduate medical students or postgraduate medical students (i.e., residents). We categorized interventions as targeting the individual (learner), program (i.e., in which learners are enrolled) or system (i.e., higher education or health care) levels. RESULTS Of 1753 studies identified, we included 65 interventions that aimed to improve well-being in 10 202 medical learners, published from 1972 through 2020; 52 (80%) were uncontrolled trials. The median year for intervention implementation was 2010 (range 1971-2018) and the median length was 3 months (range 1 h-48 mo). Most (n = 34, 52%) interventions were implemented with undergraduate medical students. Two interventions included only undergraduate, nonmedical students; none included graduate nonmedical students. Most studies (n = 51, 78%) targeted intellectual well-being, followed by occupational (n = 32, 49%) and social (n = 17, 26%) well-being. Among 19 interventions implemented for individuals, 14 (74%) were for medical students; of the 27 program-level interventions, 17 (63%) were for resident physicians. Most (n = 58, 89%) interventions reported positive well-being outcomes. INTERPRETATION Many Canadian medical schools address intellectual, occupational and social well-being by targeting interventions at medical learners. Important emphasis on the mental and physical well-being of medical learners in Canada warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana J Moss
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Moss, Wollny, Lorenzetti, Kassam), and Critical Care Medicine (Moss, Amarbayan), Cumming School of Medicine, and Faculty of Nursing (Wollny, Amarbayan), and School of Public Policy (Amarbayan), and Health Sciences Library (Lorenzetti), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
| | - Krista Wollny
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Moss, Wollny, Lorenzetti, Kassam), and Critical Care Medicine (Moss, Amarbayan), Cumming School of Medicine, and Faculty of Nursing (Wollny, Amarbayan), and School of Public Policy (Amarbayan), and Health Sciences Library (Lorenzetti), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Mungunzul Amarbayan
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Moss, Wollny, Lorenzetti, Kassam), and Critical Care Medicine (Moss, Amarbayan), Cumming School of Medicine, and Faculty of Nursing (Wollny, Amarbayan), and School of Public Policy (Amarbayan), and Health Sciences Library (Lorenzetti), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Moss, Wollny, Lorenzetti, Kassam), and Critical Care Medicine (Moss, Amarbayan), Cumming School of Medicine, and Faculty of Nursing (Wollny, Amarbayan), and School of Public Policy (Amarbayan), and Health Sciences Library (Lorenzetti), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Aliya Kassam
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Moss, Wollny, Lorenzetti, Kassam), and Critical Care Medicine (Moss, Amarbayan), Cumming School of Medicine, and Faculty of Nursing (Wollny, Amarbayan), and School of Public Policy (Amarbayan), and Health Sciences Library (Lorenzetti), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
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Boles JC, Jones MT. Legacy perceptions and interventions for adults and children receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliat Med 2021; 35:529-551. [PMID: 33487090 DOI: 10.1177/0269216321989565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legacy has been invoked as a means for strengthening human attachments, continuing bonds, and ensuring that individuals will be remembered; however, little is known about the spectrum of approaches to, outcomes associated with, and best practices for legacy interventions. AIM To systematically review research on legacy perceptions and interventions in pediatric and adult palliative care recipients. DESIGN A systematic mixed studies review synthesizing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods study findings using PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCES PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched on October 1, 2020. GRADE criteria were used to assess quality of quantitative reports, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence Level and Quality Guide was used to rate qualitative, mixed methods, and review articles. Data were synthesized using integrative thematic analysis. RESULTS The 67 studies reviewed describe a variety of legacy perceptions and interventions with adult and pediatric patients receiving palliative care. Statistically significant improvements in various dimensions of wellbeing are documented, with significant reduction in incidence and symptoms of depression in adults. Studies highlight the utility, feasibility, and perceived benefits of legacy interventions according to adult patients and their caregivers, and parents/caregivers of pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONS Though future research with high-quality, experimental designs is needed, the positive outcomes associated with legacy interventions are documented in adult patient populations; additionally, the application of legacy interventions for children with serious illnesses receiving palliative care is reasonable based on the existing body of evidence. A consistent and operational concept of legacy is still needed for future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika C Boles
- Child Life Department, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maile T Jones
- Child Life Department, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, USA
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Durante A, Greco A, Annoni AM, Steca P, Alvaro R, Vellone E. Determinants of caregiver burden in heart failure: does caregiver contribution to heart failure patient self-care increase caregiver burden? Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2019; 18:691-699. [PMID: 31319698 DOI: 10.1177/1474515119863173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden is high in caregivers of heart failure patients, but the literature on patient and caregiver predictors of caregiver burden is inconsistent. Also, it is unknown if caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care maintenance (i.e. helping patients to maintain heart failure stable) and self-care management (i.e. helping patients to act in case of heart failure worsening) increases caregiver burden. AIMS To identify caregiver and patient predictors of caregiver burden in heart failure; and to evaluate if caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care maintenance and management increases caregiver burden. METHODS A cross-sectional study with the enrolment of 505 caregivers of heart failure patients. We used the caregiver burden inventory and the caregiver contribution to self-care of heart failure index. We analysed the data using hierarchical regression. RESULTS Heart failure caregivers, mostly women (52.5%), with a mean age 56.5 (±14.9) years, cared for heart failure patients, mostly men (55.2%), with a mean age of 75.9 (±10.4) years. Caregiver predictors of higher caregiver burden were older age, female gender, fewer caregiving hours and poor social support. Patient predictors of higher caregiver burden were older age, better education, taking fewer medications and higher quality of life. Caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance and management were not significant predictors of caregiver burden. CONCLUSIONS Our results could help providers to identify heart failure caregivers who are more exposed to burden. As caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care improves patient outcomes and seems not burdensome for caregivers, providers may consider educating caregivers about self-care as a viable option for improving patient outcomes without increasing caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Durante
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan 'Bicocca', Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Steca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan 'Bicocca', Italy
| | - Rosaria Alvaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
| | - Ercole Vellone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
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Britt HR, JaKa MM, Fernstrom KM, Bingham PE, Betzner AE, Taghon JR, Shippee ND, Shippee TP, Schellinger SE, Anderson EW. Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of LifeCourse on Utilization and Patient and Caregiver Quality of Life and Experience. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:408-416. [PMID: 30541333 PMCID: PMC6442020 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118817740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-person care is a new paradigm for serious illness, but few programs have been robustly studied. We sought to test the effect of LifeCourse (LC), a person-centered program for patients living with serious illness, on health-care utilization, care experience, and quality of life, employing a quasi-experimental design with a Usual Care (UC) comparison group. The study was conducted 2012 to 2017 at an upper-Midwest not-for-profit health-care system with outcomes measured every 3 months until the end of life. Enrolled patients (N = 903) were estimated to be within 3 years of end of life and diagnosed with 1+ serious illness. Exclusion criteria included hospice enrollment at time of screening or active dying. Community health workers (CHWs) delivered standardized monthly 1-hour home visits based on palliative care guidelines and motivational interviewing to promote patients' physical, psychosocial, and financial well-being. Primary outcomes included health-care utilization and patient- and caregiver-experience and quality of life. Patients were elderly (LC 74, UC 78 years) and primarily non-Hispanic, white, living at home with cardiovascular disease as the primary diagnosis (LC 69%, UC 57%). A higher proportion of LC patients completed advance directives (N = 173, 38%) than UC patients (N = 66, 15%; P < .001). LifeCourse patients who died spent more days in hospice (88 ± 191 days) compared to UC patients (44 ± 71 days; P = .018). LifeCourse patients reported greater improvements than UC in communication as part of the care experience ( P = .016). Implementation of person-centered programs delivered by CHWs is feasible; inexpensive upstream expansion of palliative care models can yield benefits for patients and caregivers. Trial Registration: Trial NCT01746446 was registered on November 27, 2012 at ClinicalTrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathan D. Shippee
- Division of Health Policy-Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN, USA
| | - Tetyana P. Shippee
- Division of Health Policy-Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN, USA
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Holm M, Årestedt K, Öhlen J, Alvariza A. Variations in grief, anxiety, depression, and health among family caregivers before and after the death of a close person in the context of palliative home care. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 44:531-539. [PMID: 30907298 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1586797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates longitudinal variations in grief, self-rated health, and symptoms of anxiety and depression among family caregivers in palliative care. Data were taken from a randomized psycho-educational intervention trial and were collected at four time-points; at baseline, upon completion, 2 months later, and 6 months after the patient's death. In total, 117 family caregivers completed all questionnaires. The participants' grief was stable across the measurements, while anxiety, depression, and health varied significantly (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the intervention or control group. In conclusion, grief emerged as a constant phenomenon, distinct from symptoms of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Holm
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Research, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Joakim Öhlen
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Person-Centred Care, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anette Alvariza
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden
- Capio Palliative Care Unit, Dalen Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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