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Schlund M, Al-Badri N, Nicot R. Visuospatial abilities and 3D-printed based learning. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:927-931. [PMID: 38652251 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of 3D-printing in every field of medicine is expanding, notably as an educational tool. The aim of this study was to assess how visuospatial abilities (VSA) of students may impact learning helped with 3D-printed models. METHODS Participants were undergraduate medical school students during their clinical rotation in oral and maxillofacial surgery in two French Universities. Students were included prospectively and consecutively from September 2021 to June 2023. First, a lecture about craniosynostosis was performed with the help of 3D-printed models of craniosynostotic skulls. Then, a mental rotation test (MRT) followed by a multiple-choice questions (MCQs) form about craniosynostosis presentations were submitted to the students. RESULTS Forty undergraduate students were finally included. Median MRT score was 15 (10.75;21) and median score to the MCQs was 13 (11.75;14). There was a significantly weak correlation between the MRT-A score and the score to the MCQs (rs = 0.364; p = 0.022). A simple linear regression was calculated to predict the result to the MCQs on MRT-A score [ (F(1,39) = 281.248; p < 0.0001), with a R2 of 0.878 ]. CONCLUSION This study showed that VSA has an impact on the recognition of complex clinical presentations, i.e. skulls with craniosynostosis. The correlation found between VSA and complex 3D shape recognition after learning aided with 3D-printed model is emphasizing the importance of VSA when using innovative technologies. Thus, VSA training should be envisioned during the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schlund
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, Univ. Bordeaux, CHU Bordeaux, INSERM, BioTis, U1026, Bordeaux, 33000, France.
| | - Nour Al-Badri
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, U1008 - Advanced Durg Delivery Systems, Lille, 59000, France
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Kelly SS, Suarez CA, Mirsky NA, Slavin BV, Brochu B, Vivekanand Nayak V, El Shatanofy M, Witek L, Thaller SR, Coelho PG. Application of 3D Printing in Cleft Lip and Palate Repair. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01572. [PMID: 38738906 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the transformative impact of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in the treatment and management of cleft lip and palate (CLP), highlighting its application across presurgical planning, surgical training, implantable scaffolds, and postoperative care. By integrating patient-specific data through computer-aided design and manufacturing, 3D printing offers tailored solutions that improve surgical outcomes, reduce operation times, and enhance patient care. The review synthesizes current research findings, technical advancements, and clinical applications, illustrating the potential of 3D printing to revolutionize CLP treatment. Further, it discusses the future directions of combining 3D printing with other innovative technologies like artificial intelligence, 4D printing, and in situ bioprinting for more comprehensive care strategies. This paper underscores the necessity for multidisciplinary collaboration and further research to overcome existing challenges and fully utilize the capabilities of 3D printing in CLP repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Kelly
- Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad El Shatanofy
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Seth R Thaller
- DeWitt Daughtry Family, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
- DeWitt Daughtry Family, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Huang J, Wang H, Yang Y, Chen Q, Hu J, Shi H, Zhou Q. 3D printing of foetal vascular rings: feasibility and applicability. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:355. [PMID: 37194003 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular rings (VRs) exhibit complex and diverse forms that are difficult to conceptualize using traditional two-dimensional (2D) schematic. Inexperienced medical students and parents who lack a medical technology background face significant challenges in understanding VRs. The purpose of this research is to develop three-dimensional (3D) printing models of VRs to provide new technical imaging support for medical education and parental consultation. METHODS This study included 42 fetuses diagnosed as VRs. Foetal echocardiography, modeling and 3D printing were performed, and the dimensional accuracy of models was analyzed. The value of 3D printing in the teaching of VRs was analyzed based on comparing the test results before and after the teaching intervention of 48 medical students and the satisfaction survey. A brief survey was conducted to 40 parents to assess the value of the 3D printed model in prenatal consultations. RESULTS Forty models of VRs were successfully obtained, which reproduced the anatomical shape of the VRs space with high dimensional accuracy. No differences in the prelecture test results were noted between the 3D printing group and the 2D image group. After the lecture, the knowledge of both groups improved, but the postlecture score and the change in the prelecture versus postlecture score were greater in the 3D printing group, and the subjective satisfaction survey feedback in the 3D printing group was also better (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed from the parental questionnaire, the vast majority of parents have an enthusiastic and positive attitude towards the use of 3D printed models and suggest using them in future prenatal consultations. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional printing technology providing a new tool for effectively displaying different types of foetal VRs. This tool helps physicians and families understand the complex structure of foetal great vessels, positively impacting medical instruction and prenatal counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yuanting Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Wan Y, Zhou Y, Li L, Gao C, Fan M, Qin J, She J, Zhang C. A Deliberate Practice-Based Ultrasound Training Program for Fetal Palate Screening Using a Sequential Sector Scan Through the Oral Fissure. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:1103-1112. [PMID: 36367343 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To introduce an ultrasound training program for fetal palate screening by using a sequential sector scan through the oral fissure to train less experienced doctors and to investigate its effectiveness. METHODS Twenty doctors and several women at approximately 20-28 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancies who provided informed consent were enrolled. The training program consisted of theory and practice training, several tests, and two surveys. Trainees were tested before training and immediately after training; for the latter, each item with a score that was less than 60% of the full score was again used for training with a reconstructed plan. Finally, a post-training test was completed. RESULTS The median theory scores, median practice scores, median language competence scores, and median self-assessment scores all increased significantly from the pre-training to post-training tests (P < .01). The median completion time for fetal palate scans decreased significantly from the pre-training to post-training tests (P < .01). The median questionnaire scores were 5.00 for pragmatism, 4.00 for content, 4.00 for scientific nature, and 5.00 for effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The training program for fetal palate screening can effectively standardize and improve doctors' scans for fetal palates. In addition, the program feasibly allows for the incorporation of the scan sequence into fetal palate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanfen Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingwen She
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoxue Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Liang J, Ma Q, Zhao X, Pan G, Zhang G, Zhu B, Xue Y, Li D, Lu B. Feasibility Analysis of 3D Printing With Prenatal Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2022; 41:1385-1396. [PMID: 34510491 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and accuracy of 3D printing with prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. METHODS Fetuses initially diagnosed with various abnormalities were included in this retrospective study. The fetuses were examined by 3DUS, modeled, and 3D printed, and the dimensional accuracy of the 3D prints was analyzed. The effectiveness, demand, necessity of 3D printing, and the diagnostic accuracy of different methods were analyzed based on questionnaire responses from 40 senior ultrasound doctors and 40 postgraduate students. RESULTS A total of 12 fetuses with cleft lip and palate, spinal, heart, or brain abnormalities were included for detailed assessment. All deviations (mean deviation: 0.1 mm) between the original images and the final 3D prints lay within the consistency boundary (-1.12, 1.31 mm) (P > .05). In the subsequent analyses, 90.8% of the doctors and 94.2% of the students strongly agreed that 3D printing could precisely represent and depict fetal abnormalities. The average misdiagnosis rate of the doctors decreased from 5% to 0.4% after the application of 3D printing combined with 3DUS in comparison with 3DUS alone, and the corresponding value for the students dropped from 17.9% to 5.2%. CONCLUSIONS The errors in modeling and 3D printing based on 3DUS were within acceptable limits, and 3D printing improved the diagnosis of various fetal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of 3D Printing, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of 3D Printing, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Xue
- Institute of 3D Printing, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianyuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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Al-Badri N, Touzet-Roumazeille S, Nuytten A, Ferri J, Charkaluk ML, Nicot R. Three-dimensional printing models improves long-term retention in medical education of pathoanatomy: A randomized controlled study. Clin Anat 2022; 35:609-615. [PMID: 35388922 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Craniosynostosis is a rare and complex pathology, and visuospatial skills are necessary for a good understanding of the condition. While the use of three-dimensional (3D) models has improved the understanding of complex craniofacial anatomy, no study has evaluated the impact of this teaching support on long-term retention. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the long-term retention of information with 3D-printed models of four types of craniosynostosis versus classic 3D reconstructions displayed in two-dimensional (2D) among undergraduate students. All students benefited from the same standardized course followed by the manipulation of the learning tool associated with the group for 15 minutes. Long-term retention was assessed by the capability to properly recognize different types of craniosynostosis 3 weeks after the course. RESULTS Eighty-five students were enrolled. Previous educational achievements and baseline visuospatial skills were similar between the groups. The bivariate analysis showed the mean score in the 3D and 2D groups were 11.32 (2.89) and 8.08 (2.81), respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS 3D-printed models of structures with spatial complexity such as various craniosynostosis patterns improve significantly medical students' long-term retention, indicating their educational efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Al-Badri
- Univ. Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, France
| | | | - Alexandra Nuytten
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, EA 2694 - Santé publique : épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Unité de Biostatistiques, Lille, France
| | - Joël Ferri
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, France
| | - Marie-Laure Charkaluk
- Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.,Service de néonatologie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, GHICL, Lille, France.,University of Paris, Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center/CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, France
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Wiechers C, Kagan KO. Fetal markers for the detection of infants with craniofacial malformation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101291. [PMID: 34593337 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Facial clefts and Robin sequence (RS) share the timing of the diagnosis during the course of pregnancy, their association with genetic diseases and the subsequent management following the initial diagnosis. If a suspicion of a facial cleft or RS is made, a detailed anatomical examination of the fetus should be carried out to identify further anomalies. This may also involve genetic testing including a microarray or an exome analysis. Interdisciplinary counseling, including pre- and postnatal experts with sufficient experience in the management of such neonates, should be involved in this counseling. Parents should be informed about disease-specific therapeutic options and postnatal outcome. Delivery should take place in a center with experience in craniofacial malformations where clinicians are prepared for potentially life-threatening airway obstruction immediately after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wiechers
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstraße 7, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Craniofacial Malformations, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Karl Oliver Kagan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstraße 7, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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Nicot R, Hurteloup E, Joachim S, Druelle C, Levaillant JM. Using low-cost 3D-printed models of prenatal ultrasonography for visually-impaired expectant persons. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:2146-2151. [PMID: 33640233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For visually impaired or blind patients, the experience of pregnancy sets them apart from nondisabled people for whom viewing of the first ultrasound has become a social and emotional milestone. OBJECTIVE We proposed the use of 3D-printed models to allow the societal inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT Visually impaired expectant parents were proposed to touch a 3D printed sensory vector of their prenatal classic ultrasonography. METHODS After a classic ultrasound assessment was performed, selected volumes were processed and 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Patient satisfaction was recorded after they manipulated the models. RESULTS A total of 42 prenatal 3D prints were for 12 expectant parents, used during 20 ultrasonographic sessions with visually impaired or blind expectant parents. During 13 of them (65%), it was the mother who was affected by a visual loss whereas the father was the parent affected by the disability during 7 sessions (35%). The parent affected by the disability was congenitally blind and Braille-reader in 9 ultrasonography sessions (45%). All expectant visually impaired or blind parents expressed very significant satisfaction with the use of 3D models for inclusive use. DISCUSSION We have shown that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-printed models improve the sonographic experience of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. They can thereby perform their own mental representation process by extrapolating sensory information obtained from the 3D tactile support. PRACTICAL VALUE These low-cost 3D-printed models improve the inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents, by offering them a sensory vector of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, F-59000 Lille, France; Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France.
| | - Edwige Hurteloup
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France; Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale De Santé, F-94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France
| | | | - Charles Druelle
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Levaillant
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France; Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale De Santé, F-94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France
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Song WL, Ma HO, Nan Y, Li YJ, Qi N, Zhang LY, Xu X, Wang YY. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated lateral facial cleft by ultrasonography and three-dimensional printing: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7196-7204. [PMID: 34540978 PMCID: PMC8409206 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i24.7196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral facial clefts are atypical with a low incidence in the facial cleft spectrum. With the development of ultrasonography (US) prenatal screening, such facial malformations can be detected and diagnosed prenatally rather than at birth. Although three-dimensional US (3DUS) can render the fetus' face via 3D reconstruction, the 3D images are displayed on two-dimensional screens without field depth, which impedes the understanding of untrained individuals. In contrast, a 3D-printed model of the fetus' face helps both parents and doctors develop a more comprehensive understanding of the facial malformation by creating more interactive aspects. Herein, we present an isolated lateral facial cleft case that was diagnosed via US combined with a 3D-printed model.
CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old G2P1 patient presented for routine prenatal screening at the 22nd wk of gestation. The coronal nostril-lip section of two-dimensional US (2DUS) demonstrated that the fetus' bilateral oral commissures were asymmetrical, and left oral commissure was abnormally wide. The left oblique-coronal section showed a cleft at the left oral commissure which extended to the left cheek. The results of 3DUS confirmed the cleft. Furthermore, we created a model of the fetal face using 3D printing technology, which clearly presented facial malformations. The fetus was diagnosed with a left lateral facial cleft, which was categorized as a No. 7 facial cleft according to the Tessier facial cleft classification. The parents terminated the pregnancy at the 24th wk of gestation after parental counseling.
CONCLUSION In the diagnostic course of the current case, in addition to the traditional application of 2D and 3DUS, we created a 3D-printed model of the fetus, which enhanced diagnostic evidence, benefited the education of junior doctors, improved parental counseling, and had the potential to guide surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Song
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hai-Ou Ma
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu Nan
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Na Qi
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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