[Extraovarian granulosa cell tumor with FOXL2 mutation. Morphological and immunohistochemical differential diagnosis]

Extraovarian granulosa cell tumor is a very uncommon tumor and the identification of a recurrent mutation in FOXL2 may be used as another diagnostic tool along with the classical morphological and immunohistochemical findings. Here, we report a new case of extraovarian granulosa cell tumor in a 57 years old female patient presented with a sub-hepatic mass and abdominal pain. Histopathological examination of the excised mass showed features of adult-type granulosa cell tumor with α-inhibin, calretinin, WT1, S100, CD99 and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity. A FOXL2 mutation was detected on molecular biology study. A final diagnosis was an extraovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumor. We discuss the histopathological and immunohistochemical differential diagnosis.

Targeted Genomic Profiling of Female Adnexal Tumors of Probable Wolffian Origin (FATWO)

Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) is a rare gynecologic neoplasm of low-malignant potential presumed to be derived from mesonephric remnants in the upper female genital tract. Similarly, mesonephric remnants in the lower female genital tract are thought to be the origin for mesonephric carcinoma. Although the molecular alterations in mesonephric carcinoma have been recently reported, the pathogenesis of and molecular alterations in FATWO are not well understood. The aims of this study were to examine the molecular alterations in FATWO and to establish whether these neoplasms are molecularly similar to mesonephric carcinoma. Eight FATWOs underwent massively parallel sequencing to detect single nucleotide variations, copy number variations, and structural variants by surveying exonic DNA sequences of 300 cancer genes and 113 introns across 35 genes. Good quality DNA was isolated from 7 of 8 cases. Novel KMT2D variants (1 frameshift, 3 missense) were identified in 4 of 7 cases (57%), but were variants of uncertain biologic significance. STK11 mutations (both frameshift) were identified in 2 of 7 cases (29%); one of these was in a patient with a known history of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A mutation in the chromatin remodeling gene ARID1B was identified in 1 of 7 cases (14%). No cases harbored KRAS, NRAS, TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, or DICER1 mutations. There were relatively low numbers of copy number variations, and no recurrent copy number variations were identified. One case demonstrated moderate copy gain of CCND1. No structural variants were identified. In summary, FATWO is characterized molecularly by the absence of KRAS/NRAS mutations (characteristic of mesonephric carcinoma), absence of DICER1 mutations (characteristic of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) and frequent KMT2D mutations of unknown biologic significance. FATWOs exhibit a limited number of molecular aberrations that are significantly different from those reported in tumors in the differential diagnosis, and our results question the relationship of mesonephric carcinoma with FATWO. Disease-defining molecular alterations for FATWO have yet to be discovered.

Female Adnexal Tumour of Probable Wolffian Origin (FATWO): Review of the Literature

FATWO (female adnexal tumour of probable Wolffian origin) denotes a rare tumour of the female adnexa which has been described in nearly 80 cases worldwide and which presumably originates in the remains of the Wolffian ducts. In 10 to 20 percent of patients, a metastasis or recurrence was seen subsequently and for this reason, a malignant potential is attributed to the FATWO. Because of the small number of cases, there is no clear therapeutic recommendation. The method of choice currently is surgical treatment with hysterectomy and adnexectomy. The benefit of radio- and chemotherapies is not clear and a small number of treatment attempts with imatinib have been made in cases of CD117 positivity or treatment attempts on an endocrine basis. This work provides an overview of the literature on epidemiology, imaging and histopathological diagnostic features as well as therapeutic options of this same tumour form.

Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin arising from mesosalpinx: A case report and review

Female adnexal tumors of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) are a rare neoplasm from the mesonephric duct remnants with less than 90 cases having been reported worldwide. A 34-year-old nulliparous woman was referred to our clinic for a recent discovery of a pelvic mass, the diagnosis of FATWO has been confirmed based on the pathological and immunohistochemical results.

Mesonephric proliferations of the female genital tract

The mesonephric (Wolffian) duct regresses in females during embryological development. Remnants of this duct may persist typically along the lateral walls of the cervix, vagina, adnexa, and uterine corpus. These mesonephric epithelia may expand into hyperplastic proliferations and rarely form neoplasms. The spectrum of morphology, immunophenotype, clinical presentation, and molecular characteristics of mesonephric lesions is reviewed, with attention to distinction from entities in the differential diagnosis.

Lesions of the Broad Ligament: A Review

The differential diagnosis of lesions arising in the broad ligament is quite large. Many of these lesions can be clinically interpreted before surgery as adnexal or uterine neoplasms. Although some lesions are similar to those arising in other müllerian sites, there are unique lesions as well. The lesions are uncommon and may prove challenging to clinicians. The purpose was to review the scope of lesions affecting the broad ligament. A literature review was conducted. A Medline search was performed using the terms broad ligament, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium. A review of the scope of broad ligament lesions is presented to assist in developing a differential diagnosis if a patient with such a lesion is encountered.

A Unique Case of Extraovarian Sex-Cord Stromal Fibrosarcoma, With Subsequent Relapse of Differentiated Sex-Cord Tumor

Primary fibrosarcoma arising from ovarian sex-cord stroma is a very rare neoplasm, with only a few reports in the literature. These tumors have been reported to express inhibin which allows their distinction from fibrosarcomas of soft tissue. Here, we report a case of a fibrosarcoma arising in the broad ligament. Despite being totally separate from the ovary, the tumor was diagnosed as sex-cord stromal type on the basis of inhibin expression. Furthermore, this patient suffered a recurrence of her tumor in the pelvis, which showed both the fibrosarcomatous, as well as other sex-cord elements, confirming the sex-cord stromal differentiation of the sarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a sex-cord stromal fibrosarcoma arising from an extraovarian site. Furthermore, this is also the first case of a recurrent fibrosarcoma, which showed redifferentiation of the tumor into other sex-cord components.

Diagnosis and management of female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) arising from ovary: a case report

Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) is a rare neoplasm which is usually considered as benign, although in some cases metastasis or recurrences have been reported even after a long interval following the initial diagnosis. Preoperative diagnosis of FATWO is very difficult because of the rarity of the disease and the limited literature available. In this case report, we present a case of FATWO arising from the ovary and review the literature based on the clinical characteristics and management of this rare condition. A 51- year- old postmenopausal woman was referred to our clinic for evaluation of an adnexal mass. After diagnostic evaluation, the patient underwent explorative laparotomy. Intra-operatively, a solid- cystic mass was found in the right ovary, the rest of the abdomen and the pelvis were normal. The ovarian mass was removed and examined with frozen-section (FS). When the frozen section proved negative for malignancy, total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy were performed. The anatomic study revealed a well-capsulated mass which was 3.5×1.5 cm in diameter. Based on pathological and immunohistochemical results, the final diagnosis was concluded to be FATWO. Adjuvant therapy was not administered. Te patient was followed up after discharge from the hospital. One year after surgery she was asymptomatic. No evidences of recurrence were observed throughout this period. Although FATWOs are rare tumors, they should be kept in mind in women with an abdominal mass. They can present diagnostic difficulties and the diagnosis is based on the exclusion of other neoplasms. FATWO has malignant potential, after the initial surgical treatment patients should be appropriately followed up for possible recurrence and metastasis.