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Abstract
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a diagnostic entity characterized by architecturally or cytologically malignant-appearing prostatic glandular epithelium confined to prostatic ducts. Despite its apparent in situ nature, this lesion is associated with aggressive prostatic adenocarcinoma and is a predictor for poor prognosis when identified on biopsy or radical prostatectomy. This review discusses diagnosis, clinical features, histogenesis, and management of IDC-P, as well as current research and controversies surrounding this entity.
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Chen X, Ding B, Zhang P, Geng S, Xu J, Han B. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: What we know and what we do not know. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:612-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gabriel KN, Jones AC, Nguyen JPT, Antillon KS, Janos SN, Overton HN, Jenkins SM, Frisch EH, Trujillo KA, Bisoffi M. Association and regulation of protein factors of field effect in prostate tissues. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1541-1552. [PMID: 27634112 PMCID: PMC5021247 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Field effect or field cancerization denotes the presence of molecular aberrations in structurally intact cells residing in histologically normal tissues adjacent to solid tumors. Currently, the etiology of prostate field‑effect formation is unknown and there is a prominent lack of knowledge of the underlying cellular and molecular pathways. We have previously identified an upregulated expression of several protein factors representative of prostate field effect, i.e., early growth response-1 (EGR‑1), platelet-derived growth factor‑A (PDGF‑A), macrophage inhibitory cytokine‑1 (MIC‑1), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in tissues at a distance of 1 cm from the visible margin of intracapsule prostate adenocarcinomas. We have hypothesized that the transcription factor EGR‑1 could be a key regulator of prostate field‑effect formation by controlling the expression of PDGF‑A, MIC‑1, and FASN. Taking advantage of our extensive quantitative immunofluorescence data specific for EGR‑1, PDGF‑A, MIC‑1, and FASN generated in disease‑free, tumor‑adjacent, and cancerous human prostate tissues, we chose comprehensive correlation as our major approach to test this hypothesis. Despite the static nature and sample heterogeneity of association studies, we show here that sophisticated data generation, such as by spectral image acquisition, linear unmixing, and digital quantitative imaging, can provide meaningful indications of molecular regulations in a physiologically relevant in situ environment. Our data suggest that EGR‑1 acts as a key regulator of prostate field effect through induction of pro‑proliferative (PDGF‑A and FASN), and suppression of pro‑apoptotic (MIC‑1) factors. These findings were corroborated by computational promoter analyses and cell transfection experiments in non‑cancerous prostate epithelial cells with ectopically induced and suppressed EGR‑1 expression. Among several clinical applications, a detailed knowledge of pathways of field effect may lead to the development of targeted intervention strategies preventing progression from pre-malignancy to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Gabriel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie P T Nguyen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kresta S Antillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sara N Janos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heidi N Overton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shannon M Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emily H Frisch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kristina A Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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Jones AC, Antillon KS, Jenkins SM, Janos SN, Overton HN, Shoshan DS, Fischer EG, Trujillo KA, Bisoffi M. Prostate field cancerization: deregulated expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) in tumor adjacent tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119314. [PMID: 25767870 PMCID: PMC4358924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate field cancerization denotes molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Such alterations include deregulated protein expression, as we have previously shown for the key transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS). Here we add the two secreted factors macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) to the growing list of protein markers of prostate field cancerization. Expression of MIC-1 and PDGF-A was measured quantitatively by immunofluorescence and comprehensively analyzed using two methods of signal capture and several groupings of data generated in human cancerous (n = 25), histologically normal adjacent (n = 22), and disease-free (n = 6) prostate tissues. A total of 208 digitized images were analyzed. MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in tumor tissues were elevated 7.1x to 23.4x and 1.7x to 3.7x compared to disease-free tissues, respectively (p<0.0001 to p = 0.08 and p<0.01 to p = 0.23, respectively). In support of field cancerization, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in adjacent tissues were elevated 7.4x to 38.4x and 1.4x to 2.7x, respectively (p<0.0001 to p<0.05 and p<0.05 to p = 0.51, respectively). Also, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression were similar in tumor and adjacent tissues (0.3x to 1.0x; p<0.001 to p = 0.98 for MIC-1; 0.9x to 2.6x; p<0.01 to p = 1.00 for PDGF-A). All analyses indicated a high level of inter- and intra-tissue heterogeneity across all types of tissues (mean coefficient of variation of 86.0%). Our data shows that MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression is elevated in both prostate tumors and structurally intact adjacent tissues when compared to disease-free specimens, defining field cancerization. These secreted factors could promote tumorigenesis in histologically normal tissues and lead to tumor multifocality. Among several clinical applications, they could also be exploited as indicators of disease in false negative biopsies, identify areas of repeat biopsy, and add molecular information to surgical margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kresta S. Antillon
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Jenkins
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Janos
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Heidi N. Overton
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Dor S. Shoshan
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Fischer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khachaturov V, Xiao GQ, Kinoshita Y, Unger PD, Burstein DE. Histone H1.5, a novel prostatic cancer marker: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jones AC, Trujillo KA, Phillips GK, Fleet TM, Murton JK, Severns V, Shah SK, Davis MS, Smith AY, Griffith JK, Fischer EG, Bisoffi M. Early growth response 1 and fatty acid synthase expression is altered in tumor adjacent prostate tissue and indicates field cancerization. Prostate 2012; 72:1159-70. [PMID: 22127986 PMCID: PMC3340489 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. In prostate cancer, identification of field cancerization has several potential clinical applications. However, prostate field cancerization remains ill defined. Our previous work has shown up-regulated mRNA of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) in tissues adjacent to prostate cancer. METHODS Immunofluorescence data were analyzed quantitatively by spectral imaging and linear unmixing to determine the protein expression levels of EGR-1 and FAS in human cancerous, histologically normal adjacent, and disease-free prostate tissues. RESULTS EGR-1 expression was elevated in both structurally intact tumor adjacent (1.6× on average) and in tumor (3.0× on average) tissues compared to disease-free tissues. In addition, the ratio of cytoplasmic versus nuclear EGR-1 expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent and tumor tissues. Similarly, FAS expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent (2.7× on average) and in tumor (2.5× on average) compared to disease-free tissues. CONCLUSIONS EGR-1 and FAS expression is similarly deregulated in tumor and structurally intact adjacent prostate tissues and defines field cancerization. In cases with high suspicion of prostate cancer but negative biopsy, identification of field cancerization could help clinicians target areas for repeat biopsy. Field cancerization at surgical margins on prostatectomy specimen should also be looked at as a predictor of cancer recurrence. EGR-1 and FAS could also serve as molecular targets for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Trisha M. Fleet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jaclyn K. Murton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Virginia Severns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Satyan K. Shah
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael S. Davis
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anthony Y. Smith
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jeffrey K. Griffith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Departmentof Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Edgar G. Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Correspondence to: Marco Bisoffi, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MSC08 4670, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.
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