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Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Lipe K, Turin CG, Fishbein L, Costello JC, Kerr JM, Holmstoen TB, Youssef AS, Lillehei KO, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Wierman ME. E-cadherin expression and gene expression profiles in corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor subtypes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:586-595. [PMID: 38777808 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticotroph adenomas/pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Predictors of tumor behavior have not shown high prognostic accuracy. For somatotroph adenomas/PitNETs, E-cadherin expression correlates strongly with prognosis. E-cadherin expression has not been investigated in other PitNETs. A retrospective chart review of adults with corticotroph adenomas/PitNETs was conducted to assess correlation between E-cadherin expression and tumor characteristics. In addition, gene expression microarray was performed in subset of tumors (n = 16). Seventy-seven patients were identified; 71% were female, with median age of cohort 45.2 years. Seventy-five percent had macroadenomas, of which 22% were hormonally active. Ninety-five percent of microadenomas were hormonally active. Adrenocorticotropic hormone granulation pattern by IHC identified 63% as densely granulated (DG) and 34% as sparsely granulated (SG). All microadenomas were DG (p < .001); 50% of macroadenomas were DG associated with increased tumor invasion compared to SG. E-cadherin IHC was positive in 80%, diminished in 17%, and absent in 20% and did not correlate with corticotroph PitNETs subtype, size, or prognosis. In contrast to the distinct transcriptomes of corticotroph PitNETs and normal pituitaries, a comparison of clinically active and silent corticotroph PitNETs demonstrated similar molecular signatures indicating their common origin, but with unique differences related to their secretory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Service at Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristin Lipe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Surgery, Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christie G Turin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Service at Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Janice M Kerr
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tessa B Holmstoen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Samy Youssef
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin O Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Service at Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Serioli S, Agostini L, Pietrantoni A, Valeri F, Costanza F, Chiloiro S, Buffoli B, Piazza A, Poliani PL, Peris-Celda M, Iavarone F, Gaudino S, Gessi M, Schinzari G, Mattogno PP, Giampietro A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Fontanella MM, Lauretti L, Rindi G, Olivi A, Bianchi A, Doglietto F. Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15719. [PMID: 37958702 PMCID: PMC10650665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs' aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Agostini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Federico Valeri
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flavia Costanza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Rindi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Gil J, Marques-Pamies M, Valassi E, Serra G, Salinas I, Xifra G, Casano-Sancho P, Carrato C, Biagetti B, Sesmilo G, Marcos-Ruiz J, Rodriguez-Lloveras H, Rueda-Pujol A, Aulinas A, Blanco A, Hostalot C, Simó-Servat A, Muñoz F, Rico M, Ibáñez-Domínguez J, Cordero E, Webb SM, Jordà M, Puig-Domingo M. Molecular characterization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and medical treatment related-genes in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129213. [PMID: 37033229 PMCID: PMC10074986 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different medical therapies have been developed for pituitary adenomas. However, Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (NF-PitNET) have shown little response to them. Furthermore, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to resistance to medical treatment in a significant number of tumors, including pituitary adenomas. METHODS We aimed to evaluate the expression of EMT-related markers in 72 NF-PitNET and 16 non-tumoral pituitaries. To further explore the potential usefulness of medical treatment for NF-PitNET we assessed the expression of somatostatin receptors and dopamine-associated genes. RESULTS We found that SNAI1, SNAI2, Vimentin, KLK10, PEBP1, Ki-67 and SSTR2 were associated with invasive NF-PitNET. Furthermore, we found that the EMT phenomenon was more common in NF-PitNET than in GH-secreting pituitary tumors. Interestingly, PEBP1 was overexpressed in recurrent NF-PitNET, and could predict growth recurrence with 100% sensitivity but only 43% specificity. In parallel with previously reported studies, SSTR3 is highly expressed in our NF-PitNET cohort. However, SSTR3 expression is highly heterogeneous among the different histological variants of NF-PitNET with very low levels in silent corticotroph adenomas. CONCLUSION NF-PitNET showed an enhanced EMT phenomenon. SSTR3 targeting could be a good therapeutic candidate in NF-PitNET except for silent corticotroph adenomas, which express very low levels of this receptor. In addition, PEBP1 could be an informative biomarker of tumor regrowth, useful for predictive medicine in NF-PitNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marques-Pamies
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Municipal de Badalona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Valassi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Serra
- Department of Endocrinology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Isabel Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Xifra
- Department of Endocrinology, Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Paula Casano-Sancho
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Institut de Recerca SJS 39-57, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Sesmilo
- Department of Endocrinology, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Marcos-Ruiz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rueda-Pujol
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Aulinas
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Blanco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hostalot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andreu Simó-Servat
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Cordero
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan M. Webb
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Municipal de Badalona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo,
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Prognostic Factors for Invasiveness and Recurrence of Pituitary Adenomas: A Series of 94 Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102413. [PMID: 36292101 PMCID: PMC9600140 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, CD-56, Cyclin-D1 and E-Cadherin in the tissues samples of pituitary adenomas (PAs) and its association with PAs clinical manifestation tumor size, invasiveness and the risk of recurrence. (2) Materials and Methods: Ninety-four patients who underwent endoscope transsphenoidal excision of PAs were included in our study. The immunohistochemical expression of the Cyclin-D1, CD-56, E-Cadherin and Ki-67 markers was analyzed in paraffin-embedded tissue samples. (3) Results: The expression of Cyclin-D1 and Ki-67 index levels was positively correlated with the size (p < 0.001, r = 0.56 and p < 0.001, r = 0.43, respectively), the recurrence (p < 0.001, r = 0.46 and p = 0.007 r = 0.3, respectively), the extrasellar extension (p < 0.001, r = 0.48 and p < 0.001, r = 0.4, respectively) and the cavernous sinus invasion of (p < 0.001, r = 0.39 and p < 0.001, r = 0.3, respectively). No correlation was found between CD-56 and E-Cadherin expression with the size, the invasiveness and the recurrence of PAs. (4) Conclusion: Cyclin-D1 and Ki-67 are promising immunohistochemical markers in predicting the invasive behavior and recurrence of PAs in contrast to E-Cadherin and CD-56 which did not seem to be associated with PAs behavior post-surgery. However, larger studies are required in order to establish their role in the routine evaluation of PAs.
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Lu L, Wan X, Xu Y, Chen J, Shu K, Lei T. Prognostic Factors for Recurrence in Pituitary Adenomas: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040977. [PMID: 35454025 PMCID: PMC9024548 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are benign lesions; nonetheless, some PAs exhibit aggressive behaviors, which lead to recurrence. The impact of pituitary dysfunction, invasion-related risks, and other complications considerably affect the quality of life of patients with recurrent PAs. Reliable prognostic factors are needed for recurrent PAs but require confirmation. This review summarizes research progress on two aspects—namely, the clinical and biological factors (biomarkers) for recurrent PAs. Postoperative residue, age, immunohistological subtypes, invasion, tumor size, hormone levels, and postoperative radiotherapy can predict the risk of recurrence in patients with PAs. Additionally, biomarkers such as Ki-67, p53, cadherin, pituitary tumor transforming gene, matrix metalloproteinase-9, epidermal growth factor receptor, fascin actin-bundling protein 1, cyclooxygenase-2, and some miRNAs and lncRNAs may be utilized as valuable tools for predicting PA recurrence. As no single marker can independently predict PA recurrence, we introduce an array of comprehensive models and grading methods, including multiple prognostic factors, to predict the prognosis of PAs, which have shown good effectiveness and would be beneficial for predicting PA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting Lei
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-8366-5202
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Gil J, Marques-Pamies M, Valassi E, García-Martínez A, Serra G, Hostalot C, Fajardo-Montañana C, Carrato C, Bernabeu I, Marazuela M, Rodríguez-Lloveras H, Cámara R, Salinas I, Lamas C, Biagetti B, Simó-Servat A, Webb SM, Picó A, Jordà M, Puig-Domingo M. Implications of Heterogeneity of Epithelial-Mesenchymal States in Acromegaly Therapeutic Pharmacologic Response. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020460. [PMID: 35203668 PMCID: PMC8962441 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone (GH) produced by a pituitary tumor. First-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are the first-line treatment. Several studies have linked E-cadherin loss and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with resistance to SRLs. Our aim was to study EMT and its relationship with SRLs resistance in GH-producing tumors. We analyzed the expression of EMT-related genes by RT-qPCR in 57 tumors. The postsurgical response to SRLs was categorized as complete response, partial response, or nonresponse if IGF-1 was normal, had decreased more than 30% without normalization, or neither of those, respectively. Most tumors showed a hybrid and variable EMT expression profile not specifically associated with SRL response instead of a defined epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype. However, high SNAI1 expression was related to invasive and SRL-nonresponsive tumors. RORC was overexpressed in tumors treated with SRLs before surgery, and this increased expression was more prominent in those cases that normalized postsurgical IGF-1 levels under SRL treatment. In conclusion, GH-producing tumors showed a heterogeneous expression pattern of EMT-related genes that would partly explain the heterogeneous response to SRLs. SNAI1 and RORC may be useful to predict response to SRLs and help medical treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.); (H.R.-L.)
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Montserrat Marques-Pamies
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (I.S.)
| | - Elena Valassi
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (S.M.W.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (I.S.)
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (A.P.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Serra
- Department of Endocrinology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Cristina Hostalot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Endocrinology Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Helena Rodríguez-Lloveras
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.); (H.R.-L.)
| | - Rosa Cámara
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Isabel Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (I.S.)
| | - Cristina Lamas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Andreu Simó-Servat
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Susan M. Webb
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Antonio Picó
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (A.P.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.); (H.R.-L.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (M.P.-D.); Tel.: +34-93-033-05-19 (ext. 6260) (M.J.); +34-934-978-655 (M.P.-D.)
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.); (H.R.-L.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (I.S.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (M.P.-D.); Tel.: +34-93-033-05-19 (ext. 6260) (M.J.); +34-934-978-655 (M.P.-D.)
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Shen X, Liu Q, Xu J, Wang Y. Correlation between the Expression of Interleukin-6, STAT3, E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Protein and Invasiveness in Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenomas. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 82:e59-e69. [PMID: 34306918 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), epithelial-cadherin (E- cadherin) and neural-cadherin (N-cadherin) proteins in nonfunctional pituitary adenomas, and their correlation with invasiveness. Methods Thirty cases of nonfunctional pituitary adenoma pathological wax specimens were selected from our hospital, including 20 cases of invasive nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (INFPA) and 10 noninvasive nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NNFPAs). Envision was used to detect IL-6, STAT3, E-cadherin , and N-cadherin in specimens. Statistical methods were used to analyze the correlation between the four proteins and the Knosp classification of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Result IL-6 and STAT3 were highly expressed in INFPAs but poorly expressed in NNFPAs. E-cadherin expression in INFPAs was lower than that in NNFPAs. N-cadherin was positive or strongly positive in both groups. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the expression of IL-6 and STAT3 was positively correlated with Knosp's classification, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was negatively correlated with Knosp classification. Meanwhile, the expression of N-cadherin was not correlated with Knosp's classification. Conclusion The expression of the IL-6, STAT3, E-cadherin proteins were associated nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. However, the expression of N-cadherin was not correlated with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Tavalieri YE, Alarcón R, Tschopp MV, Canesini G, Luque EH, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Galoppo GH. Exposure to xenoestrogens alters the expression of key morphoregulatory proteins of oviduct adenogenesis in the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105817. [PMID: 33853019 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are contaminants ubiquitously found in the environment, which pose a potential threat to aquatic and wetland ecosystems. Caiman latirostris, a crocodilian species that inhabits South American wetlands, is highly sensitive to EDC exposure. Previously, we reported that early postnatal exposure to EDCs such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and 17β-Estradiol (E2) alters C. latirostris oviduct differentiation. The aim of this work was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this alteration. To accomplish this, we established the ontogenic changes in histological features and the expression of Wnt-7a, Wnt-5a, β-catenin, FoxA2, desmin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the oviduct of C. latirostris. Then, we evaluated the effects of BPA and E2 exposure on these histological features and protein expressions. Our results showed that during the postnatal differentiation of the oviduct the presence of histological features related to adenogenesis is associated with the levels of expression of FoxA2, β-catenin, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a. Early postnatal exposure to BPA and E2 decreased the presence of histological features related to adenogenesis and altered the levels of expression of FoxA2, β-catenin, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a, as well as the desmin/α-SMA ratio. These findings suggest that altered levels of Wnt-7a, Wnt-5a, β-catenin and FoxA2 could play a role in the BPA and E2-induced alteration in oviduct differentiation in C. latirostris. Thus, impaired adenogenesis and, probably, impaired reproduction in wildlife naturally exposed to BPA and other estrogenic agonists cannot be completely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Tavalieri
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R Alarcón
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M V Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G Canesini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G H Galoppo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Di Somma C, Scarano E, de Alteriis G, Barrea L, Riccio E, Arianna R, Savastano S, Colao A. Is there any gender difference in epidemiology, clinical presentation and co-morbidities of non-functioning pituitary adenomas? A prospective survey of a National Referral Center and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:957-968. [PMID: 32894472 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender differences in patients diagnosed with non-functioning Pituitary Adenomas (NFPA) in a National Referral Center for Pituitary Tumors at the Federico II University of Naples, Italy. METHODS Patients newly diagnosed with non-functioning sellar masses found on pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging from January 1st 2016 to December 31th 2018 underwent anthropometric measurements, basal evaluation of pituitary function, and metabolic assessment. Fatty live index (FLI) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were calculated. RESULTS Seventy-three patients (35 males, 51.1 ± 17.0 years; 38 females, 41.8 ± 18.1 years) presented with NFPA. Lesions > 1 cm (85.7% vs. 47.3%; χ2 = 10.26, p = 0.001) and hypopituitarism (77.1% vs. 7.9%; χ2 = 33.29, p = 0.001) were more frequent in males than females. The highest sizes of pituitary adenomas were significantly associated with male gender (OR = 1.05, p = 0.049; R2 = 0.060; IC 1.00-1.10). Headache (62.8% vs. 31.6%; χ2 = 5.96, p = 0.015) and visual field deficits (57.1% vs. 26.3%; χ2 = 5.93, p = 0.015) were significantly more frequent in males than in females. There was no sex difference in obesity prevalence, but the metabolic syndrome was more common among males than females (60.6% vs. 26.3%; χ2 = 7.14, p = 0.001). FLI was also higher in males (69.6 ± 27.3 vs. 49.2 ± 31.3; p < 0.001), while there were no differences in VAI. CONCLUSIONS Apart from the possible delay in the diagnosis induced by the gender differences in symptom presentation, the higher prevalence of macroadenomas amongst NFPA in males compared with females let to hypothesize a key role of the sex hormone profile as predictive factors of their biological behavior and metabolic profile. Further studies are, however, mandatory to better support the influence of gender differences on onset, progression, and metabolic consequences of NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - E Scarano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - G de Alteriis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - L Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - E Riccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - R Arianna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - S Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con obesità (C.I.B.O), University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Gil J, Jordà M, Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Resistance to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646210. [PMID: 33790868 PMCID: PMC8006574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process by which epithelial cells loss their phenotype and acquire mesenchymal traits, including increased migratory and invasive capacities. EMT is involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as cancer, playing a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Pituitary tumors, although typically benign, can be locally invasive. Different studies have shown the association of EMT with increased tumor size and invasion in pituitary tumors, and in particular with a poor response to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands (SRLs) treatment in GH-producing pituitary tumors, the main cause of acromegaly. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding EMT and SRLs resistance in acromegaly and, based on this relation, will suggest new biomarkers and possible therapies to SRLs resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
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Haydar Ali Tajuddin A, Kamaruddin N, Sukor N, Azizan EA, Omar AM. Estrogen Receptors in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review on Expression and Gonadotroph Functions. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa157. [PMID: 33241169 PMCID: PMC7671264 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEstrogen (17β-estradiol or E2) is a crucial regulator of the synthesis and secretion of pituitary reproductive hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin. In this review, we summarize the role of estrogen receptors in nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-Pitnets), focusing on immunoexpression and gonadotroph cell proliferation and apoptosis. Gonadotroph tumors are the most common subtype of NF-Pitnets. Two major estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms expressed in the pituitary are estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Overall, estrogen actions are mostly exerted through the ERα isoform on the pituitary. The G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) located at the plasma membrane may contribute to nongenomic effects of estrogen. Nuclear immunoreactivity for ERα and ERβ was highest among gonadotroph and null cell tumors. Silent corticotroph tumors are the least immunoreactive for both receptors. A significantly elevated ERα expression was observed in macroadenomas compared with microadenomas. ERα and ERβ may act in opposite directions to regulate the Slug-E-cadherin pathway and to affect invasiveness of NF-Pitnets. In the cellular pathway, ERs regulate estrogen-induced proliferation and differentiation and impact several signaling pathways including the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway. Estrogen was the first-discovered inducer of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 that was abundantly expressed in NF-Pitnets. ERα can be a potential biomarker for predicting tumor size and invasiveness as well as therapeutic target for NF-Pitnets. Selective estrogen receptor modulators or antiestrogen may represent as an alternative choice for the treatment of NF-Pitnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalina Haydar Ali Tajuddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norazmi Kamaruddin
- Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlela Sukor
- Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elena Aisha Azizan
- Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Marzuki Omar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Kolnes AJ, Øystese KAB, Olarescu NC, Ringstad G, Berg-Johnsen J, Casar-Borota O, Bollerslev J, Jørgensen AP. FSH Levels Are Related to E-cadherin Expression and Subcellular Location in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5839824. [PMID: 32421791 PMCID: PMC7758833 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) can express follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) or be hormone negative, but they rarely secrete hormones. During tumor development, epithelial cells develop a mesenchymal phenotype. This process is characterized by decreased membranous E-cadherin and translocation of E-cadherin to the nucleus. Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate both E-cadherin and FSH expression and secretion. Whether the hormone status of patients with gonadotroph PitNETs is regulated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ERs is unknown. OBJECTIVES To study the effect of EMT on hormone expression in gonadotroph nonfunctioning (NF)-PitNETs. DESIGN Molecular and clinical analyses of 105 gonadotroph PitNETs. Immunohistochemical studies and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed for FSH, LH, E-cadherin, and ERα. Further analyses included blood samples, clinical data, and radiological images. SETTING All patients were operated on in the same tertiary referral center. RESULTS NF-PitNET with high FSH expression had decreased immunohistochemical staining for membranous E-cadherin (P < .0001) and increased staining for nuclear E-cadherin (P < .0001). Furthermore, high FSH expression was associated with increased ERα staining (P = .0002) and ERα mRNA (P = .0039). Circulating levels of plasma-FSH (P-FSH) correlated with FSH staining in gonadotroph NF-PitNET (P = .0025). Tumor size and invasiveness was not related to FSH staining, E-cadherin, or ERα. LH expression was not associated with E-cadherin or ERα. CONCLUSION In gonadotroph PitNETs, FSH staining is related to E-cadherin, ERα expression, and circulating levels of P-FSH. There was no association between FSH staining and invasiveness. The clinical significance of these findings will be investigated in ongoing prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders J Kolnes
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anders Jensen Kolnes, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, E-mail:
| | - Kristin A B Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoleta C Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Ringstad
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Berg-Johnsen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders P Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Qian G, Xu J, Shen X, Wang Y, Zhao D, Qin X, You H, Liu Q. BP-1-102 and silencing of Fascin-1 by RNA interference inhibits the proliferation of mouse pituitary adenoma AtT20 cells via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/fascin-1 pathway. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:810-827. [PMID: 32326790 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1758088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein and Fascin-1 were inhibited using the STAT3 inhibitor BP-1-102 and RNA interference, respectively, to investigate the expression of AtT20 in mouse pituitary cells. The proliferative capacity and related molecular mechanisms of pituitary tumor cells were then analyzed. METHODS Mouse AtT20 pituitary adenoma cells were divided into a control group (Pa group), a STAT3 inhibitor vehicle group (PA + DMSO group), a STAT3 inhibitor group (PA + BP-1-102 group), a Fascin-1 negative control group (PA + neg-siRNA group) and a Fascin-1 silenced group (PA + Fascin-siRNA group). The related protein expression and cell proliferation of the five groups were measured using immunofluorescence, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR, whereas their apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. RESULTS Proliferation of AtT20 cells is inhibited with BP-1-102 enhanced apoptosis, at the same time reduced the expression of Fascin-1 and N-cadherin, and increased the expression of E-cadherin. After inhibiting Fascin-1, the expression of STAT3 decreased, the expression of N-cadherin decreased and the expression of E-cadherin increased. CONCLUSIONS BP-1-102 is a novel drug with a great potential in pituitary tumors. Given their important roles in the growth of pituitary adenomas, STAT3 and Fascin-1 can be used as new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoDong Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - XiaoXu Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - XiaoChun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Shen AJJ, King J, Scott H, Colman P, Yates CJ. Insights into pituitary tumorigenesis: from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing and beyond. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:399-418. [PMID: 31793361 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores insights provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pituitary tumors and the clinical implications.Areas covered: Although syndromic forms account for just 5% of pituitary tumours, past Sanger sequencing studies pragmatically focused on them. These studies identified mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, GNAS and SDHx causing Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex-1, McCune Albright Syndrome and 3P association syndromes, respectively. Furthermore, linkage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified AIP mutations in 20% with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). NGS has enabled further investigation of sporadic tumours. Thus, mutations of USP8 and CABLES1 were identified in corticotrophinomas, BRAF in papillary craniopharyngiomas and CTNNB1 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. NGS also revealed that pituitary tumours occur in the DICER1 syndrome, due to DICER1 mutations, and CDH23 mutations occur in FIPA. These discoveries revealed novel therapeutic targets and studies are underway of BRAF inhibitors for papillary craniopharyngiomas, and EGFR and USP8 inhibitors for corticotrophinomas.Expert opinion: It has become apparent that single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletion DNA mutations cannot explain all pituitary tumorigenesis. Integrated and improved analyses including whole-genome sequencing, copy number, and structural variation analyses, RNA sequencing and epigenomic analyses, with improved genomic technologies, are likely to further define the genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James King
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamish Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Colman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Yang Q, Li X. Molecular Network Basis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30733705 PMCID: PMC6353782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases with pituitary adenoma comprise 10-25% of intracranial neoplasm, being the third most common intracranial tumor, most of the adenomas are considered to be benign. About 35% of pituitary adenomas are invasive. This review summarized the known molecular basis of the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The study pointed out that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, pituitary tumor transforming gene, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, mainly MMP-2, and MMP-9) are core molecules responsible for the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The reason is that these molecules have the ability to directly or indirectly induce cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, degradation, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. HIF-1α induced by hypoxia or apoplexy inside the adenoma might be the initiating factor of invasive transformation, followed with angiogenesis for overexpressed VEGF, EMT for overexpressed PTTG, degradation of ECM for overexpressed MMPs, creating a suitable microenvironment within the tumor. Together, they form a complex interactive network. More investigations are required to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas.
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Ongaratti BR, Haag T, D'Ávila MF, Trott G, Ferreira NP, Rech CGSL, Pereira-Lima JFS, da Costa Oliveira M. Gene and protein expression of E-cadherin and NCAM markers in non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 38:59-61. [PMID: 30419428 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) are classified as benign tumors of slow growth, but 40% of them present local invasion, a characteristic of behavior still unpredictable with the use of current tumor markers. This work aims to evaluate the tissue markers E-cadherin and NCAM, which act on cell adhesion, in tumor tissue samples of NFPA and its relationship with the degree of local invasiveness. Gene expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) and NCAM (NCAM1) was assessed by real-time PCR and tissue expression by immunohistochemistry. Fifty-three patients with macroadenomas were submitted to transsphenoidal surgery, presented grade II invasive adenomas in 16 cases (30.2%), grade III in 7 (13.2%) and grade IV in 30 (56.6%). In the immunohistochemistry, one case was negative for E-cadherin, 7 showed weak immunostaining, 17 moderate and 28 strong, whereas for NCAM, 5 showed negative, 28 weakly, 14 moderate and 6 strong. Regarding gene expression, 43.3% showed expression for CDH1 (mean of 2.12) and 50% for NCAM1 (mean of 1.86). There was no significant correlation between the immunohistochemical expression of the markers, as well as the gene expression, the degree of invasiveness and clinical data. The results suggest that E-cadherin and NCAM markers are not directly related to the invasiveness in NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Roberta Ongaratti
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Taiana Haag
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marícia Fantinel D'Ávila
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Geraldine Trott
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nelson Pires Ferreira
- Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Garcia Soares Leães Rech
- Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Fernanda Semmelmman Pereira-Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Miriam da Costa Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Shan X, Liu Q, Li Z, Li C, Gao H, Zhang Y. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe detection and treatment of invasive growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA) remains challenging. Several transcription factors promoting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) can act as cofactors for the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß)/SMAD4. The goal of this study was to investigate the association of SMAD4 expression and clinicopathologic features using a tissue microarray analysis (TMA). The levels of SMAD4 and the related genes of EMT in GHPAs were analyzed by q-PCR and western blot. SMAD4 was strongly expressed in 15/19 cases (78.9%) of invasive GHPA and 10/42 cases (23.8%) of noninvasive GHPA (χ2=10.887,p=0.000). In the high SMAD4 group, a headache was reported in 16/25 cases (64%) compared with 13/36 cases (36.1%) in the low SMAD4 group (χ2=4.565,p=0.032). The progression-free survival (PFS) in the high group was lower than that in the low group (p=0.026). qRT-PCR and western blot analysis further revealed a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin in the invasive GHPA group. SMAD4 was associated with increased levels of invasion of GH3 cells, as determined by a transwell test. SMAD4 downregulated E-cadherin levels and increased the levels of N-cadherin and vimentin. Our data provide evidence that SMAD4 is a potential prognosis biomarker and a therapeutic target for patients with invasive GHPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Shan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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18
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Mendes GA, Haag T, Trott G, Rech CGSL, Ferreira NP, Oliveira MC, Kohek MB, Pereira-Lima JFS. Expression of E-cadherin, Slug and NCAM and its relationship to tumor invasiveness in patients with acromegaly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6808. [PMID: 29267504 PMCID: PMC5731331 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas account for 10–15% of primary intracranial tumors. Growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas account for 13% of all pituitary adenomas and cause acromegaly. These tumors can be aggressive, invade surrounding structures and are highly recurrent. The objective of this study was to evaluate E-cadherin, Slug and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and its relationship to tumor invasiveness. A cross–sectional study of patients who underwent hypophysectomy due to GH-secreting pituitary adenoma from April 2007 to December 2014 was carried out. The medical records were reviewed to collect clinical data. Immediately after surgery, tumor samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a biofreezer at –80°C for assessment of E-cadherin 1 (CDH1), SLUG (SNAI2), and NCAM (NCAM1) by real-time PCR. The samples were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and NCAM. Thirty-five patients with acromegaly were included in the study. Of these, 65.7% had invasive tumors. Immunohistochemically, E-cadherin was expressed in 96.7% of patients, and NCAM in 80% of patients. There was no statistically significant relationship between tumor grade or invasiveness and immunohistochemical expression of these markers. Regarding gene expression, 50% of cases expressed CDH1, none expressed SNAI2, and 53.3% expressed NCAM1. There was no statistically significant relationship between tumor grade or invasiveness and gene expression of CDH1, SNAI2, and NCAM1. The absence of Slug overexpression and of E-cadherin and NCAM suppression suggests that expression of these markers is not associated with tumor invasiveness in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - T Haag
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - G Trott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - C G S L Rech
- Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - N P Ferreira
- Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M C Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M B Kohek
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J F S Pereira-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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19
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Øystese KA, Casar-Borota O, Normann KR, Zucknick M, Berg JP, Bollerslev J. Estrogen Receptor α, a Sex-Dependent Predictor of Aggressiveness in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: SSTR and Sex Hormone Receptor Distribution in NFPA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3581-3590. [PMID: 28911153 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are fairly common and require a multidisciplinary approach. Reliable markers of a clinically aggressive course are lacking. Medical treatment is not available, and transsphenoidal surgery is the preferred primary treatment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the somatostatin, estrogen, and progesterone receptor distribution for NFPAs and compare it with factors of tumor aggressiveness. DESIGN Tumor samples for immunohistochemistry (n = 145) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (n = 106) analyses of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, estrogen receptor α (ERα), and progesterone receptor (PR) were measured by immunoreactive score (IRS) and messenger RNA relative quantity and retrospectively compared with variables of aggressiveness. SETTING All patients were operated at the same tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 164 patients with NFPA and tumor tissue from the primary operation were included. RESULTS SSTR3 was expressed abundantly by immunohistochemistry in all NFPAs. The IRS of ERα correlated with that of SSTR2 in male patients only (males, P < 0.001; females, P = 0.8). Low ERα level was linked to a higher reintervention rate (P = 0.001) and earlier reintervention (P = 0.004) in male patients only (females, P = 0.95 and P = 0.65, respectively). Absence of ERα together with age provided a good prediction model for reintervention in male patients with gonadotroph adenomas. CONCLUSIONS SSTR3 is expressed abundantly in NFPAs and is therefore a possible target for medical treatment. Absence of ERα together with young age may predict tumor recurrence in groups of NFPAs. Further validation in systematic prospective studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid Øystese
- Department of Endocrinology, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, OUS Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Ringvoll Normann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, OUS Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Endocrinology, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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20
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Syro LV, Rotondo F, Serna CA, Ortiz LD, Kovacs K. Pathology of GH-producing pituitary adenomas and GH cell hyperplasia of the pituitary. Pituitary 2017; 20:84-92. [PMID: 27586499 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-016-0748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies have provided conclusive evidence that a marked diversity exists between tumors which secrete growth hormone (GH) in excess. GH cell hyperplasia can also be associated with acromegaly in patients with extrapituitary GH-releasing hormone secreting tumors or in familial pituitary tumor syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed for information regarding pathology, GH-producing tumors and acromegaly. RESULTS This review summarizes the current knowledge on the morphology of GH-producing and silent GH adenomas, as well as GH hyperplasia of the pituitary. CONCLUSION The importance of morphologic classification and identification of different subgroups of patients with GH-producing adenomas and their impact on clinical management is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Syro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos A Serna
- Laboratorio de Patologia y Citologia Rodrigo Restrepo. Department of Pathology, Clinica Las Americas, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Leon D Ortiz
- Division of Neuro-oncology, Instituto de Cancerologia, Clinica Las Americas, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Zheng X, Li S, Zhang W, Zang Z, Hu J, Yang H. Current biomarkers of invasive sporadic pituitary adenomas. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:658-667. [PMID: 27659267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Though pituitary adenomas (PA) are considered benign, some of them exhibit invasive behaviors such as recurrence and low rate of total surgical resection. Reliable prognostic biomarkers for invasive PA are highly desired; however they remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the current controversial findings of biomarkers for invasive sporadic PA, and we discuss the possible reasons for the controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Zheng X, Li S, Zang Z, Hu J, An J, Pei X, Zhu F, Zhang W, Yang H. Evidence for possible role of toll-like receptor 3 mediating virus-induced progression of pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:22-32. [PMID: 26891958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-related viruses are known to be involved in initiation and progression of certain tumors. However, the relationship between virus and pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains unknown. Here, we investigated infection status of three types of viruses (HPV16, HHV6B and HSV1) and expression level of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in 60 human PA samples. We also determined the role of TLR3 signaling pathway on a PA cell line (GH3). We firstly found that positive rates of HPV16 and HHV6B infection were significantly higher in invasive PA samples than in noninvasive samples (P < 0.01). Similarly, TLR3 mRNA and protein expression also increased in invasive PA samples (P < 0.01). In vitro analysis indicated that GH3 cell proliferation and survival were enhanced by TLR3 activation, which was accompanied by NF-κB activation. Our data indicate that HPV16 and HHV6B viruses may be involved in promoting the progression of PA by activating the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiayin An
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiangdong Pei
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, University of Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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23
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Gentilin E, Di Pasquale C, Gagliano T, Tagliati F, Benfini K, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, degli Uberti EC, Zatelli MC. Protein Kinase C Delta restrains growth in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:252-8. [PMID: 26522132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C Delta (PRKCD) has been highlighted among disrupted pathways in corticotroph adenomas. PRKCD is expressed at low level in human corticotroph adenomas and controls cell cycle in vitro. Therefore, PRKCD may play an important role in the development/progression of corticotroph adenomas, warranting further studies to understand the role of PRKCD and related pathways in restraining pituitary cell growth. We evaluated PRKCD role in influencing cell behavior in terms of cell viability, hormone expression and protein expression profile, by silencing PRKCD in AtT-20/D16v-F2 cells. PRKCD silencing increases cell viability, enhances hormone expression and induces morphological changes associated with deregulation of adhesion molecules. PRKCD silencing is associated with an increase in Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression, a marker of tumor aggressive behavior, and sensitivity to anti-EGFR molecules. PRKCD might restrain corticotroph adenoma cells from acquiring an aggressive behavior, candidating PRKCD as a possible molecular target for the treatment of corticotroph adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmelina Di Pasquale
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Gagliano
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Tagliati
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Benfini
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ettore C degli Uberti
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy.
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