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Costa RF, de Oliveira CA, Gomes ÁNDM, Lourenço SV, Coutinho-Camillo CM. Molecular Aspects of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:34. [PMID: 38658430 PMCID: PMC11043314 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are rare and highly heterogeneous lesions, making diagnosis a challenging activity. In addition, the small number of studies and samples evaluated difficults the determination of prognosis and diagnosis. Despite the solid advances achieved by research, there is still an intense need to investigate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and that explain the evolution and progression of SGTs. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature review of the molecular alterations focusing on the most frequent malignant SGTs: mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. RESULTS Due to the importance of biomarkers in the tumorigenenic process, this review aimed to address the mechanisms involved and to describe molecular and biomarker pathways to better understand some aspects of the pathophysiology of salivary gland tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Molecular analysis is essential not only to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of the tumors but also to identify novel driver pathways in the precision medicine scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Ferreira Costa
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Carolinne Alves de Oliveira
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Nagli de Mello Gomes
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
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Aswani E, Sherlin HJ, Jayaraj G, Don KR, Santhanam A. Comparison of Diagnostic Reliability of p63 and Smooth Muscle Actin in Salivary Gland Neoplasms. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:2520-2526. [PMID: 36452668 PMCID: PMC9702114 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland neoplasms pose considerable diagnostic difficulty owing to their diverse histological features in individual lesions and the presence of a number of types and variants & similar histological features with other tumor entities. Myoepithelial and basal cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of salivary gland neoplasm. p63 and smooth muscle actin are more reliable markers for identifying these cells and not studied much comparing their reliability in the diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the diagnostic reliability of immunohistochemical markers such as p63 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the diagnosis of various benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. The study comprises of 18 samples categorized into two groups: Group I comprised 9 cases, of which 4 cases were Pleomorphic adenoma, 2 cases were Myoepithelioma, 2 cases of Basal cell adenoma and 1 case was Warthin's tumor; and Group II consisted of 9cases, of which 3 was Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1 cases were Myoepithelial carcinoma and 5 cases were Adenoid cystic carcinoma. The selected cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure to assess the expression pattern of p63 and smooth muscle actin. The obtained data was analysed statistically by using Mann-Whitney test. In SMA, strong positivity for epithelial and connective tissue components of benign salivary neoplasm is about 22.2%respectively. In malignant salivary neoplasm, SMA was strongly positive for the epithelial and connective tissue component of about 77.7% and 88.8% cases respectively. The difference in the connective tissue components was found to be statistically significant (U = 24, P = 0.032). P63 was strongly positive for the epithelial and connective tissue component of benign salivary neoplasm of about 33.3% and 11.1% cases respectively.In malignant salivary neoplasm, p63 was strongly positive for the epithelial component of about 66.6% cases and connective tissue is completely negative. Alpha-SMA can be utilized as reliable IHC markers for salivary gland neoplasms due to its diagnostic importance in tumors with myoepithelial origin indicative of the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors and even p63 can be used as specific markers for differentiation of malignant salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Aswani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
| | - Herald J. Sherlin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
| | - Gifrina Jayaraj
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
| | - K. R. Don
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
| | - Archana Santhanam
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 India
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Zhang W, Wang XX, Wang XL, Zhang Y, Li XF, Li Y, Cai YY, Ren HQ, Zhang YX, Hao FR. Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma of the nasopharynx: A case report and review of the literature. Front Oncol 2022; 12:923579. [PMID: 35992786 PMCID: PMC9389165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.923579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEpithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma (EMCa) is a rare low-grade malignant tumor that most commonly occurs in the salivary glands, with approximately 320 cases having been reported worldwide. Here, we report the third case of EMCa occurring in the nasopharynx. Rare cases in the breast, pituitary gland, lacrimal gland, nose, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, trachea and bronchus, lung, and even the pleura mediastinalis have also been reported. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are useful for confirming the diagnosis of EMCa, which is characterized by biphasic tubular structures composed of inner ductal and outer clear myoepithelial cells and stains for different markers in each layer. However, because of the rarity of EMCa, the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment of these patients remain unclear.Case presentationWe report a rare case of EMCa of the nasopharynx. A 51-year-old man presented with a 5-month history of pain while swallowing and aggravation accompanied by right ear tinnitus lasting for 1 month. Nasopharyngoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the nasopharynx and neck revealed a 5.6 cm × 3.4 cm × 3.1 cm mass in the nasopharyngeal space, invasion of the right cavernous sinus, and lymph node enlargement in the right retropharyngeal space. On 17 April 2019, based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical features, a final diagnosis of EMCa of the right nasopharynx was made. The patient underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), and his symptoms were relieved after treatment. On 10 January 2022, nasopharynx MRI and biopsy revealed local recurrence, but chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed no obvious signs of metastasis. The local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) period was 33 months.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the third reported case of EMCa in the nasopharynx and the only case of EMCa in the nasopharynx treated with CCRT, and a partial response was achieved. Therefore, to improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients with unresectable tumors, we believe that CCRT is a suitable option. Further clinical observations are required to elucidate the pathophysiology and prognosis of EMCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Clinical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao-li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Clinical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiu-feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hui-qi Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yun-xiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-rong Hao, ; Yun-xiang Zhang,
| | - Fu-rong Hao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Radiophysics and Oncological Radiobiology, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-rong Hao, ; Yun-xiang Zhang,
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Gao H, Sun PL. Pulmonary Sialadenoma Papilliferum and Its Mimics: What You Need to Know. Histopathology 2022; 81:715-723. [PMID: 35918179 DOI: 10.1111/his.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors (SGT) represent a small but distinct group of primary lung neoplasms. These types of tumors originate from the submucosal bronchial glands of the tracheobronchial tree. Pulmonary SGTs differ greatly in the incidence of individual tumors from salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. Additionally, the vast majority of pulmonary SGT are malignant. Recently, pathologic diagnosis has significantly improved with the application of molecular diagnostic technologies. However, the current knowledge of benign SGTs is limited; moreover, tumor diversity and overlapping morphological features of SGT represent diagnostic challenges such as correct tumor categorization and their accurate differentiation from malignant lesions. Compounding this inherent difficulty has been the recent introduction of new variants, including sialadenoma papilliferum (SP). Pulmonary SP is very rare, with limited reports available, and most of the initial diagnoses rendered so far were incorrect, resulting in inappropriate treatment. Several cases of SP have recently been reported. This review will serve to update practicing pathologists on the morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular characteristics of SP and its mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Gao
- Department of Pathology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Ping-Li Sun
- Department of Pathology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
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Atarbashi-Moghadam S, Salehizalani S, Mokhtari S, Yazdani F. Expression of Ki-67, P63, P40, and alpha-smooth muscle actin in salivary gland carcinomas with or without myoepithelial differentiation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jmedsci.jmedsci_204_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Higgins KE, Cipriani NA. Practical immunohistochemistry in the classification of salivary gland neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 39:17-28. [PMID: 34750022 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms can be challenging for surgical pathologists due to low incidence of tumors as well as overlapping histologic features. On small biopsy, the most important information to be conveyed for clinical management is the distinction between a benign/low grade tumor and a high grade carcinoma. This review will discuss the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors based on four broad morphologic patterns: basaloid/tubular/cribriform, (micro)cystic/secretory/mucinous, solid-nested/clear-spindled, and oncocytic/oncocytoid. With the assistance of immunohistochemistry, demonstration of the number of cell types (mainly epithelial versus myoepithelial/basal) can further subclassify tumors within these morphologic categories. Additional tumor-specific immunomarkers are useful in some cases. Underlying tumor-specific genetic anomalies can be of value, however, immunohistochemical correlates are only available for some. When used judiciously, in the correct morphologic context, and with knowledge of their limitations, immunohistochemical stains can aid in differentiating tumors with similar morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Higgins
- The University of Chicago Department of Pathology 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 6101 Chicago, IL 60637 United States of America
| | - Nicole A Cipriani
- The University of Chicago Department of Pathology 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 6101 Chicago, IL 60637 United States of America.
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Sivakumar N, Narwal A, Pandiar D, Devi A, Anand R, Bansal D, Kamboj M. Diagnostic utility of p63/p40 in the histologic differentiation of salivary gland tumors: A systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 133:189-198. [PMID: 34518135 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary gland tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with complex clinicopathologic behavior. These tumors often show an extremely diverse morphology and significant histologic patterns, making diagnosis a difficult task. Owing to the considerable differences in prognosis, treatment, and follow-up, accurately distinguishing these histologic mimickers is imperative. The aim of the present systematic review was to establish the diagnostic utility of p63/p40 immunostaining in histologic differentiation of salivary gland tumors. STUDY DESIGN An electronic search was carried out using MEDLINE by PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Trip, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. Articles in which both p63 and p40 immunohistochemical expressions were assessed were included for systematic review and their sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Risk of bias was analyzed for each study using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. RESULTS Ten eligible articles were included in the quantitative synthesis, which revealed a concordant positivity of p63 and p40 by nearly all cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma and most polymorphous adenocarcinomas showed discordant immunohistochemical expression (p63+/p40-). CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports that integrated immunostaining of p63/p40 is a valuable adjunct for discerning enigmatic salivary gland tumors with true myoepithelial and/or squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sivakumar
- Junior Resident, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Anjali Narwal
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Pandiar
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anju Devi
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Anand
- Senior Resident, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Deepty Bansal
- Junior Resident, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mala Kamboj
- Senior Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Pang Y, Sun L, Liu H, Ma J. Differential diagnosis and treatment of salivary secretory carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2021; 119:105370. [PMID: 34157553 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Secretory carcinoma (SC) and acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) are two rare tumors originating in the salivary gland of the head and neck. Before the World Health Organization (WHO) classified SC as a new entity in 2017, the majority of SC cases were incorrectly diagnosed as AciCC. Indeed, they are similar in biological behaviors, clinical manifestations and histomorphological features. Especially, SC and zymogen granule-poor AciCC are difficult to differentiate, which brings a tough challenge in clinical diagnosis. This article provides an updated understanding of the differential diagnosis in SC and AciCC from two main perspectives: histopathology and molecular genetics. The targeted therapies for both tumors are also mentioned. It aims to give some hints in clinical diagnosis and treatment, in hopes that patients with adequate diagnosis could obtain the opportunityformore effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China.
| | - Lingqi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Huijia Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Ji Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China.
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Webb PS, Zhang YZ, Burrell K, Sinclair G. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: synchronous presentations in the lung. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/2/e236074. [PMID: 33627346 PMCID: PMC7919549 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-236074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old male active smoker presented with a 6-month history of cough and breathlessness and was found to have a right upper lobe mass. Histology revealed this to be an adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lung, while local lymph node dissection revealed a synchronous diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The connection between CLL and solid organ malignancy is well documented, but the reporting of ACC in this context is novel. Mechanisms linking the two processes are revealed with the possibility of causality, and heightened vigilance for the development of primary lung tumours in CLL, and their management, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Webb
- Oncology and Haematology Directorate, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Zhi Zhang
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kirsten Burrell
- Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | - Georges Sinclair
- Department of Oncology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK,Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Guo R, Tian Y, Zhu M, Huang Y, Qiang L, Jin X, Yang J. [Expression of thymidylate synthase in salivary adenoid myoepithelial cells and its clinical significance]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:469-474. [PMID: 32895123 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) in myoepithelial cells (MECs) of salivary adenoid tissues and explore its clinical significance. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining EnVision method was used to detect the expression of TS, P63, Calponin, CK5/6 and S-100 in 32 salivary gland specimens, including 10 non-neoplastic and salivary inflammation specimens, 11 mixed tumor specimens, 5 basal cell carcinoma specimens and 6 adenoid cyst carcinoma specimens. The specificity and sensitivity of TS as a specific molecular marker of salivary muscle epithelial cells were evaluated in comparison with P63, Calponin, CK5/6 and S-100. RESULTS The expression pattern of TS in all the salivary gland tissue specimens was identical with that of p63. TS and P63 both showed strong immunohistochemical expressions in MECs of salivary adenoid tissue specimens. Calponin, CK5/6, and S-100 showed cytoplasmic/membranous expressions in the MECs. In addition, TS exhibited weak or moderate cytoplasmic expression in a few salivary gland epithelial cells, cancer cells and scattered stromal cells, with negative expression in the cell nuclei. The expression of TS in the MECs of all the salivary adenoid specimens was highly consistent with those of P63, Calponin, CK5/6 and S-100 (P>0.05) Except for CK5/6 expression in Salivary inflammation and Salivary gland specimens. Kappa>0.75. The specificity and sensitivity of TS as a molecular marker of MECs were both 100%. CONCLUSIONS TS is a new specific marker of MECs for differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xueyuan Jin
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Deaprtment of Pathology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
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