Texting the waters: An assessment of focus groups conducted via the WhatsApp smartphone messaging application

Focus groups are a well-used research method in the social sciences. Typically, they are conducted in person to generate research insights through group discussion and interaction. As digital technologies advance, there have been efforts to consider how to conduct focus groups in an online format, often using computer-based tools such as email, chat and videoconferencing. In this article, we test the potential of smartphone-based mobile messaging as a new method to elicit group-level insights. Based on empirical analysis and comparison of in-person and WhatsApp group chat focus groups conducted in Singapore, we find that WhatsApp group chat does have the potential to generate well-elaborated responses and group interaction, particularly among younger, digitally fluent participants. However, the quantity and richness of the conversation still do not match that of the in-person focus groups, and further innovation may be needed to improve mobile messaging as a qualitative research method.

The effect of key size of touch screen virtual keyboards on productivity, usability, and typing biomechanics

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether different virtual keyboard key sizes affected typing force exposures, muscle activity, wrist posture, comfort, and typing productivity.

BACKGROUND

Virtual keyboard use is increasing and the physical exposures associated with virtual keyboard key sizes are not well documented.

METHOD

Typing forces, forearm/shoulder muscle activity, wrist posture, subjective comfort, and typing productivity were measured from 21 subjects while they were typing on four different virtual keyboards with square key sizes, which were 13, 16, 19, and 22 mm on each side with 2-mm between-key spacing.

RESULTS

The results showed that virtual keyboard key size had little effect on typing force, forearm muscle activity, and ulnar/radial deviation. However, the virtual keyboard with the 13-mm keys had a 15% slower typing speed (p < .0001), slightly higher static (10th percentile) shoulder muscle activity (2% maximum voluntary contractions, p = .0 I), slightly greater wrist extension in both hands (2 degrees to 3 degrees, p <.01), and the lowest subjective comfort and preference ratings (p < .1).

CONCLUSIONS

The study findings indicate that virtual keyboards with a key size less than 16 mm may be too small for touch typing given the slower typing speed, higher static shoulder muscle activity, greater wrist extension, and lowest subjective preferences.

APPLICATIONS

We evaluated the effects of virtual keyboard key sizes on typing force exposures, muscle activity, comfort, and typing productivity.