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Assessing Negative Response Bias: a Review of the Noncredible Overreporting Scales of the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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2
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Sahoo S, Kumar R, Oomer F. Concepts and controversies of malingering: A re-look. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 50:101952. [PMID: 32088586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, humans have tried to feign physical and mental illnesses for various reasons. This led to the development of the concept of illness deception or malingering when one tries to assume a sick role and feigns signs and symptoms to gain external incentives. The conceptual framework of malingering has undergone several changes and there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that malingering exists. However, the diagnosis of malingering has not yet been established in the mainstream psychiatric nosological systems and still it is present in the appendices as an additional area requiring attention. This is due to the poor construct validity of the diagnosis, problems in defining malingering, problems in assessment by psychological tests and clinical assessment methodology, no well-established guidelines to detect malingering and issues related to labelling/reporting malingering. Because of several controversies in multiple domains of assessment and ethical-social issues, malingering as a distinct entity is grossly neglected. In the upcoming arena of law suits and consumer benefits suits, it is extremely important to have a better understanding of the conceptual issues related to malingering and the controversies related to it. In this review, a brief overview of evolution of concepts and controversies related to malingering is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Rajeet Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Fareed Oomer
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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3
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Forensic psychiatry evaluation in a U. S. immigration detention center in southwest Texas. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 66:113-116. [PMID: 31277038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immigration and asylum-seeking are issues that have recently. warranted increased attention and significance. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks, people are more wary of asylum seekers who are usually held in detention centers after fleeing persecution and not for criminal or immigration charges. Asylum seekers may raise suspicions due to inconsistent statements and can be held in detention for the duration of the process and/or denied asylum. Inconsistencies may be influenced by psychiatric symptoms, cognitive abilities, the type of past trauma experienced, the questioning style of the interviewer, and are usually unrelated to dishonesty or malingering making psychiatric consult important in many of these evaluations.
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4
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Gardner BO, Boccaccini MT. Does the Convergent Validity of the PAI Antisocial Features Scale Depend on Offender Response Style? J Pers Assess 2017; 99:481-493. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1296846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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The Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF in Detecting Feigned Mental Disorders and Cognitive Deficits: a Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Marshall MB, Bagby RM. The Incremental Validity and Clinical Utility of the MMPI-2 Infrequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Assessment 2016; 13:417-29. [PMID: 17050912 DOI: 10.1177/1073191106290842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incremental validity and clinical utility of the recently developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Infrequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Fptsd) was examined in relation to the family of MMPI-2 F scales in distinguishing feigned post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from disability claimants with PTSD. Research participants instructed to feign PTSD when completing the MMPI-2 scored significantly higher on the MMPI-2 family of F scales and the Fptsd scale compared with their responses when completing the MMPI-2 under standard instructions and the sample of claimants with PTSD. Although comparable in magnitude, effect sizes derived from mean group differences and hierarchical logistic regressions for the Fptsd scale never exceeded those for F B , and F P , F, F B , and F P added incrementally to Fptsd in the prediction of feigned PTSD. These results suggest that the Fptsd scale does not afford any incremental predictive utility for detecting feigned PTSD relative to the complement of the existing family of F scales.
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7
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Rogers R, Sewell KW, Ustad KL. Feigning among Chronic Outpatients on the MMPI-2: A Systematic Examination of Fake-Bad Indicators. Assessment 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191195002001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MMPI-2 studies have emphasized the importance of establishing validity indices for the evaluation of over reporting and malingering. In this study, 42 chronic outpatients are administered the MMPI-2 under honest and feigning conditions. Results indicated that patients under honest conditions have elevated scores on F, Fb, and other validity scales. Therefore, stringent cutting scores are recommended to minimize the misclassification of bona fide patients as malingerers. Toward this end, F > 29 produced a highly accurate classification rate, whether subjects with high VRIN scores were excluded. In addition, the newly derived Fp scale appeared promising for subjects with low VRIN scores and deserves further investigation.
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8
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Sellbom M, Ben-Porath YS, Graham JR, Arbisi PA, Bagby RM. Susceptibility of the MMPI-2 Clinical, Restructured Clinical (RC), and Content Scales to Overreporting and Underreporting. Assessment 2016; 12:79-85. [PMID: 15695745 DOI: 10.1177/1073191104273515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined and compared the susceptibility of three Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scale sets (Clinical, Restructured Clinical [RC], and Content) to over- and underreporting using five analog samples. Two samples of 85 and 191 undergraduate students, respectively, took the MMPI-2 under underreporting versus standard instructions. Three samples consisting of 42 undergraduates, 73 psychiatric inpatients, and 84 medical patients took the MMPI-2 under overreporting versus standard instructions. A comparison of the effect sizes across the three sets of scales indicated that Clinical Scale scores are not less susceptible to distortion than the Content or RC Scales. An apparent lesser susceptibility to underreporting for the Clinical Scales was an artifact of the subtle items’ effect on these scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, OH 44242, USA.
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9
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Fantoni-Salvador P, Rogers R. Spanish Versions of the MMPI-2 and PAI: An Investigation of Concurrent Validity With Hispanic Patients. Assessment 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107319119700400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of mental health services to Hispanic populations requires that assessment methods address the linguistic needs of their clientele. Toward this end, Spanish translations of two recent multiscale inventories (i.e., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MMPI, and Personality Assessment Inventory, PAI) were published in order to meet these needs. Unfortunately, the linguistic equivalence and criterion-based validation of these Spanish versions were not addressed prior to publication. We sought to take the first step in remedying this oversight by administering the MMPI-2 and PAI to 105 Hispanic patients for whom Spanish is the sole or preferred language. We employed a revised Spanish version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as a criterion measure. By focusing on four common disorders (i.e., major depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and alcohol dependence), we examined the usefulness of codetypes and clinical elevations for establishing these disorders. Overall, we found moderate hit rates for the MMPI-2 ( N = .60, range from .46-.69) and moderate to high hit rates for the PAI ( M = .72, range from .57-.87). Correlations of selected scales with DIS symptoms varied widely and were generally in the low to moderate range. Finally, exploratory data suggested few within-minority differences on selected MMPI-2 and PAI scales when DIS symptoms were employed as covariates.
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Ingram PB, Ternes MS. The detection of content-based invalid responding: a meta-analysis of the MMPI-2-Restructured Form’s (MMPI-2-RF) over-reporting validity scales. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 30:473-96. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1187769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Ingram
- Educational Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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11
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Assessment of the standard forensic procedure for the evaluation of psychological injury in intimate-partner violence. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 17:E32. [PMID: 25011979 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In judicial terms, a victim refers to any person who has suffered injury arising from an action or omission of an action that constitutes an offence, and the burden of proof lies with the prosecution. A review of Spanish judicial judgements underscored that the lack of evidence of psychological injury in cases of intimate-partner violence (IPV) accounted for approximately 40% of acquittals. Thus, the Spanish standard of proof for the forensic evaluation of psychological injury i.e., the MMPI-2 and the unstructured interview were assessed in order to determine if they met the statutory requirement for the assessment of psychological injury and the differential diagnosis of feigning. The results of the comparison of 51 women victims of IPV with firm convictions against their aggressors, and 54 women mock victims of IPV showed that the F, K, Fb, Fp and Ds scales, and the F-K index discriminated significantly and with medium and large effect sizes, between adjudicated and mock victims. However, the results did not provide a valid decision criterion for forensic settings i.e., false negatives (identifying feigner as honest protocols) were not classified correctly. In conclusion, the standard forensic procedure for the evaluation of psychological injury in cases of IPV did not constitute valid proof for judges who acquitted defendants on the grounds of not proven due to the lack of evidence of psychological injury.
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Rogers R, Gillard ND, Berry DTR, Granacher RP. Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales for Feigned Mental Disorders and Cognitive Impairment: A Known-Groups Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-011-9222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Nelson NW, Hoelzle JB, Sweet JJ, Arbisi PA, Demakis GJ. Updated meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 symptom validity scale (FBS): verified utility in forensic practice. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 24:701-24. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040903482863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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ELIZABETH KASPER PHD ERNEST H. HARR MARY. Neuropsychological Profile Associated with Silicone-gel Breast Implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590849862258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Tsushima WT, Tsushima VG. Comparison of MMPI-2 validity scales among compensation-seeking Caucasian and Asian American medical patients. Assessment 2009; 16:159-64. [PMID: 19202125 DOI: 10.1177/1073191108327695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) are widely used for the detection of exaggerated psychological complaints, although little is known about the results of these scales with racial or ethnic minority individuals. Five validity scales derived from the MMPI-2, including the F Scale, the Back Infrequency Scale, the Symptom Validity Scale, the Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, and the Dissimulation Scale-MMPI-2, were evaluated in 157 medical patients-109 Caucasian Americans and 48 Asian Americans. All patients were involved in personal injury litigation or seeking compensation for alleged psychological conditions. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) conducted on the five validity scales revealed no significant group effects for race. The results were consistent with the limited available data on the MMPI-2 validity scales with minority group samples. Further research with other racial minorities, including relevant extra-test criteria for malingering, is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Tsushima
- Straub Clinic and Hospital, 888 South King Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Henry GK, Heilbronner RL, Mittenberg W, Enders C, Domboski K. Comparison of the MMPI-2 Restructured Demoralization Scale, Depression Scale, and Malingered Mood Disorder Scale in Identifying Non-credible Symptom Reporting in Personal Injury Litigants and Disability Claimants. Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 23:153-66. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040801969524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Henry GK, Heilbronner RL, Mittenberg W, Enders C, Stanczak SR. Comparison of the Lees-Haley Fake Bad Scale, Henry-Heilbronner Index, and Restructured Clinical Scale 1 in Identifying Noncredible Symptom Reporting. Clin Neuropsychol 2008; 22:919-29. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040701625853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Use of MMPI-2 to predict cognitive effort: a hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008; 14:842-52. [PMID: 18764979 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617708081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychologists routinely rely on response validity measures to evaluate the authenticity of test performances. However, the relationship between cognitive and psychological response validity measures is not clearly understood. It remains to be seen whether psychological test results can predict the outcome of response validity testing in clinical and civil forensic samples. The present analysis applied a unique statistical approach, classification tree methodology (Optimal Data Analysis: ODA), in a sample of 307 individuals who had completed the MMPI-2 and a variety of cognitive effort measures. One hundred ninety-eight participants were evaluated in a secondary gain context, and 109 had no identifiable secondary gain. Through recurrent dichotomous discriminations, ODA provided optimized linear decision trees to classify either sufficient effort (SE) or insufficient effort (IE) according to various MMPI-2 scale cutoffs. After of an initial, complex classification tree, the Response Bias Scale (RBS) took precedence in classifying cognitive effort. After removing RBS from the model, Hy took precedence in classifying IE. The present findings provide MMPI-2 scores that may be associated with SE and IE among civil litigants and claimants, in addition to illustrating the complexity with which MMPI-2 scores and effort test results are associated in the litigation context.
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Toomey JA, Kucharski LT, Duncan S. The utility of the MMPI-2 malingering discriminant function index in the detection of malingering: a study of criminal defendants. Assessment 2008; 16:115-21. [PMID: 18607009 DOI: 10.1177/1073191108319713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2's (MMPI-2) malingering discriminant function index (M-DFI), recently developed by Bacchiochi and Bagby, in the detection of malingering in a forensic sample. Criminal defendants were divided into "malingering" and "not malingering" groups using the structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) criteria proposed by Rogers. Logistic regression analysis (LRA) revealed that the MMPI-2 infrequency (F) scale had the best predictive utility of the traditional infrequency scales. Although the M-DFI did significantly differentiate the malingering from the not malingering groups, it did not add significantly to the predictive utility of the MMPI-2 F scale. Receiver operating characteristics analyses demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the MMPI-2 F scale, but poor sensitivity for the M-DFI scale. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of the M-DFI in detecting malingering and problems of extending the findings of simulation studies to the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Toomey
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Forensic Psychology Department, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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20
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Henry GK, Heilbronner RL, Mittenberg W, Enders C, Roberts DM. Empirical Derivation of a New MMPI-2 Scale for Identifying Probable Malingering in Personal Injury Litigants and Disability Claimants: The 15-Item Malingered Mood Disorder Scale (MMDS). Clin Neuropsychol 2008; 22:158-68. [DOI: 10.1080/13825580601025916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Interpretation of Extreme MMPI-2 Protocols: Use of the MMPI-2 Infrequency Psychopathology (Fp) and the Infrequency Correctional (Fc) Scales in the Detection of Malingering. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j158v07n04_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Braxton LE, Calhoun PS, Williams JE, Boggs CD. Validity Rates of the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 in a VA Medical Center Setting. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:5-15. [PMID: 17266409 DOI: 10.1080/00223890709336829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared protocol validity rates between the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) in a veteran population. Veterans (N=472) were administered both instruments as part of routine psychological evaluations. Profile validity was based on previously published criteria. When applying primary validity indicators, inpatients produced significantly fewer invalid PAI profiles (37%) than MMPI-2 profiles (63%). We found similar results among outpatients for which we considered 47% of MMPI-2 profiles invalid compared to only 21% of PAI profiles. When applying both primary and supplementary validity indicators, both inpatients and outpatients continued to produce fewer invalid PAI profiles than MMPI-2 profiles. We discuss factors that may be related to the differences in validity rates.
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Abstract
Malingering of mental illness has been studied extensively; however, malingered medical illness has been examined much less avidly. While in theory any ailment can be fabricated or self-induced, pain--including lower back pain, cervical pain, and fibromyalgia--and cognitive deficits associated with mild head trauma or toxic exposure are feigned most frequently, especially in situations where there are financial incentives to malinger. Structured assessments have been developed to help detect both types of malingering; however, in daily practice, the physician should generally suspect malingering when there are tangible incentives and when reported symptoms do not match the physical examination or no organic basis for the physical complaints is found.
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Aronoff GM, Mandel S, Genovese E, Maitz EA, Dorto AJ, Klimek EH, Staats TE. Evaluating malingering in contested injury or illness. Pain Pract 2007; 7:178-204. [PMID: 17559488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An interdisciplinary task force of physicians and neuropsychologists with advanced training in impairment and disability assessment provided a review of the literature on malingering in chronic pain, medical disorders, and mental/cognitive disorders. Our review suggests that treating health care providers often do not consider malingering, even in cases of delayed recovery involving work injuries or other personal injuries, where there may be a significant incentive to feign or embellish symptoms or delay recovery. This report discusses the implications of this issue and offers recommendations to evaluating physicians and other health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Aronoff
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pain Evaluation and Treatment Service, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
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Morasco BJ, Gfeller JD, Elder KA. The Utility of the NEO–PI–R Validity Scales to Detect Response Distortion: A Comparison With the MMPI–2. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:276-83. [PMID: 17518549 DOI: 10.1080/00223890701293924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this psychometric study, we compared the recently developed Validity Scales from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992b) with the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) Validity Scales. We collected data from clients (n = 74) who completed comprehensive psychological evaluations at a university-based outpatient mental health clinic. Correlations between the Validity Scales of the NEO-PI-R and MMPI-2 were significant and in the expected directions. The relationships provide support for convergent and discriminant validity of the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales. The percent agreement of invalid responding on the two measures was high, although the diagnostic agreement was modest (kappa = .22-.33). Finally, clients who responded in an invalid manner on the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales produced significantly different clinical profiles on the NEO-PI-R and MMPI-2 than clients with valid protocols. These results provide additional support for the clinical utility of the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales as indicators of response bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Morasco
- Behavioral Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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26
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Braxton LE, Calhoun PS, Williams JE, Boggs CD. Validity Rates of the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?2 in a VA Medical Center Setting. J Pers Assess 2007. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8801_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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27
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Sweet JJ, Malina A, Ecklund-Johnson E. Application of the New MMPI-2 Malingered Depression Scale to Individuals Undergoing Neuropsychological Evaluation: Relative Lack of Relationship to Secondary Gain and Failure on Validity Indices. Clin Neuropsychol 2006; 20:541-51. [PMID: 16895865 DOI: 10.1080/13854040590967135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Malingered Depression (Md) scale for the MMPI-2 (Steffan, Clopton, & Morgan, 2003) was recently developed to detect attempts at malingering depressive symptomatology. The Steffan et al. cutoffs for the Md scale were derived through comparisons of undergraduate malingering simulators with depressed undergraduates. In order to explore the potential utility for neuropsychological practice, we examined the Md scale among 160 individuals with and without a context of secondary gain referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Md results were compared to other MMPI-2 validity indices and performance on effort testing. While Md was found to correlate highly with other validity indices from the MMPI-2, it was also correlated significantly with measures of depression, both in individuals with and without a secondary gain context. Md scores were not significantly different between secondary gain and no secondary gain groups, whereas FBS and L were significantly different. The effect of passing or failing validity indicators on rates of Md scores exceeding the Steffan et al. cutoffs was limited. Only among the few individuals exceeding a high threshold on the F scale or combinations of F, FBS, and effort indicators was it common to also surpass the Md cutoff. Overall, Md showed relatively little relationship to either secondary gain status or cognitive malingering in our sample. Given that such factors do not necessarily produce high scores on Md, the utility of the scale to clinical neuropsychologists appears low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Sweet
- Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Bacchiochi JR, Bagby RM. Development and Validation of the Malingering Discriminant Function Index for the MMPI–2. J Pers Assess 2006; 87:51-61. [PMID: 16856786 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) "fake-bad" validity scales (F, FB, and FP) is diminished when respondents have knowledge (i.e., coached) about the operating characteristics of these scales. In this investigation, we endeavored to develop a MMPI-2 fake bad validity index that would be less vulnerable to validity-scale knowledge. Applying discriminant function procedures, we derived a set of weighted Clinical and Content scales that reliably distinguished large samples of validity-scale coached undergraduate research participants instructed to feign mental illness (n = 534) from psychiatric patient samples (n = 590). We subsequently validated this Malingering Discriminant Function Index (M-DFI) in independent samples of research participants (n = 230) and patients (n = 300) and showed relatively less attenuation in predictive capacity compared with F, FB, and FP across uncoached and validity scale coached feigning conditions.
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Nelson NW, Sweet JJ, Demakis GJ. Meta-Analysis of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale: Utility in Forensic Practice. Clin Neuropsychol 2006; 20:39-58. [PMID: 16393920 DOI: 10.1080/13854040500459322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Some clinical researchers disagree regarding the clinical utility of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad scale (FBS ) within forensic and clinical settings. The present meta-analysis summarizes weighted effect size differences among the FBS and other commonly used validity scales (L, F, K, Fb, Fp, F-K, O-S, Ds2, Dsr2 ) in symptom overreporting and comparison groups. Forty studies that included FBS were identified through exploration of online databases, perusal of published references, and communication with primary authors. Nineteen of the 40 studies met restrictive inclusion criteria, resulting in a pooled sample size of 3664 (1615 overreporting participants and 2049 comparison participants). The largest grand effect sizes were observed for FBS (.96), followed by O-S (.88), Dsr2 (.79), F-K (.69), and the F- scale (.63). Significant within-scale variability was observed for seven validity scales, including FBS (Q = 119.11, p < .001). Several subsequent FBS moderator analyses yielded moderate to large effect sizes and were statistically significant for level of cognitive effort, type of overreporting comparison group, and condition associated with overreporting (e.g., traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress, chronic pain). Findings suggest that the FBS performs as well as, if not superior to, other validity scales in discriminating overreporting and comparison groups; the preponderance of the present literature supports the scale's use within forensic settings.
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Kucharski LT, Duncan S, Egan SS, Falkenbach DM. Psychopathy and malingering of psychiatric disorder in criminal defendants. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2006; 24:633-44. [PMID: 16705655 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Because the use of deception is an important clinical characteristic of psychopathy, there is intuitive appeal to the idea that psychopathy and malingering are associated. There is, however, very little research showing that psychopaths are more likely to malinger. We classified a sample of criminal defendants as high, moderate, or low in psychopathy, based on PCL-R scores, and compared their scores on indices typically used to detect malingering on the MMPI-2, the PAI and the SIRS. The high psychopathy group scored significantly higher on the MMPI-2 F and F-K; the PAI NIM, and the SIRS, but not the MMPI-2 Fb, F(p), or the PAI RDF or Mal, lending some support for the DSM-IV recommendation that malingering should be considered whenever there is a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Logistic regression analysis (LGA) revealed that Factor I but not Factor II of the PCL-R significantly discriminated malingerers from nonmalingerers with 75% correct classification. However, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that psychopathy ratings had poor sensitivity and specificity in the detection of malingering. Calculation of the percentages of those exceeding accepted cut-offs on each of the malingering measures revealed that a high percentage of severe psychopaths did not attempt to feign psychiatric disorder. The results suggest that psychopathy is not a clinically useful indictor of malingering. The results are discussed in terms of confirmatory bias and the impact such a bias could have on the evaluation of criminal defendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thomas Kucharski
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, 445 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Eakin DE, Weathers FW, Benson TB, Anderson CF, Funderburk B. Detection of Feigned Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comparison of the MMPI-2 and PAI. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-005-9006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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The Relationship Among Malingering, Psychopathy, and the MMPI-2 Validity Scales in Maximum Security Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j158v05n03_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Definition, diagnosis, and forensic implications of postconcussional syndrome. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2005; 46:195-202. [PMID: 15883140 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.46.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injuries from blows to the head often are manifested only as subjective complaints. Postconcussional syndrome thus can be feigned for financial or psychological gain. The authors review the pathology of brain trauma, symptoms of postconcussional syndrome, and criteria for diagnosis. In addition to somatic deficits, psychological and cognitive problems are common. The likelihood and severity of postconcussional syndrome are greater for women. Malingering may be suspected in cases involving litigation, and tests to detect it are available. Treatment for postconcussional syndrome depends on the specific symptoms. Pharmacotherapies may be helpful, but care should be used in prescribing drugs that could produce deleterious CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C W Hall
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD, USA
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Factitious Psychological Disorders: The Overlooked Response Style in Forensic Evaluations. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j158v05n01_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Self-report plays a primary but not exclusive role in pain assessment. As is true of all self-reported experiences, under certain circumstances, the report of chronic pain can be distorted and misrepresented. There are unique challenges associated with the detection and assessment of malingering or self-report distortion in the evaluation of chronic pain. The current paper provides a rationale for the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in the comprehensive assessment of chronic pain with an emphasis on the advantage the MMPI-2 provides in the detection of response bias or malingering. A critical review of available MMPI-2 validity scales is presented, and recommendations for use of these scales in the evaluation of patients with chronic pain are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Arbisi
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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36
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MMPI-2 Validity and Award of Service Connection for PTSD During the VA Compensation and Pension Evaluation. Psychol Serv 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/1541-1559.1.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Newman CF, Strauss JL. When Clients Are Untruthful: Implications for the Therapeutic Alliance, Case Conceptualization, and Intervention. J Cogn Psychother 2003. [DOI: 10.1891/jcop.17.3.241.52534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapists endeavor to be genuine and trustworthy with clients, thus facilitating the establishment and maintenance of a positive therapeutic relationship. Unfortunately, clients sometimes knowingly give false or misleading information, maintain counter therapeutic hidden agendas, and deliberately obscure clinically relevant facts. Such factors likely will obstruct the process of case conceptualization, strain the therapeutic relationship, and result in disagreements about proper interventions. We discuss some of the telltale signs of clients’ untruthfulness, and suggest ways in such cases for therapists to draw upon clients’ behaviors in session to construct useful case formulations. Additionally, we describe a number of interventions that increase the chances of pursuing healthy, appropriate, therapeutic goals, irrespective of clients’ degree of sincerity.
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Rogers R, Sewell KW, Martin MA, Vitacco MJ. Detection of feigned mental disorders: a meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment 2003; 10:160-77. [PMID: 12801188 DOI: 10.1177/1073191103010002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The validity of test data from multiscale inventories is dependent on self-reports that may be easily distorted by malingering. In examining the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2's (MMPI-2) role in the assessment of feigning, this review provides a conceptual analysis of the detection strategies underlying the MMPI-2 validity scales. The conceptual analysis is augmented by comprehensive meta-analysis of 65 MMPI-2 feigning studies plus 11 MMPI-2 diagnostic studies. For the rare-symptoms strategy, Fp (Cohen's d = 2.02) appears especially effective across diagnostic groups; its cut scores evidence greater consistency than most validity indicators. The data supported the F as an effective scale but questioned the routine use of Fb. Among the specialized scales, Ds appeared especially useful because of its sophisticated strategy, consistent cut score, and minimalfalse-positives. General guidelines are offeredfor specific MMPI-2 validity scales in the assessment of malingering with specific diagnoses.
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Abstract
The present study assessed whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) F scale elevations may reflect genuine trauma-related distress and/or psychopathology, rather than malingering, in a clinical sample of adult child sexual abuse (CSA) victims. Eighty-eight women seeking outpatient treatment for CSA after-effects participated. Self-report measures of dissociation, posttraumatic stress, depression, and family environment individually correlated significantly with F, and collectively accounted for 40% of its variance. Dissociation was the strongest predictor. Findings suggest that high F elevations may reflect genuine problem areas often found among CSA victims, rather than symptom overreporting.
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40
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Schoenberg MR, Dorr D, Morgan CD. The ability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory--Third Edition to detect malingering. Psychol Assess 2003; 15:198-204. [PMID: 12847780 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory--Third Edition (MCMI-III) to discriminate students malingering psychopathology (n = 106) from bona fide psychiatric inpatients (n = 202). Students were randomly assigned to a fake-bad or an honest-responding condition. Analyses investigated the ability of the modifier indices to discriminate fake-bad group participants from the psychiatric inpatients. Scale X raw cutoff score > 178 yielded a positive predictive power (PPP) of 0.0, a negative predictive power (NPP) of 63.1, and a hit rate of 63.1%. Optimal cutoff scores were developed. Scale X Base Rate (BR) > 84 provided a PPP of 55.6, an NPP of 72.1, and a hit rate of 65.2%. Scale Y BR < 26 yielded a PPP of 52.5 and a hit rate of 64.8%. Receiver operating characteristic analyses found that Scale X best classified malingerers. Overall, the MCMI-III modifier indices were of minimal clinical utility in distinguishing college student malingerers from bona fide psychiatric inpatients.
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Bury AS, Bagby RM. The detection of feigned uncoached and coached posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychol Assess 2002; 14:472-84. [PMID: 12501573 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study research participants completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) under standard instructions and then were asked to fake posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when completing the MMPI-2 for a 2nd time in 1 of 4 conditions with different instructions on how to fake PTSD: (a) uncoached, (b) coached about PTSD symptom information, (c) coached about MMPI-2 validity scales, or (d) coached about both symptoms and validity scales. These MMPI-2 protocols were then compared with protocols of claimants with workplace accident-related PTSD. Participants given information about the validity scales were the most successful in avoiding detection as faking. The family of F scales (i.e., F, FB, FP), particularly FP, produced consistently high rates of positive and negative predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Bury
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Greiffenstein MF, Baker WJ, Gola T, Donders J, Miller L. The fake bad scale in atypical and severe closed head injury litigants. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58:1591-600. [PMID: 12455024 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The correlational and diagnostic properties of Lees-Haley's MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale (FBS) were examined in litigating atypical minor, litigating moderate-severe, and non-litigating moderate-severe head injury samples. Overall, the FBS was sensitive to both litigation status and nonconforming versus conforming symptom courses. The FBS appeared superior to the MMPI-2 F and F-K scales in differentiating atypical from real brain-injury outcomes. High FBS scorers also had higher scores on somatic complaining (Hs, Hy) and to a lesser degree with psychotic complaints (F, Pa, Sc). FBS showed significant associations with various neuropsychological symptom validity measures. FBS appears to capture a hybrid of infrequent symptom reporting styles with an emphasis on unauthentic physical complaints. However, FBS also correlated with documented abnormal neurological signs within a litigating moderate-severe brain-injury group. Its use as a symptom infrequency measure may have to be modified in more severe injury litigants, as some FBS items may reflect true long-term outcome in severe cerebral dysfunction.
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44
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A Comparison of Simulation and Known Groups in the Detection of Malingering on the MMPI-2. J Forensic Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Lewis JL, Simcox AM, Berry DTR. Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology. Psychol Assess 2002; 14:170-6. [PMID: 12056079 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-five men undergoing pretrial psychological evaluations for competency to stand trial or criminal responsibility in the federal justice system were administered the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2), and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). On the basis of results from the SIRS, 31 were classified as honest responders and 24 as feigning. Significant differences between the 2 groups were found on all SIMS scales as well as on all tested MMPI-2 fake bad validity scales. The SIMS total score and the MMPI-2 Backpage Infrequency (Fb) scale had relatively high negative predictive power (100% and 92%, respectively). On the basis of this clinically relevant methodology, both tests have potential usefulness as screens for malingering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA
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46
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Wise EA. Relationships of personality disorders with MMPI-2 malingering, defensiveness, and inconsistent response scales among forensic examinees. Psychol Rep 2002; 90:760-6. [PMID: 12090504 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MMPI-2 validity scales were correlated with MCMI-II personality disorder scales to examine relationships between response styles and personality disorders in a sample of 84 criminal defendants. 14 MMPI-2 validity scales were significantly correlated with 13 personality disorders. All of the personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with at least one validity measure and 11 of 13 personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with two or more MMPI-2 validity scales. While a personality disorder diagnosis may have a general effect on validity scales, relationships theoretically consistent with a given personality disorder were also found. This means that response set appears to be a manifestation of personality, and as such, examiners should expect symptom amplification or minimization or inconsistent responses, based on an individual's personality. Subsequently, forensic examiners are encouraged to evaluate the relationships between MCMI-II personality disorders and MMPI-2 validity scales to avoid misjudging MMPI-2 profiles as invalid when they accurately reflect manifestations of personality.
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Abstract
Are clinical psychologists' assessment practices cost-effective? Are they scientifically sound? Are they fair and unbiased? Financial pressures from managed care interests, recent developments in the law, and multicultural issues are forcing the profession to confront these hard questions regarding accountability. Our review discusses the important changes that have begun to alter the field of personality assessment and describes recent research on clinical judgment and its implications for the future. We conclude that clinical psychology can adapt to future conditions by developing assessment strategies that are economical, scientifically sound, and culturally sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA.
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48
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Lucio E, Duran C, Graham JR, Ben-Porath YS. Identifying faking bad on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent with Mexican adolescents. Assessment 2002; 9:62-9. [PMID: 11911236 DOI: 10.1177/1073191102009001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent identified Mexican adolescents who were instructed to fake bad. Validity scales data were used to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 59 male and 87 female Mexican high school students and 59 male and 87 female Mexican adolescents from clinical settings. This is the first study onfaking with adolescents in Mexico. The F, Fl, and F2 Scales and the F-K index discriminated adequately between the three different groups. Results were similar to those previously reportedfor adults and adolescents in Mexico and the United States. High positive and negative predictive powers and overall hit rates were obtained in this study. Higher cut scores were needed to discriminate between the groups of girls than between the groups of boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Lucio
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, México, DF.
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Abstract
Meta-analytic techniques were applied to studies of the MMPI-2 in which participants given standard instructions were compared with participants instructed or believed to have been underreporting. Traditional and supplementary indices of underreporting yielded a mean effect size of 1.25, suggesting that underreporting respondents differ from those responding honestly by a little more than 1 standard deviation, on the average, on these scales. Analyses of classification accuracy suggested that several scales are moderately effective in detecting underreporting, although accuracy decreases if participants have been coached about validity scales. Base rates of defensive responding in relevant populations are reviewed, and methodological issues, including research designs, coaching, and incremental validity of supplementary underreporting scales, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Baer
- Department of Psychology, 115 Kastle Hall, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA.
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50
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Simms LJ, Clark LA. Detection of deception on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: validation of the validity scales. Assessment 2001; 8:251-66. [PMID: 11575619 DOI: 10.1177/107319110100800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study used a simulation design to investigate the validity scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Undergraduates (N=192) were randomly assigned to two positive distortion (PD) groups, two negative distortion (ND) groups, and a control group. Controls responded normally, whereas the deception groups responded according to assigned characters. Preliminary analyses indicated no significant differences within distortion valence; thus, the groups were collapsed into single PD (n=76), ND (n=79), and control groups (n=37). Mean-level analyses revealed that, consistent with previous studies, ND profiles are easier to detect than PD profiles. Cutoff scores were suggested, and the classification accuracy of these scores converged with the results of several discriminant function analyses to indicate that Rare Virtues and Deviance predict group membership at least as well as MMPI-2 validity scales. Structural analyses revealed that two moderately correlated factors-positive distortion and negative distortion-underlie scores on these validity scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Simms
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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