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Saksena M, Warner ET, Chou SHS, Lamb L, Narayan A, Coopey S, Lehman CD. Imaging Evaluation of the Axilla-A National Survey of Clinical Practice Among Radiologists. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2021; 3:676-686. [PMID: 38424938 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess awareness and implementation of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial findings, approaches to axillary nodal imaging, and to identify differences in practice based on respondent characteristics. METHODS An online survey was distributed to members of the Society of Breast Imaging. Questions regarded demographics, evaluation approaches, and impact of the Z0011 trial. Poisson regression with robust standard errors to regression was used to generate multivariable-adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations. RESULTS The response rate was 21.7% (430/2007). The majority (295/430, 68.6%) reported always performing axillary US in patients with a BI-RADS 4B, 4C, or 5 breast mass. Most respondents (299/430, 69.5%) were familiar with the findings of the Z0011 trial. Radiologists in academic practice were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54-0.83) times less likely than private practice radiologists to perform axillary US in all masses and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.13-1.52) times more likely to be very familiar with the trial. Frequency of axillary US showed no association with time spent in breast imaging, years in practice, or presence of dedicated breast surgeons. Increased time in breast imaging and presence of dedicated breast surgeons was strongly associated with familiarity with the trial. No association was observed with years in practice. Most respondents (291/430, 67.7%) made little or no change to their practice based on trial findings. CONCLUSION There is wide variability in approaches to axillary nodal evaluation, demonstrating a need for improved education and guidelines for axillary imaging in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saksena
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Breast Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica T Warner
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical Translational Epidemiology Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shinn-Huey S Chou
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Breast Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie Lamb
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Breast Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Narayan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Breast Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Coopey
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance D Lehman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Breast Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
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Preda T, McGrath R, Bingham J, Fawcett A, O'Dea C, Bochner M, Gill PG, Kollias J. How much does axillary ultrasound contribute in women undergoing breast-conserving surgery with no palpable axillary nodes? ANZ J Surg 2020; 90:1146-1150. [PMID: 31957192 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective was evaluation of axillary ultrasound (AxUS) in preoperative staging of patients with invasive carcinoma undergoing breast-conserving surgery. METHODS This is a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) biopsy-proven invasive breast carcinoma undergoing breast-conserving surgery between January 2011 and December 2014 who underwent AxUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of sonographically abnormal lymph nodes. Patient records were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 713 cases were analysed. Four hundred and thirty-three patients underwent formal preoperative AxUS; 100 underwent biopsy for abnormal findings. Of these, 32 had positive FNA biopsy result and underwent level II axillary dissection (axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)). Thirty were T1-2 tumours with AxUS scan/FNA demonstrating sensitivity of 25.2%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 76.6%. Forty-six patients had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and axillary dissection. 34.8% of T1 tumours, 47.8% of T2 tumours and 100% of T3 tumours had further positive nodes. The average number of nodes involved per axilla was 1.8 for the T1 group, 4.1 for the T2 group and 4.6 in the T3 group. Macrometastases were a more common finding than micrometastases for all T stages undergoing ALND. A suspicious preoperative AxUS result was significantly associated with positive SLN. Other risk factors for positive SLN biopsy were oestrogen receptor positivity and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSION AxUS identifies patients with high nodal burdens justifying immediate ALND. AxUS did not adversely affect women with histologically negative sentinel nodes. Three percent may have been overtreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Preda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel McGrath
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janne Bingham
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexandra Fawcett
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chloe O'Dea
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Bochner
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Grantley Gill
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James Kollias
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Al-Refaie WB, Decker PA, Ballman KV, Pisters PWT, Posner MC, Hunt KK, Meyers B, Weinberg AD, Nelson H, Newman L, Tan A, Le-Rademacher JG, Hurria A, Jatoi A. Comparative Age-Based Prospective Multi-Institutional Observations of 12,367 Patients Enrolled to the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z901101 Trials (Alliance). Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:4213-4221. [PMID: 31605327 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of surgery, particularly for older cancer patients with serious, extensive comorbidities, can make this otherwise curative modality precarious. Leveraging data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group, this study sought to characterize age-based comparative demographics, adverse event rates, and study completion rates to define how best to conduct research in older cancer patients. METHODS This study relied on clinical data from 21 completed studies to assess whether older patients experienced more grade 3 or worse adverse events and were more likely to discontinue study participation prematurely than their younger counterparts. RESULTS The study enrolled 12,367 patients. The median age was 60 years, and 36% of the patients were 65 years of age or older. Among 4008 patients with adverse event data, 1067 (27%) had experienced a grade 3 or worse event. The patients 65 years or older had higher rates of grade 3 or worse adverse events compared to younger patients [32% vs. 24%; odds ratio (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-1.7; p < 0.0001]. This association was not observed in multivariate analyses. The study protocol was completed by 97% of the patients. No association was observed between age and trial completion (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7-1.1; p = 0.14). Only the older gastrointestinal cancer trial patients were less likely to complete their studies compared to younger patients (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30-0.70; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Despite higher rates of adverse events, the older patients typically completed the study protocol, thereby contributing relevant data on how best to render care to older cancer patients and affirming the important role of enrolling these patients to surgical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Decker
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karla V Ballman
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly K Hunt
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Meyers
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Heidi Nelson
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Newman
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angelina Tan
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Arti Hurria
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Poodt IGM, Spronk PER, Vugts G, van Dalen T, Peeters MTFDV, Rots ML, Kuijer A, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Schipper RJ. Trends on Axillary Surgery in Nondistant Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Treated Between 2011 and 2015: A Dutch Population-based Study in the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS Era. Ann Surg 2019; 268:1084-1090. [PMID: 28742702 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate patterns of care in axillary surgery for Dutch clinical T1-4N0M0 (cT1-4N0M0) breast cancer patients and to assess the effect of the American College for Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG)-Z0011 and After Mapping of the Axilla: Radiotherapy Or Surgery (AMAROS) trial on axillary surgery patterns in Dutch cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node positive breast cancer patients. BACKGROUND Since publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trial, omitting a completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) in sentinel node positive breast cancer patients is proposed in selected patients. METHODS Data were obtained from the nationwide Nationaal Borstkanker Overleg Nederland breast cancer audit. Descriptive analyses were used to demonstrate trends in axillary surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the omission of cALND in cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2015 in cT1-4N0M0 breast cancer patients, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy as definitive axillary staging increased from 72% to 93%, and (c)ALND as definitive axillary staging decreased from 24% to 6% (P < 0.001). The use of cALND decreased from 75% to 17% in cT1-2N0 sentinel node-positive patients (P < 0.001). Earlier year of diagnosis, lower age, primary mastectomy, invasive lobular subtype, increasing tumor grade, and treatment in a nonteaching hospital were associated with a lower probability of omitting cALND (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a trend towards less extensive axillary surgery in Dutch cT1-T4N0M0 breast cancer patients; illustrated by an overall increase of sentinel lymph node biopsy and decrease in cALND. Despite this trend, particularly noticed in cT1-2N0 sentinel node-positive patients after publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trial, variations in patterns of care in axillary surgery are still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid G M Poodt
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline E R Spronk
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Research, Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing (DICA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Vugts
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Dalen
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M T F D Vrancken Peeters
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn L Rots
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Kuijer
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Riedel F, Heil J, Feißt M, Rezai M, Moderow M, Sohn C, Schütz F, Golatta M, Hennigs A. Non-sentinel axillary tumor burden applying the ACOSOG Z0011 eligibility criteria to a large routine cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:457-467. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Panda SK, Goel A, Nayak V, Shaik Basha S, Pande PK, Kumar K. Can Preoperative Ultrasonography and MRI Replace Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Management of Axilla in Early Breast Cancer-a Prospective Study from a Tertiary Cancer Center. Indian J Surg Oncol 2019; 10:483-488. [PMID: 31496596 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-019-00924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SLNB is a less invasive procedure in detecting axillary lymph node metastases(ALNM) in early breast cancer; still, it carries some complications like lymphedema and in addition, performing SLNB requires surgical skills, technical knowledge, presence of facility like preoperative sentinel lymphoscintigraphy, and availability of hand-held gamma probe for intraoperative assessment. We calculated the relative diagnostic strength of preoperative axillary USG and MRI and compared with of SLNB for detection of ALNM in early breast cancer and assessed whether MRI and USG could accurately predict axillary LN status, potentially replacing SLNB. We evaluated 40 cases of clinically node-negative early breast cancer with preoperative axillary USG and MRI and subsequently subjected to SLNB. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of axillary USG were 62.5%, 96.88%, 88.33%, 91.18%, and 90% respectively (p value < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of MRI in detection of ALNM were 75%, 93.75%, 75%, 93.75%, and 90% (p value < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of combined USG and MRI in detection of ALNM were 87.5%,90.63%, 70%, 96.67%, and 90% respectively (p value < 0.001), which are comparable to previous study series. The diagnostic performance of combined approach of axillary USG and MRI is promising, as the NPV of combined USG and MRI is approaching the NPV of the SLNB in detecting ALNM. Based on above findings, if axillary LNs are found nonsuspicious in preoperative axillary USG and MRI, further axillary dissection may be avoided, and if found suspicious, then ALND may be directly proceeded avoiding SLNB in between.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram K Panda
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Ashish Goel
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Vikash Nayak
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Saleem Shaik Basha
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Pankaj K Pande
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- DNB Surgical Oncology BLK Super Speciality Hospital DELHI, New Delhi, Delhi India
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8
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Loza CM, Mandó P, Ponce C, Coló F, Fabiano V, Loza J, Costanzo MV, Nervo A, Nadal J, Nuñez de Pierro A, Chacon R, Contributors RCMD. Predictive Factors for Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with ACOSOG Z0011 Criteria. Breast Care (Basel) 2018; 13:434-438. [PMID: 30800038 PMCID: PMC6381814 DOI: 10.1159/000488277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal staging constitutes an element of great importance in the treatment planning for early breast cancer. The ACOSOG Z0011 trial demonstrated that sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy alone results in rates of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival equivalent to those seen after axillary lymph node dissection. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of patients that fulfill the ACOSOG Z0011 inclusion criteria and to define predictive factors for non-SLN positivity. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the breast surgery database of the Argentinian Society of Mastology was carried out. Patients were selected if they fulfilled the ACOSOG Z0011 inclusion criteria. The association of clinical and pathological factors with non-SLN positivity was evaluated in univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Among 8,262 patients, 973 had positive SLN, and 348 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Histological grade (G3 vs. G1-2, odds ratio (OR) 1.81; p = 0.024), tumor size (T2 vs. T1, OR 2.39; p = 0.001), and age (>50 vs. <50 years, OR 1.95; p = 0.007) were associated with non-SLN positivity in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Although the clinical relevance of our data is not established, older women with tumors bigger than 2 cm and/or high histological grade are at greater risk of having metastatic disease in the lymph nodes if axillary lymph node dissection is avoided. This subgroup of patients represents only 30% of the trial population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Mandó
- Fundación Cancer-FUCA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Federico Coló
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jose Loza
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Adrian Nervo
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Nadal
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Hennigs A, Köpke M, Feißt M, Riedel F, Rezai M, Nitz U, Moderow M, Golatta M, Sohn C, Schneeweiss A, Heil J. Which patients with sentinel node-positive breast cancer after breast conservation still receive completion axillary lymph node dissection in routine clinical practice? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 173:429-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-5009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Seroma in breast surgery: all the surgeons fault? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:951-959. [PMID: 30196358 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a trend for less radical surgical approaches in breast cancer due to better understanding of tumour biology and new treatment options such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT), seroma production remains one of the main surgical side effects that can result in prolonged recovery, delay of radiotherapy and patient discomfort. The aim of this study is to provide an update on risk factors for seroma production after breast cancer surgery considering the latest treatment options. METHODS A retrospective analysis of seroma production in primary breast cancer patients treated between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2014 at the Breast Cancer Centre, University Hospital Ulm, was performed. Patients with previous breast/axillary surgery or more than one intervention were excluded. Seroma formation was measured using wound drains placed in breast and axilla. RESULTS In total, 581 patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age at diagnosis was 60 years, and median BMI 25.6 kg/m2. 60 (10.3%) patients had a mastectomy, 175 (30.1%) patients received IORT, and 72 (12.4%) patients received NAC. Median amount of seroma production was 82.5 ml (range 0-3012.5 ml). Multivariate analysis revealed that most of the observed variation in seroma production was due to type of surgery (mastectomy vs. breast conserving), length of surgery and number of removed lymph nodes. Both NAC and IORT explained a significant but very small amount of the observed variation in seroma production. CONCLUSION The most important factors for seroma production are extent and duration of breast surgery.
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Lombardi A, Nigri G, Maggi S, Stanzani G, Vitale V, Vecchione A, Nania A, Amanti C. Role of frozen section in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer in the era of the ACOSOG Z0011 and IBCSG 23-10 trials. Surgeon 2018; 16:232-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maráz R, Zombori T, Ambrózay É, Cserni G. The role of preoperative axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration cytology in identifying patients with extensive axillary lymph node involvement. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43:2021-2028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Fung V, Kohlhardt S, Vergani P, Zardin GJ, Williams NR. Intraoperative prediction of the two axillary lymph node macrometastases threshold in patients with breast cancer using a one-step nucleic acid cytokeratin-19 amplification assay. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:755-762. [PMID: 29142748 PMCID: PMC5666659 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity, specificity and practicality of using a one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay during breast cancer staging surgery to predict and discriminate between at least 2 involved nodes and more than 2 involved nodes and facilitate the decision to provide axillary conservation in the presence of a low total axillary node tumour burden. A total of 700 consecutive patients, not treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, received intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) analysis using OSNA for cT1-T3 cN0 invasive breast cancer. Patients with at least one macrometastasis on whole-node SLN analysis underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The total tumour load (TTL) of the macrometastatic SLN sample was compared with the non-sentinel lymph node (NSLN) status of the ALND specimen using routine histological assessment. In total, 122/683 patients (17.9%) were found to have an OSNA TTL indicative of macrometastasis. In addition, 45/122 (37%) patients had NSLN metastases on ALND with a total positive lymph node burden exceeding the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial threshold of two macrometastatic nodes. The TTL negative predictive value was 0.975 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.962-0.988]. The area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81-0.91), indicating that SLN TTL was associated with the prediction (and partitioning) of total axillary disease burden. OSNA identifies a TTL threshold value where, in the presence of involved SLNs, ALND may be avoided. This technique offers objective confidence in adopting conservative management of the axilla in patients with SLN macrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fung
- Department of Breast and Plastic Surgery, Sheffield Breast Center, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, S10 2JF Sheffield, UK
| | - Stan Kohlhardt
- Department of Breast and Plastic Surgery, Sheffield Breast Center, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, S10 2JF Sheffield, UK
| | - Patricia Vergani
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, S10 2JF Sheffield, UK
| | - Gregory J. Zardin
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, S10 2JF Sheffield, UK
| | - Norman R. Williams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, WC1E 6AU London, UK
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Zahoor S, Haji A, Battoo A, Qurieshi M, Mir W, Shah M. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: A Clinical Review and Update. J Breast Cancer 2017; 20:217-227. [PMID: 28970846 PMCID: PMC5620435 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2017.20.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become a standard staging tool in the surgical management of breast cancer. The positive impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on postoperative negative outcomes in breast cancer patients, without compromising the oncological outcomes, is its major advantage. It has evolved over the last few decades and has proven its utility beyond early breast cancer. Its applicability and efficacy in patients with clinically positive axilla who have had a complete clinical response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is being aggressively evaluated at present. This article discusses how sentinel lymph node biopsy has evolved and is becoming a useful tool in new clinical scenarios of breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Zahoor
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Altaf Haji
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Azhar Battoo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Mariya Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Wahid Mir
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Mudasir Shah
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
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Bhatt NR, Boland MR, McGovern R, Lal A, Tormey S, Lowery AJ, Merrigan BA. Upper limb lymphedema in breast cancer patients in the era of Z0011, sentinel lymph node biopsy and breast conservation. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 187:327-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gabriel E, Attwood K, Young J, Cappuccino H, Kumar S. Impact of American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z11 on surgical training at an academic cancer center. J Surg Res 2016; 201:266-71. [PMID: 27020806 PMCID: PMC5315694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial (Z11) has resulted in fewer completion axillary lymph node dissections (ALNDs) for select patients. We hypothesize that the application of Z11 may result in fewer ALND cases for surgeons in training. METHODS In the setting of an academic cancer center incorporating Z11 into routine practice, we compared the total number of ALND performed in a pre-Z11 period (January 2007-April 2011, 52 mo) and post-Z11 period (April 2011-February 2014, 34 mo). We also identified the number of patients in the post-Z11 era in whom ALND was omitted as a result of Z11. Clinical and pathologic characteristics among these groups were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 279 and 191 ALNDs were performed in the pre-Z11 and post-Z11 groups, respectively. Variables were similar among these groups with respect to demographics, tumor characteristics, and surgeries performed. There was no difference in the monthly rates of ALND between groups-5.37 cases/mo (pre-Z11) and 5.62 cases/mo (post-Z11), P = 0.52. We identified a total of 53 patients for whom ALND was omitted due to Z11 application in the post-Z11 period, representing a potential 21.7% decrease (53/191 + 53) in the number of ALNDs in this period. CONCLUSIONS Although the application of Z11 could potentially impact surgical training with a 21.7% decrease in ALND cases (53/191 + 53), the surgical case volume at an academic cancer center absorbs this decrease and maintains consistent levels of training for ALND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gabriel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jessica Young
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Helen Cappuccino
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shicha Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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Li S, Liu F, Chen K, Rao N, Xie Y, Su F, Zhu L. The Extent of Axillary Surgery Is Associated With Breast Cancer-specific Survival in T1-2 Breast Cancer Patients With 1 or 2 Positive Lymph Nodes: A SEER-Population Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3254. [PMID: 27057872 PMCID: PMC4998788 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) of a nonclinical trial population of T1-2 breast cancer patients with 1 to 2 positive lymph nodes who received breast-conserving surgery and either sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND).We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to identify 17,028 patients with a median follow-up of 7.1 years. We assigned the patients into a SLNB-cohort (≤5 nodes) and an ALND-cohort (>5 nodes) based on the number of removed lymph nodes. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis to estimate the cumulative BCSS and used Cox-regression analysis to study the risk factors. We also performed subgroup analysis by the patients' age and hormonal receptor (HR) status.The cumulative BCSS and Overall Survival (OS) of the entire population were 94.4% and 91.4% at 5 years and 88.2% and 79.9% at 10 years, respectively. Axillary surgery (ALND vs SLNB) had no association with BCSS when adjusted for stage, HR status, tumor grade, or other factors. In subgroup analysis by age and HR status, ALND was associated with a significantly improved BCSS relative to SNLB (HR = 0.70, HR = 0.026, 95% confidence interval 0.51-0.96) only in patients younger than 50 years with HR- disease (N = 1281), but not in other subgroup of patients.In early-stage breast cancer patients with limited lymph node metastasis, ALND had better BCSS than SLNB only in patients younger than 50 years and with HR- disease. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunrong Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou (SL, FL, KC, NR, FS, LZ); Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital (SL, FL, KC, NR, FS, LZ); and Class 4, Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (YX)
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Pilewskie M, Jochelson M, Gooch JC, Patil S, Stempel M, Morrow M. Is Preoperative Axillary Imaging Beneficial in Identifying Clinically Node-Negative Patients Requiring Axillary Lymph Node Dissection? J Am Coll Surg 2015; 222:138-45. [PMID: 26711795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 results support the omission of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in women with less than 3 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy. We sought to determine if abnormal axillary imaging is predictive of the need for ALND in this population. STUDY DESIGN Patients with cT1-2N0 breast cancer by physical examination undergoing BCS were managed according to Z0011 criteria independent of axillary imaging. Patient characteristics and rates of ALND were compared among those with and without abnormal lymph nodes (LNs) detected by mammogram, ultrasound (US), or MRI. All available axillary imaging was reviewed by 1 breast radiologist. RESULTS Between August 2010 and December 2013, 3,253 breast cancer patients were treated with BCS and SLN biopsy; 425 patients met Z0011 criteria (cT1-2N0) and had nodal metastasis on SLN biopsy. Clinicopathologic features were median patient age, 58 years; median tumor size, 1.8 cm; 85% ductal histology; and 89% estrogen receptor positive. All women had a mammogram, 242 had axillary US, 172 had MRI. Abnormal LNs were seen on 7%, 25%, and 30% of mammograms, US, and MRIs, respectively. Although abnormal LNs on mammogram or US were associated with a significant increase in ALND and a non-significant trend was seen with MRI, 68% to 73% of women with abnormal axillary imaging did not require ALND. CONCLUSIONS Among clinically node-negative patients with abnormal axillary imaging, 71% did not meet criteria for ALND and were spared further surgical morbidity. Abnormal nodes on US, MRI, or mammogram in clinically node-negative patients are not reliable indicators of the need for ALND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maxine Jochelson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jessica C Gooch
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sujata Patil
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Stempel
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Monica Morrow
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Humphrey KL, Saksena MA, Freer PE, Smith BL, Rafferty EA. To do or not to do: axillary nodal evaluation after ACOSOG Z0011 Trial. Radiographics 2015; 34:1807-16. [PMID: 25384280 DOI: 10.1148/rg.347130141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methods of axillary evaluation in invasive breast cancer continue to evolve. The recent American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial is a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial that compared the survival and locoregional recurrence rates after complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) versus sentinel node biopsy (SNB) alone in women with a positive sentinel node in an effort to avoid the complications associated with ALND. As the results of this trial are implemented clinically, affecting surgical management of axillary metastatic disease, radiologists may need to redefine their role in the preoperative assessment of the axilla. Before the Z0011 trial, breast imagers worked to identify axillary metastases preoperatively, allowing appropriate patients to proceed directly to ALND and avoiding the need for SNB. However, the Z0011 trial concluded that ALND may not be necessary in women with metastatic axillary disease who meet the trial criteria. In the Z0011 trial, after 6 years of median follow-up there was no difference in either locoregional recurrence or survival among the women who underwent SNB alone compared with those who underwent ALND, suggesting that ALND is unnecessary in a subset of women with a positive node at SNB. These results raise questions about how aggressively radiologists should pursue percutaneous sampling of axillary nodes, as some practitioners conclude that, in an otherwise eligible woman, positive results from imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy preclude a Z0011 trial-directed pathway. Debate about the best way to implement the results of the Z0011 trial into daily clinical practice exists. It is important for breast imagers to work closely with breast surgeons to provide the most appropriate treatment course for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Humphrey
- From the Division of Breast Imaging, Department of Radiology (K.L.H., M.A.S., P.E.F., E.A.R.), and Department of Surgical Oncology (B.L.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Wang ACC 2, Boston, MA 02114
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Pilewskie M, Mautner SK, Stempel M, Eaton A, Morrow M. Does a Positive Axillary Lymph Node Needle Biopsy Result Predict the Need for an Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients in the ACOSOG Z0011 Era? Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:1123-8. [PMID: 26553439 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 defined clinical node negativity by physical examination alone. Although axillary ultrasound with biopsy has a positive predictive value for lymph node (LN) metastases approaching 100 %, it may not appropriately identify clinically node-negative women with ≥3 positive LNs who require axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). We sought to identify the total number of positive LNs in women presenting with cT1-2N0 breast carcinoma with a positive preoperative LN biopsy to evaluate the potential for overtreatment when ALND is performed on the basis of a positive needle biopsy in patients who otherwise meet ACOSOG Z0011 eligibility criteria. METHODS Patients with cT1-2N0 breast cancer by physical examination with a positive preoperative LN biopsy were identified from a prospective institutional database. Clinicopathologic characteristics and axillary imaging results were compared between women with 1 to 2 total positive LNs and ≥3 total positive LNs. RESULTS Between May 2006 and December 2013, a total of 141 women with cT1-2N0 breast cancer had abnormal axillary imaging and a preoperative positive LN biopsy (median patient age 51 years, median tumor size 2.4 cm, 86 % ductal histology, 79 % estrogen receptor positive). Sixty-six women (47 %) had 1 to 2 total positive LNs, and 75 (53 %) had ≥3 total positive LNs. Women with ≥3 total positive LNs had larger tumors (2.4 vs. 2.2 cm, p = 0.03), fewer tumors with ductal histology (79 vs. 94 %, p = 0.01), more lymphovascular invasion (80 vs. 61 %, p = 0.01), and higher median body mass index (29.2 vs. 27.1 kg/m(2), p = 0.04). Having >1 abnormal LN on axillary imaging was significantly associated with having ≥3 total positive LNs at final pathology (68 vs. 43 %, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Axillary imaging with preoperative LN biopsy does not accurately discriminate low- versus high-volume nodal disease in clinically node-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Starr Koslow Mautner
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Stempel
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Eaton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Yıldız R, Urkan M, Hancerliogulları O, Kılbaş Z, Ozturk E, Mentes MO, Gorgulu S. Comparison of five different popular scoring systems to predict nonsentinel lymph node status in patients with metastatic sentinel lymph nodes: a tertiary care center experience. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:651. [PMID: 26543785 PMCID: PMC4628030 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the current standard of care for breast cancers with no clinically palpable axillary lymph nodes. Almost 50 % of sentinel lymph node positive patients have negative non-sentinel nodes and undergo non-therapeutic axillary dissection. Five different scoring systems, reported in the literature, were compared for their predictive ability of non-SLN involvement in patients with SLN positive breast cancer. 242 patients who underwent breast surgery and SLNB were included in the study. Of these, 70 who were confirmed to have SLN metastasis and received complementary ALND and constituted the final study population. The nomograms (MSKCC, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Tenon model, Stanford and Turkish) were statistically compared for their prediction of non-SLN metastasis (95 % confidence interval). We have determined only two clinicopathologic (multifocality and size of the primary tumor) situations which have a statistically significant association between SLN metastasis with using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Multifocality (P = 0.001) and size of the primary tumor (P = 0.001) were associated with a higher probability of-SLN metastasis. No predictive model
was constructed that showed good area under the curve (AUC) discrimination in the validation series. Currently published predictive models lack accuracy when applied to a different population. Multi-institutional heterogenic population studies are important to determine the exact combination of scoring systems and/or nomograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Yıldız
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Urkan
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Hancerliogulları
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zafer Kılbaş
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Ozturk
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Oner Mentes
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semih Gorgulu
- Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Saffar B, Bennett M, Metcalf C, Burrows S. Retrospective preoperative assessment of the axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer and literature review. Clin Radiol 2015; 70:954-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Başoğlu İ, Çelik MF, Dural AC, Ünsal MG, Akarsu C, Baytekin HF, Kapan S, Alış H. Evaluation of the Probability of Non-sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis using Two Different Methods. THE JOURNAL OF BREAST HEALTH 2015; 11:172-179. [PMID: 28331717 DOI: 10.5152/tjbh.2015.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of two different clinical scales, namely the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram and Tenon's axillary scoring system, which were developed for predicting the non-sentinel lymph node (NSLN) status in our breast cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The medical records of patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2010 and November 2013 were reviewed. Those who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for axillary staging were recruited for the study, and patients who were found to have positive SLNB and thus were subsequently subjected to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) were also included. Patients who had neoadjuvant therapy, who had clinically positive axilla, and who had stage 4 disease were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 included those who had negative NSLNs, whereas Group 2 included those who had positive NSLNs. The following data were collected: age, tumor size, histopathological characteristics of the tumor, presence of lymphovascular invasion, presence of multifocality, number of negative and positive NSLNs, size of metastases, histopathological method used to define metastases, and receptor status of the tumor. The score of each patient was calculated according to the MSKCC nomogram and Tenon's axillary scoring system. Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between the scores and the involvement of NSLNs. RESULTS The medical records of patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and found to have SLNB for axillary staging was reviewed. Finally, 50 patients who had positive SLNB and thus were subsequently subjected to ALND were included in the study. There were 17 and 33 patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Both the MSKCC nomogram and Tenon's axillary scoring system were demonstrated to be significantly accurate in the prediction of the involvement of NSLNs (p<0.05 for each). Among all the parameters, the only one that was found to be correlated with the risk of NSLN involvement was the presence of lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSION The MSKCC nomogram and Tenon's axillary scoring system both seem to be reliable tools for the assessment of NSLN status in SLNB-positive breast cancer in our breast cancer population. Nevertheless, the omission of ALNB in SLNB-positive breast cancer cannot be yet recommended because of the lack of long-term results of current nomograms and scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Başoğlu
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Cem Dural
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gökhan Ünsal
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cevher Akarsu
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Fırat Baytekin
- Clinic of Pathology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Kapan
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Alış
- Clinic of General Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Voutsadakis IA, Spadafora S. Recommendation for Omitting Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Should Be Individualized in Patients With Breast Cancer With One or Two Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3901-2. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chung A, Gangi A, Mirocha J, Giuliano A. Applicability of the ACOSOG Z0011 Criteria in Women with High-Risk Node-Positive Breast Cancer Undergoing Breast Conserving Surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:1128-32. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Laronga C, Gray JE, Siegel EM, Lee JH, Fulp WJ, Fletcher M, Schreiber F, Brown R, Levine R, Cartwright T, Abesada-Terk G, Kim G, Alemany C, Faig D, Sharp P, Markham MJ, Shibata D, Malafa M, Jacobsen PB. Florida Initiative for Quality Cancer Care: improvements in breast cancer quality indicators during a 3-year interval. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219:638-45.e1. [PMID: 25086813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Florida Initiative for Quality Cancer Care (FIQCC), composed of 11 practice sites across Florida, conducted its initial evaluation of adherence to breast cancer quality of care indicators (QCI) in 2006, with feedback provided to encourage quality improvement efforts at participating sites. In this study, our objective was to reassess changes over time resulting from these efforts. STUDY DESIGN Quality care indicators were derived from the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the American College of Surgeons, and expert panel consensus. Medical records were reviewed for breast cancer patients first seen by medical oncologists in 2009 at the FIQCC sites, using the same performance indicators as in 2006. Statistical comparisons of 2006 vs 2009 data across sites were made by Pearson chi-square exact test using Monte Carlo estimation. RESULTS Charts of 602 patients in 2006 and 636 patients in 2009 were compared. Performance on medical oncology QCI improved over time for documentation of clinical trial participation discussion (p = 0.001), documentation of consent for chemotherapy (p = 0.047), definitive surgery done after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.017), and planned dose of chemotherapy consistent with published regimens (p = 0.02). Improvements in surgical QCI were seen for documentation of specimen orientation (p < 0.001), inking of margins (p < 0.0001), and performance of sentinel lymph node biopsy (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The 2006 FIQCC study identified several medical and surgical oncology QCI improvement needs. Quality improvement efforts resulted in better performance for numerous metrics, therefore speaking to the benefits of reassessment of adherence to performance indicators to guide QCI efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fred Schreiber
- Center for Cancer Care & Research/Watson Clinic, Lakeland, FL
| | - Richard Brown
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Alemany
- Florida Institute of Research, Medicine & Surgery, Orlando, FL
| | - Douglas Faig
- North Broward Medical Center, Deerfield Beach, FL
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Abstract
Radical nodes dissection has a diagnostic value and can play a part in the treatment. Its interest could be questionable according to efficacy of the associated treatments either adjuvant or neo-adjuvant. Above all, sentinel node dissection allows to avoid a radical dissection with deleterious effects.
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Sackey H, Magnuson A, Sandelin K, Liljegren G, Bergkvist L, Fülep Z, Celebioglu F, Frisell J. Arm lymphoedema after axillary surgery in women with invasive breast cancer. Br J Surg 2014; 101:390-7. [PMID: 24536010 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim was to compare arm lymphoedema after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone versus axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in women with node-negative and node-positive breast cancer. The secondary aim was to examine the potential association between self-reported and objectively measured arm lymphoedema. METHODS Women who had surgery during 1999-2004 for invasive breast cancer in four centres in Sweden were included. The study groups were defined by the axillary procedure performed and the presence of axillary metastases: SLNB alone, ALND without axillary metastases, and ALND with axillary metastases. Before surgery, and 1, 2 and 3 years after operation, arm volume was measured and a questionnaire regarding symptoms of arm lymphoedema was completed. A mixed model was used to determine the adjusted mean difference in arm volume between the study groups, and generalized estimating equations were employed to determine differences in self-reported arm lymphoedema. RESULTS One hundred and forty women had SLNB alone, 125 had node-negative ALND and 155 node-positive ALND. Women who underwent SLNB had no increase in postoperative arm volume over time, whereas both ALND groups showed a significant increase. The risk of self-reported arm lymphoedema 1, 2 and 3 years after surgery was significantly lower in the SLNB group compared with that in both ALND groups. Three years after surgery there was a significant association between increased arm volume and self-reported symptoms of arm lymphoedema. CONCLUSION SLNB is associated with a minimal risk of increased arm volume and few symptoms of arm lymphoedema, significantly less than after ALND, regardless of lymph node status.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sackey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm
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Schunemann E, Dória MT, Silvestre JBCH, Gasperin P, Cavalcanti TCS, Budel VM. Prospective study evaluating oncological safety of axillary reverse mapping. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:2197-202. [PMID: 24599413 PMCID: PMC4047480 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a new technique developed with the aim of reducing lymphedema rates by preserving lymphatic drainage of the upper limbs during sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). However, it is unclear whether preservation of these lymph nodes affects oncological risk. The present study evaluated the presence of metastases in ARM nodes. Methods A total of 45 patients underwent ARM during ALND. Blue dye was used for ARM nodes localization. All axillary lymph nodes, including ARM nodes, were removed and sent separately for pathological evaluation of metastases. Results ARM identification was achieved in 40/45 patients (88.9 %). The average number of removed ARM nodes was 1.9. ARM nodes metastasis occurred in 10 of 40 patients (25 %). Patients with an axilla extensively affected by cancer had an elevated risk of metastasis to the arm’s lymph nodes (p < 0.001). Conclusions The rate of arm lymph nodes compromised by metastases calls into question the viability of the ARM technique. Larger studies may point to particular patient profiles for which ARM can be safely use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Schunemann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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A differential intra-operative molecular biological test for the detection of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast carcinoma. An extended experience from the first U.K. centre routinely offering the service in clinical practice. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 40:282-8. [PMID: 24331309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One-Step Nucleic acid Amplification (OSNA) is a molecular biological assay of cytokeratin-19 (a breast epithelial marker) mRNA. It can be employed intra-operatively for detection of lymph node metastases in breast carcinoma. Patients with positive sentinel nodes may proceed to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) level I or higher dependent upon the OSNA quantitative result, during the same surgical procedure, avoiding a second operation and eliminating the technical difficulties possibly associated with delayed ALND. AIMS Our Breast Unit was the first in the UK to implement this novel technique in routine practice. This study reviews our first 44-month data following introduction of OSNA "live" on whole sentinel nodes following an extensive validation study (Snook et al.).(9) METHODS: Data was collected prospectively from the period of introduction 01/12/2008 to 30/08/2012. All patients eligible for sentinel node biopsy were offered OSNA and operations were performed by five consultant breast surgeons. On detection of macro-metastasis a level II/III and for a micro-metastasis a level I ALND was performed. RESULTS A total of 859 patients (1709 sentinel lymph nodes) were analysed. All except one were females. The majority underwent wide local excision (73.4%, n = 631) or mastectomy 25% (n = 215) and 1.6% (13) underwent SLN biopsy alone. IDC was seen in 79% (n = 680) of the patients and 53.5% (n = 460) had grade II tumours. One-third (30.8%, n = 265) had positive sentinel nodes and had further axillary surgery at the time of SLN biopsy. Of these, 47% (n = 125/265) had macro-metastases, 38% (n = 101/265) had micro-metastases and 14.7% (n = 39/265) had "positive but inhibited" results. Positive non-sentinel lymph nodes (NSLN) were seen in 35% (44/125) of those with macro-metastases; 17.8% (18/101) of the patients with micro-metastases and 10.2% (4/39) of the "positive but inhibited" group. CONCLUSION In our series over a third of our patients had positive lymph nodes detected with OSNA allowing them to proceed directly to axillary surgery at the same operation. This technique eliminates the need for a second operation in sentinel lymph node positive patients and avoids the anxiety waiting for histological results.
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Dengel LT, Van Zee KJ, King TA, Stempel M, Cody HS, El-Tamer M, Gemignani ML, Sclafani LM, Sacchini VS, Heerdt AS, Plitas G, Junqueira M, Capko D, Patil S, Morrow M. Axillary dissection can be avoided in the majority of clinically node-negative patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:22-7. [PMID: 23975314 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which ACOSOG Z0011 findings are applicable to patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is uncertain. We prospectively assessed how often axillary dissection (ALND) was avoided in an unselected, consecutive patient cohort meeting Z0011 eligibility criteria and whether subgroups requiring ALND could be identified preoperatively. METHODS Patients with cT1,2cN0 breast cancer undergoing BCT were managed without ALND for metastases in <3 sentinel nodes (SNs) and no gross extracapsular extension (ECE). Patients with and without indications for ALND were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS From August 2010 to November 2012, 2,157 invasive cancer patients had BCT. A total of 380 had histologic nodal metastasis; 93 did not meet Z0011 criteria. Of 287 with ≥1 H&E-positive SN (209 macrometastases), 242 (84 %) had indications for SN only. ALND was indicated in 45 for ≥3 positive SNs (n = 29) or ECE (n = 16). The median number of SNs removed in the SN group was 3 versus 5 in the ALND group (p < 0.0001). Age, hormone receptor and HER2 status, and grade did not differ between groups; tumors were larger in the ALND group (p < 0.0001). Of ALND patients, 72 % had additional positive nodes (median = 1; range 1-19). No axillary recurrences have occurred (median follow-up, 13 months). CONCLUSIONS ALND was avoided in 84 % of a consecutive series of patients having BCT, suggesting that most patients meeting ACOSOG Z0011 eligibility have a low axillary tumor burden. Age, ER, and HER2 status were not predictive of ALND, and the criteria used for ALND (≥3 SNs, ECE) reliably identified patients at high risk for residual axillary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn T Dengel
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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A support vector machine model for predicting non-sentinel lymph node status in patients with sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1547-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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