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Yan S, Zhao J, Gao P, Li Z, Li Z, Liu X, Wang P. Diagnostic potential of NRG1 in benign nerve sheath tumors and its influence on the PI3K-Akt signaling and tumor immunity. Diagn Pathol 2024; 19:28. [PMID: 38331905 PMCID: PMC10851500 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-024-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Benign nerve sheath tumors (BNSTs) present diagnostic challenges due to their heterogeneous nature. This study aimed to determine the significance of NRG1 as a novel diagnostic biomarker in BNST, emphasizing its involvement in the PI3K-Akt pathway and tumor immune regulation. METHODS Differential genes related to BNST were identified from the GEO database. Gene co-expression networks, protein-protein interaction networks, and LASSO regression were utilized to pinpoint key genes. The CIBERSORT algorithm assessed immune cell infiltration differences, and functional enrichment analyses explored BNST signaling pathways. Clinical samples helped establish PDX models, and in vitro cell lines to validate NRG1's role via the PI3K-Akt pathway. RESULTS Nine hundred eighty-two genes were upregulated, and 375 downregulated in BNST samples. WGCNA revealed the brown module with the most significant difference. Top hub genes included NRG1, which was also determined as a pivotal gene in disease characterization. Immune infiltration showed significant variances in neutrophils and M2 macrophages, with NRG1 playing a central role. Functional analyses confirmed NRG1's involvement in key pathways. Validation experiments using PDX models and cell lines further solidified NRG1's role in BNST. CONCLUSION NRG1 emerges as a potential diagnostic biomarker for BNST, influencing the PI3K-Akt pathway, and shaping the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jingnan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Pengyang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
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Anitha K, Posinasetty B, Naveen Kumari K, Chenchula S, Padmavathi R, Prakash S, Radhika C. Liquid biopsy for precision diagnostics and therapeutics. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117746. [PMID: 38151071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a highly promising and non-invasive diagnostic approach, particularly in the field of oncology, and has garnered interest in various medical disciplines. This technique involves the examination of biomolecules released into physiological fluids, such as urine samples, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The analysed biomolecules included circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, and other cell-free components. In contrast to conventional tissue biopsies, LB provides minimally invasive diagnostics, offering invaluable insights into tumor characteristics, treatment response, and early disease detection. This Review explores the contemporary landscape of technologies and clinical applications in the realm of LB, with a particular emphasis on the isolation and analysis of ctDNA and/or cfDNA. Various methodologies have been employed, including droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (DDP), BEAMing (beads, emulsion, amplification, and magnetics), TAm-Seq (tagged-amplicon deep sequencing), CAPP-Seq (cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing), WGBS-Seq (whole genome bisulfite sequencing), WES (whole exome sequencing), and WGS (whole-genome sequencing). Additionally, CTCs have been successfully isolated through biomarker-based cell capture, employing both positive and negative enrichment strategies based on diverse biophysical and other inherent properties. This approach also addresses challenges and limitations associated with liquid biopsy techniques, such as sensitivity, specificity, standardization and interpretability of findings. This review seeks to identify the current technologies used in liquid biopsy samples, emphasizing their significance in identifying tumor markers for cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment outcome monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuttiappan Anitha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management (SPTM), SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Shirpur 425405, India
| | | | - K Naveen Kumari
- Sri Krishna Teja Pharmacy College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502, India
| | | | - R Padmavathi
- SVS Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462020, India
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Connal S, Cameron JM, Sala A, Brennan PM, Palmer DS, Palmer JD, Perlow H, Baker MJ. Liquid biopsies: the future of cancer early detection. J Transl Med 2023; 21:118. [PMID: 36774504 PMCID: PMC9922467 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide pandemic. The burden it imposes grows steadily on a global scale causing emotional, physical, and financial strains on individuals, families, and health care systems. Despite being the second leading cause of death worldwide, many cancers do not have screening programs and many people with a high risk of developing cancer fail to follow the advised medical screening regime due to the nature of the available screening tests and other challenges with compliance. Moreover, many liquid biopsy strategies being developed for early detection of cancer lack the sensitivity required to detect early-stage cancers. Early detection is key for improved quality of life, survival, and to reduce the financial burden of cancer treatments which are greater at later stage detection. This review examines the current liquid biopsy market, focusing in particular on the strengths and drawbacks of techniques in achieving early cancer detection. We explore the clinical utility of liquid biopsy technologies for the earlier detection of solid cancers, with a focus on how a combination of various spectroscopic and -omic methodologies may pave the way for more efficient cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Connal
- Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK ,grid.11984.350000000121138138Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G11XL UK
| | - James M. Cameron
- Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK
| | - Alexandra Sala
- Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK
| | - Paul M. Brennan
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4BS UK
| | - David S. Palmer
- Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK ,grid.11984.350000000121138138Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G11XL UK
| | - Joshua D. Palmer
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Haley Perlow
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Matthew J. Baker
- Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK ,grid.11984.350000000121138138Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G11XL UK ,grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843School of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
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Selvakumar SC, Preethi KA, Ross K, Tusubira D, Khan MWA, Mani P, Rao TN, Sekar D. CRISPR/Cas9 and next generation sequencing in the personalized treatment of Cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:83. [PMID: 35331236 PMCID: PMC8944095 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is caused by a combination of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Current cancer therapies are limited due to the complexity of their mechanism, underlining the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, combining the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system with next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to speed up the identification, validation, and targeting of high-value targets. Main text Personalized or precision medicine combines genetic information with phenotypic and environmental characteristics to produce healthcare tailored to the individual and eliminates the constraints of “one-size-fits-all” therapy. Precision medicine is now possible thanks to cancer genome sequencing. Having advantages over limited sample requirements and the recent development of biomarkers have made the use of NGS a major leap in personalized medicine. Tumor and cell-free DNA profiling using NGS, proteome and RNA analyses, and a better understanding of immunological systems, are all helping to improve cancer treatment choices. Finally, direct targeting of tumor genes in cancer cells with CRISPR/Cas9 may be achievable, allowing for eliminating genetic changes that lead to tumor growth and metastatic capability. Conclusion With NGS and CRISPR/Cas9, the goal is no longer to match the treatment for the diagnosed tumor but rather to build a treatment method that fits the tumor exactly. Hence, in this review, we have discussed the potential role of CRISPR/Cas9 and NGS in advancing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmaa Chandralekha Selvakumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - K Auxzilia Preethi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - Kehinde Ross
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deusdedit Tusubira
- Biochemistry Department, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Mohd Wajid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Panagal Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Annai College of Arts and Science, Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Tentu Nageswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 521001, India
| | - Durairaj Sekar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
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Alburquerque-González B, López-Abellán MD, Luengo-Gil G, Montoro-García S, Conesa-Zamora P. Design of Personalized Neoantigen RNA Vaccines Against Cancer Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Data. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:165-185. [PMID: 36068464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The good clinical results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in recent cancer therapy and the success of RNA vaccines against SARS-nCoV2 have provided important lessons to the scientific community. On the one hand, the efficacy of ICI depends on the number and immunogenicity of tumor neoantigens (TNAs) which unfortunately are not abundantly expressed in many cancer subtypes. On the other hand, novel RNA vaccines have significantly improved both the stability and immunogenicity of mRNA and its efficient delivery, this way overcoming past technique limitations and also allowing a quick vaccine development at the same time. These two facts together have triggered a resurgence of therapeutic cancer vaccines which can be designed to include individual TNAs and be synthesized in a timeframe short enough to be suitable for the tailored treatment of a given cancer patient.In this chapter, we explain the pipeline for the synthesis of TNA-carrying RNA vaccines which encompasses several steps such as individual tumor next-generation sequencing (NGS), selection of immunogenic TNAs, nucleic acid synthesis, drug delivery systems, and immunogenicity assessment, all of each step comprising different alternatives and variations which will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Alburquerque-González
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Abellán
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Silvia Montoro-García
- Cell Culture Lab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain.
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Accelerating vein-to-vein cell therapy workflows with new bioanalytical strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:164-174. [PMID: 34416662 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies represent a new era of treatment modalities for cancer. Through agile bioprocessing and bioengineering, patient-derived T-cells can be directed toward cancer biomarkers to impart a more robust and targeted immune response. In order to avoid delays in critical treatment timeframes, new bioanalytical tools are needed to accelerate, streamline, and maximize the throughput of T-cell bioprocessing. This review offers a survey of recent biotechnological advances supporting enhanced and expedited biomanufacturing workflows for autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, ranging from novel genetic engineering techniques and cell sorting platforms to stem cells and tumor organoid models. Collectively, these methods can increase the clinical impact of cancer therapeutics by improving the specificity, efficacy, and timely delivery of cell-based products.
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Raimondi L, Raimondi FM, Pietranera M, Di Rocco A, Di Benedetto L, Miele E, Lazzeroni R, Cimino G, Spinelli GP. Assessment of Resistance Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Patients with KRAS Mutated-Metastatic Breast Cancer and Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081928. [PMID: 33923563 PMCID: PMC8073052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant is used globally to treat metastatic breast cancer, but it was recognized that not all patients benefit from this combination of drugs. However, the predictive factors remain unknown. Here, we show KRAS ctDNA levels as predictive mechanisms of resistance to palbociclib and fulvestrant, and their association with the time to treatment discontinuation of the above treatment. These observations shed light on the potential clinical applications of ctDNA analysis in this setting of patients, in order to provide critical information about tumour dynamics, and to predict who will take advantage from CDK4/6 inhibitors. Abstract Despite therapeutic improvements, resistance to palbociclib is a growing clinical challenge which is poorly understood. This study was conducted in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance to palbociclib, and to identify biomarkers to predict who will take advantage from cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i). A total of about a thousand blood samples were collected from 106 patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative metastatic breast cancer who received palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant as the first-line metastatic therapy enrolled in this study. The genotyping of their plasma cell-free DNA was studied, including serial plasma samples. Collectively, our findings identify the appearance of KRAS mutations leading to palbociclib resistance acquisition within 6 months, and provide critical information for the prediction of therapeutic responses in metastatic breast cancer. By monitoring KRAS status through liquid biopsy, we could predict who will take advantage from the combination of palbociclib and fulvestrant, offering highly-individualized treatment plans, thus ensuring the best patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Raimondi
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Marta Pietranera
- Centro Medico Diagnostico Salus, Via Cadorna 8, 00053 Civitavecchia, Italy;
| | - Arianna Di Rocco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rachele Lazzeroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Scieces and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Cimino
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Gian Paolo Spinelli
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Jia CY, Xiang W, Liu JB, Jiang GX, Sun F, Wu JJ, Yang XL, Xin R, Shi Y, Zhang DD, Li W, Zuberi Z, Zhang J, Lu GX, Wang HM, Wang PY, Yu F, Lv ZW, Ma YS, Fu D. MiR-9-1 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis by Targeting UHRF1 in Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211041191. [PMID: 34520284 PMCID: PMC8445543 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is listed as the most common reason for cancer-related death all over the world despite diagnostic improvements and the development of chemotherapy and targeted therapies. MicroRNAs control both physiological and pathological processes including development and cancer. A microRNA-9 to 1 (miR-9 to 1) overexpression model in lung cancer cell lines was established and miR-9 to 1 was found to significantly suppress the proliferation rate in lung cancer cell lines, colony formation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in nude mice of A549 cells. Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) was then identified to direct target of miR-9 to 1. The inhibition of UHRF1 by miR-9 to 1 causes G1 arrest and p15, p16, and p21 were re-expressed in miR-9 to 1 group in mRNA level and protein level. Silence of UHRF1 expression in A549 cells resulted in the similar re-expression of p15, p16, p21 which is similar with miR-9 to 1 infection. Therefore, we concluded that UHRF1 is a new target for miR-9 to 1 to suppress cell proliferation by re-expression of tumor suppressors p15, p16, and p21 mediated by UHRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-You Jia
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Geng-Xi Jiang
- Navy Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Cancer Institute, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Nantong Haimen Yuelai Health Centre, Haimen, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zavuga Zuberi
- Dares Salaam Institute of Technology, Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gai-Xia Lu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Lv
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, National Center for Liver Cancer, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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