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Chen C, Zhang S, Hong H, Qiu S, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Pan M, Si F, Dong M, Li H, Wang Y, Liu L, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Qian Q. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Quick Delay Questionnaire (C-QDQ) and ecological characteristics of reward-delay impulsivity of adults with ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:251. [PMID: 38566048 PMCID: PMC10988885 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Quick Delay Questionnaire (QDQ) is a short questionnaire designed to assess delay-related difficulties in adults. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the QDQ (C-QDQ) in Chinese adults, and explore the ecological characteristics of delay-related impulsivity in Chinese adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Data was collected from 302 adults, including ADHD (n = 209) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 93). All participants completed the C-QDQ. The convergent validity, internal consistency, retest reliability and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the C-QDQ were analyzed. The correlations between C-QDQ and two laboratory measures of delay-related difficulties and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the comparison of C-QDQ scores between ADHD subgroups and HCs were also analyzed. RESULTS The Cronbach's α of C-QDQ was between 0.83 and 0.89. The intraclass correlation coefficient of C-QDQ was between 0.80 and 0.83. The results of CFA of C-QDQ favoured the original two-factor model (delay aversion and delay discounting). Significant positive associations were found between C-QDQ scores and BIS-11 total score and performance on the laboratory measure of delay-related difficulties. Participants with ADHD had higher C-QDQ scores than HCs, and female ADHD reported higher scores on delay discounting subscale than male. ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) reported higher scores on delay aversion subscale than ADHD-inattention type (ADHD-I). CONCLUSION The C-QDQ is a valid and reliable tool to measure delay-related responses that appears to have clinical utility. It can present the delay-related impulsivity of patients with ADHD. Compared to HCs, the level of reward-delay impulsivity was higher in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Haiheng Hong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Sunwei Qiu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Pan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Min Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
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Öztürk FÖ, Ekinci M. The effect of psycho-education given to mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on mother-child interaction and family functionality. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2023; 36:299-306. [PMID: 37357505 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM One of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Regular psycho-education for people with chronic illnesses and their families is beneficial for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine the effect of psycho-education given to mothers of children with ADHD on mother-child interaction and family functionality. METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 98 mothers and children (50 participants for the intervention group and 48 participants for the control group). Mothers in the intervention group were given psycho-education. Pre and post-tests were completed by mothers. FINDINGS Post-test mean scores in terms of warmth/affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, and control subscales of the Parental Acceptance-Red/Control Scale were statistically significantly lower among the intervention group. Post-test mean scores in terms of communication, showing interest, and the behavior control subscales of the family assessment device were statistically significantly lower in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS For families dealing with a child with ADHD, psychoeducation increased mother-child interaction and family functioning Therefore, psychoeducation should be widespread in the treatment of ADHD. When ADHD causes problems with mother-child contact, maternal psychoeducation may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özgün Öztürk
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mine Ekinci
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey
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Chan WWY, Shum KKM, Sonuga-Barke EJS. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context: Do parents in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom adopt different thresholds when rating symptoms, and if so why? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2022; 31:e1923. [PMID: 35670761 PMCID: PMC9464328 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence is similar across world regions. However, because informants' decision thresholds may vary between regions, these similarities may mask regional variations in actual ADHD behaviours. We tested this by comparing the relationship between informant's ratings and children's measured activity in United Kingdom (UK) and Hong Kong (HK) and then explored whether any national differences in endorsement thresholds discovered are linked to cultural variations in parenting factors. METHODS Parents rated the 18 ADHD symptoms in 112 three-to-five-year-old children stratified for ADHD symptom levels (49 girls and 63 boys; 55 from the UK and 57 from HK) and completed some parenting questionnaires. Children's task-related activity was measured using actometers. RESULTS In both groups, measured activity was positively correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity (r = 0.44HK ; r = 0.41UK ). While HK children were less active than UK children (p < 0.01), HK parents rated their children as more hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive (ps < 0.05). The lower rating threshold indicated by this pattern in HK parents were explained by their higher child-related stress levels. CONCLUSIONS UK and HK parents operated different ADHD symptom endorsement thresholds. The link between these and child-related stress may mark a more general role of cultural pressure for child conformity and school achievement in HK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Y Chan
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Perceptions of ADHD Among Diagnosed Children and Their Parents: A Systematic Review Using the Common-Sense Model of Illness Representations. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2019; 21:57-93. [PMID: 29079900 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-017-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on children and parents' experiences of ADHD has grown in recent years, attracting attention to their subjective perception of ADHD as a disorder. Theoretical accounts of illness perception suggest that it is multi-dimensional, consisting of at least five core constructs (see the common-sense model of illness representations or CSM: Leventhal et al., in: Rachman (ed) Medical psychology, Pergamon, New York, vol 2, pp 7-30, 1980, in: Baum, Taylor, Singer (eds) Handbook of psychology and health: social psychological aspects of health, Earlbaum, Hillsdale, vol 4, pp 219-252, 1984). We suggest that the application of CSM in children/adolescents with ADHD and their parents may play an important role in understanding their coping behavior, treatment adherence, and emotional well-being. A systematic search identified 101 eligible studies that investigated the perception of ADHD among diagnosed children/adolescents and their parents. In general, these studies support the existence of the multiple facets of illness representations proposed by the CSM in both diagnosed youngsters and parents indicating substantial variability among both parents and youngsters on each of these facets. The comprehensive assessment of the representations of ADHD indicates imbalance attention to the different representations of ADHD in the literature; disproportional research attention has been paid to the perceived effectiveness of treatment (i.e., treatment control dimension) compared to other illness representations (e.g., timeline, consequence, and coherence), despite research showing their relevance to treatment adherence among other implications. The review identifies the limitation of existing relevant research, needed foci for future studies, specific testable hypotheses, and potential clinical implications of the multifaceted representations of ADHD among youngsters and carers alike.
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