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Stickley A, Koposov R, Koyanagi A, Oh H, Ruchkin V. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Community Violence Exposure in Russian Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9738-NP9756. [PMID: 31288607 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519861651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research has shown that exposure to community violence is common for many children across the world. However, less is known about exposure in particular subgroups such as those children with developmental disorders. To address this research gap, the aim of this study was to examine community violence exposure (CVE) in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and the role of gender in this association. Data were analyzed from 2,782 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years from Arkhangelsk, Russia that were collected during the Social and Health Assessment (SAHA). ADHD status was assessed with the hyperactivity/inattention scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Information was obtained on past-year witnessing and violence victimization in the community. Results showed that CVE was more prevalent in children with ADHD symptoms. Specifically, 75.1% of children with ADHD symptoms had been exposed to any violence versus 62.3% in the non-ADHD group (χ2 = 18.65, p < .001). Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) revealed that CVE was significantly higher for adolescents with ADHD symptoms for both witnessing and victimization, while exposure was significantly higher for ADHD boys compared with girls. The findings of this study suggest that CVE may be elevated in adolescents with higher ADHD symptoms. Given that CVE has been associated with a variety of negative social and psychological outcomes in typically developing children, an important task for future research is to determine what factors are associated with CVE in adolescents with ADHD symptoms including those relating to such phenomena as comorbid psychopathology, the family, and peer relations, so that interventions can be designed and implemented to reduce CVE and its detrimental effects in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Roman Koposov
- University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vladislav Ruchkin
- Uppsala University, Sweden
- Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
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Young S, Cocallis K. ADHD and offending. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1009-1019. [PMID: 33538909 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International studies have reported disproportionately higher rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among youth and adult offenders across police custody, prison, probation and forensic mental health settings, estimated to fall at around 25%. This review aimed to investigate the presentation and vulnerabilities of this subpopulation of people with ADHD compared to those with ADHD in the general population and consider how this may impact on the approach to assessment and treatment in this population. METHODOLOGY A selective review of the extant literature was conducted to investigate how offenders with ADHD may present differently from their non-ADHD peers in their clinical presentation, criminogenic behaviour and psychological vulnerabilities. RESULTS Nearly all (around 96%) offenders with ADHD have additional comorbid problems, including mood, anxiety, conduct, substance use and personality disorders. Compared with offenders without ADHD, they become involved in the criminal justice system (CJS) at a younger age, have higher rates of recidivism, are more likely to make a false confession, engage in behavioural disturbances in custody, have health risk behaviours and a lower quality of life. Assessing and treating ADHD in this subpopulation may be more complex due to their presentation. CONCLUSIONS Offenders with ADHD are disadvantaged within the system by their ADHD symptoms being unrecognised and/or misunderstood; their diagnosis of ADHD may be missed or misdiagnosed. This is at cost to the individual, from both a health and rehabilitative perspective, as well as more broadly to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, PO 1735, Croydon, C9 7AE, UK. .,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Kelly Cocallis
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Borschmann R, Janca E, Carter A, Willoughby M, Hughes N, Snow K, Stockings E, Hill NTM, Hocking J, Love A, Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Fazel S, Puljević C, Robinson J, Kinner SA. The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e114-e126. [PMID: 31954434 PMCID: PMC7025881 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Hocking
- Sexual Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Love
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo Robinson
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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