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Bölte S, Alehagen L, Black MH, Hasslinger J, Wessman E, Remnélius KL, Marschik PB, D'arcy E, Seidel A, Girdler S, Zander E. Assessment of functioning in ADHD according to World Health Organization standards: First revision of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:1201-1214. [PMID: 38308443 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM To conduct the first revision of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A Delphi-like method was used, integrating evidence from stakeholder feedback and developing and piloting the ADHD ICF Core Set platform to inform revisions to the ADHD Core Sets. RESULTS A total of 27 second-level ICF codes were added to the comprehensive ADHD Core Set: body functions of temperament and personality, and basic sensory functions; activities and participation in terms of learning to read and write, spoken communication, community life, religion and spirituality, education, economy, and human rights; environmental factors for domestic animals; and several societal services. The revised comprehensive Core Set contains 98 ICF codes: 18 body function codes; 47 activities and participation codes; and 33 environmental factor codes. Extensive changes were also made to the age-appropriate brief Core Sets to allow their independent use in research and clinical practice. INTERPRETATION Although substantially expanded, the revised ICF Core Sets better reflect the lived experience of individuals with ADHD and clinical implementation preferences than the initial sets. We recommend further feasibility and validation studies of these Core Sets with the goal of optimizing their acceptance and practicability, and strengthening their evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lovisa Alehagen
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa H Black
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Hasslinger
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Wessman
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundin Remnélius
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter B Marschik
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen and Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Emily D'arcy
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas Seidel
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany
| | - Sonya Girdler
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Zander
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cleary SD, Candilis PJ, Dhumad S, Dyer AR, Khalifa N. Pathway to terrorist behaviors: The role of childhood experiences, personality traits, and ideological motivations in a sample of Iraqi prisoners. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:563-573. [PMID: 38041250 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Radicalization to terrorism is a multifaceted process with no single theory or approach to explain it. Although research has focused on understanding the process, there is still a dearth of studies that examine an empirically driven pathway to terrorism behavior. This study examines a cross-sectional sample of incarcerated men convicted of terrorism in Iraq (N = 160). A questionnaire-guided interview included adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), conduct disorder (CD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), religious and political ideology, views about causes of terrorism, and the severity of terrorist acts. Path analysis was employed to examine the relationships between these factors and to identify the model with the best fit. After adjusting for age, employment, and location, results indicated that ACEs positively impacted CD, ASPD, religious guidance, and terrorism attitudes. ASPD positively affected political commitment and terrorism attitudes, but inversely affected current religious commitment. Political commitment inversely influenced terrorism attitudes. Religious commitment positively influenced the prioritization of religion in life, which subsequently impacted terrorism attitudes and behavior severity. Additionally, attitudes toward terrorism directly affected the severity of terrorism behavior. All paths in the final model were statistically significant at p < 0.05. Although these findings may be limited in generalizability due to the unique sample, results support the complex and interdependent nature of childhood and adult experiences on the development of both terrorism attitudes and the severity of terrorism behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Cleary
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Philip J Candilis
- Department of Medical Affairs, Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Saleh Dhumad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Allen R Dyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Najat Khalifa
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Aggarwal S, Wright J, Morgan A, Patton G, Reavley N. Religiosity and spirituality in the prevention and management of depression and anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:729. [PMID: 37817143 PMCID: PMC10563335 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, religion has had a central role in shaping the psychosocial and moral development of young people. While religiosity and spirituality have been linked to positive mental health outcomes in adults, their role during the developmental context of adolescence, and the mechanisms through which such beliefs might operate, is less well understood. Moreover, there is some evidence that negative aspects of religiosity are associated with poor mental health outcomes. Guided by lived experience consultants, we undertook a systematic review and quality appraisal of 45 longitudinal studies and 29 intervention studies identified from three electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO and Scopus) exploring the role of religiosity and spiritual involvement (formal and informal) in prevention and management of depression and anxiety in young people aged 10 to 24 years. Most studies were from high-income countries and of low to moderate quality. Meta-analysis of high-quality longitudinal studies (assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools, n = 25) showed a trend towards association of negative religious coping (i.e., feeling abandoned by or blaming God) with greater depressive symptoms over time (Pearson's r = 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.009, 0.188) whereas spiritual wellbeing was protective against depression (Pearson's r = -0.153, CI -0.187, -0.118). Personal importance of religion was not associated with depressive symptoms overall (Pearson's r = -0.024, CI-0.053, 0.004). Interventions that involved religious and spiritual practices for depression and anxiety in young people were mostly effective, although the study quality was typically low and the heterogeneity in study designs did not allow for a meta-analysis. The lived experience consultants described spirituality and religious involvement as central to their way of life and greatly valued feeling watched over during difficult times. While we require more evidence from low- and middle-income countries, in younger adolescents and for anxiety disorders, the review provides insight into how spirituality and religious involvement could be harnessed to design novel psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in young people.Review RegistrationThe systematic review was funded by Wellcome Trust Mental Health Priority Area 'Active Ingredients' 2021 commission and registered with PROSPERO 2021 (CRD42021281912).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Aggarwal
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Judith Wright
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Morgan
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Dayan H, Shoham R, Berger I, Khoury-Kassabri M, Pollak Y. Features of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and antisocial behaviour in a general population-based sample of adults. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:172-184. [PMID: 37057691 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be a risk factor for antisocial and delinquent behaviour, but there is still a lack of information on how features of ADHD relate to offending behaviour among adults not already defined by their offending. AIMS Our aim was to add to knowledge about relationships between ADHD and antisocial behaviour among adults in the general population by answering the following questions: (A) Does the level of self-reported ADHD features relate to criminal and non-criminal antisocial behaviour? (B) To what extent are self-ratings of ADHD features independent of socio-demographic features previously identified as predictors of antisocial behaviour? METHODS A sample of adults was originally recruited to study public response to the COVID-19 outbreak through an online panel to be representative of the Israeli population. Among other scales, the 2025 participants completed an ADHD self-report scale, an antisocial behaviour self-report scale and a socio-demographic questionnaire probing for age, gender, urbanity, place of birth, socioeconomic status (education and income), family status (being in a relationship and having children) and religiosity. RESULTS Higher mean totals for the inattention and hyperactivity ADHD scale scores were associated with higher mean antisocial behaviour scores. These relationships were only slightly affected by socio-demographic variables, including sex, age, education and income. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that not only may features of ADHD, even below a diagnostic threshold, constitute a risk factor for antisocial behaviour, but also that the self-rated levels of these problems covary. These findings are important for informing the early detection of risk of antisocial behaviour in the general population and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Dayan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Itai Berger
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Assuta Ashdod University Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
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The Link between ADHD Symptoms and Antisocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of the Protective Factor Sense of Coherence. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101336. [PMID: 36291270 PMCID: PMC9599088 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have established the link between ADHD and antisocial behavior, one of the most serious functional impairments caused by the disorder. However, research on protective factors that mitigate this link is still lacking. The Salutogenic Model of Health offers the “Sense of Coherence” (SOC), establishing that individuals who see their lives as logical, meaningful, and manageable are more resistant to various risk factors and diseases. The present study examines for the first time whether SOC is also a protective factor against different ADHD-related types of antisocial behaviors (severe/mild violent behavior, verbal violence, property crimes, public disorder, and drug abuse). A total of 3180 participants aged 15−50 completed online questionnaires assessing the level of ADHD symptoms, antisocial behaviors, and SOC. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the research hypothesis. An interaction between ADHD symptoms and SOC was found in predicting each type of antisocial behavior (beta = −0.06−−0.17, p < 0.01). The link between ADHD symptoms and antisocial behavior was significantly weaker for high than low SOC participants, regardless of age group. The current study found that people with high SOC are protected against the effect of ADHD symptoms on one of the most serious functional impairments, antisocial behavior. These findings suggest that SOC is a protective factor from the adverse effects of ADHD symptoms, justifying further prospective and intervention studies.
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Clayton-Jones D, Ong LZ, Garnier-Villarreal M, Vick L, Sawdy R, George S, Haglund K. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Mind-Body Approaches Used Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 61:254-259. [PMID: 34329828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to examine complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents. Greater understanding of CAM use among this group is warranted to better inform health care providers in delivering a culturally relevant health promotion approach. DESIGN AND METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2012 Child Complementary and Alternative Medicine Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey (CAM-NHIS) data, which was collected from a national sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years. A logistic regression test was employed to investigate the predictors associated with CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents. RESULTS While Black and Hispanic adolescents were the least likely to use CAM compared to their White counterparts, families with higher incomes, higher education attainment, and adolescents who experienced pain were more likely to use CAM. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the need for future research to gain a greater understanding of CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents, and insights into how health disparities impact CAM use. Greater understanding of how CAM use intersects with health beliefs and outcomes is also warranted. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Based on the CAM-NHIS survey, few racially and ethnically diverse adolescents have reported use of CAM. Development of culturally appropriate instruments and methods to assess CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents may yield specific data for this population. Informed health care providers can advocate for improved access to CAM for minority adolescents and alter disparate use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Za Ong
- Marquette University, Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, WI, USA.
| | | | - Lori Vick
- University of South Carolina College of Nursing, SC, USA.
| | - Rachel Sawdy
- Marquette University College of Nursing, WI, USA.
| | - Safiya George
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, FL, USA.
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