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Ayon NJ. High-Throughput Screening of Natural Product and Synthetic Molecule Libraries for Antibacterial Drug Discovery. Metabolites 2023; 13:625. [PMID: 37233666 PMCID: PMC10220967 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the continued emergence of resistance and a lack of new and promising antibiotics, bacterial infection has become a major public threat. High-throughput screening (HTS) allows rapid screening of a large collection of molecules for bioactivity testing and holds promise in antibacterial drug discovery. More than 50% of the antibiotics that are currently available on the market are derived from natural products. However, with the easily discoverable antibiotics being found, finding new antibiotics from natural sources has seen limited success. Finding new natural sources for antibacterial activity testing has also proven to be challenging. In addition to exploring new sources of natural products and synthetic biology, omics technology helped to study the biosynthetic machinery of existing natural sources enabling the construction of unnatural synthesizers of bioactive molecules and the identification of molecular targets of antibacterial agents. On the other hand, newer and smarter strategies have been continuously pursued to screen synthetic molecule libraries for new antibiotics and new druggable targets. Biomimetic conditions are explored to mimic the real infection model to better study the ligand-target interaction to enable the designing of more effective antibacterial drugs. This narrative review describes various traditional and contemporaneous approaches of high-throughput screening of natural products and synthetic molecule libraries for antibacterial drug discovery. It further discusses critical factors for HTS assay design, makes a general recommendation, and discusses possible alternatives to traditional HTS of natural products and synthetic molecule libraries for antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid J Ayon
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Khameneh B, Eskin NAM, Iranshahy M, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1044. [PMID: 34572626 PMCID: PMC8472480 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive usage of antibiotics and the rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbes (AMR) are becoming important global public health issues. Many solutions to these problems have been proposed, including developing alternative compounds with antimicrobial activities, managing existing antimicrobials, and rapidly detecting AMR pathogens. Among all of them, employing alternative compounds such as phytochemicals alone or in combination with other antibacterial agents appears to be both an effective and safe strategy for battling against these pathogens. The present review summarizes the scientific evidence on the biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of phytochemicals used to treat microbial pathogenesis. A wide range of commercial products are currently available on the market. Their well-documented clinical efficacy suggests that phytomedicines are valuable sources of new types of antimicrobial agents for future use. Innovative approaches and methodologies for identifying plant-derived products effective against AMR are also proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran;
| | - N. A. Michael Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
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3
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Gege C, Bravo FJ, Uhlig N, Hagmaier T, Schmachtenberg R, Elis J, Burger-Kentischer A, Finkelmeier D, Hamprecht K, Grunwald T, Bernstein DI, Kleymann G. A helicase-primase drug candidate with sufficient target tissue exposure affects latent neural herpes simplex virus infections. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/598/eabf8668. [PMID: 34135112 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 50% of the world population is chronically infected with herpesviruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are the cause of herpes labialis (cold sores), genital herpes, and sight-impairing keratitis. Less frequently, life-threatening disseminated disease (encephalitis and generalized viremia) can also occur, mainly in immunocompromised patients and newborns. After primary infection, HSV persists for life in a latent state in trigeminal or sacral ganglia and, triggered by diverse stimuli, disease recurs in more than 30% of patients up to several times a year. Current therapy with nucleoside analogs targeting the viral polymerase is somewhat effective but limited by poor exposure in the nervous system, and latent infections are not affected by therapy. Here, we report on an inhibitor of HSV helicase-primase with potent in vitro anti-herpes activity, a different mechanism of action, a low frequency of HSV resistance, and a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. Improved target tissue exposure results in superior efficacy in preventing and treating HSV infection and disease in animal models as compared to standard of care. Therapy of primary HSV infections with drug candidate IM-250 {(S)-2-(2',5'-difluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N-methyl-N-(4-methyl-5-(S-methylsulfon-imidoyl)thiazol-2-yl)acetamide} not only reduces the duration of disease symptoms or time to healing but also prevents recurrent disease in guinea pigs. Treatment of recurrent infections reduces the frequency of recurrences and viral shedding, and, unlike nucleosidic drugs, IM-250 remains effective for a time after cessation of treatment. Hence, IM-250 has advantages over standard-of-care therapies and represents a promising therapeutic for chronic HSV infection, including nucleoside-resistant HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Innovative Molecules GmbH, Leopoldshöher Str. 7, 32107 Bad-Salzuflen, Germany
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center CCHMC, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer IZI, Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo Hagmaier
- University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Elis
- University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer IGB, Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doris Finkelmeier
- Fraunhofer IGB, Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Hamprecht
- University Hospital of Tübingen UKT, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer IZI, Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David I Bernstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center CCHMC, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gerald Kleymann
- Innovative Molecules GmbH, Leopoldshöher Str. 7, 32107 Bad-Salzuflen, Germany. .,University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced bioactivity of cationic antimicrobial peptides liposomes in cell cultures and 3D epidermis model against HSV. J Control Release 2016; 229:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Zayed A, Muffler K, Hahn T, Rupp S, Finkelmeier D, Burger-Kentischer A, Ulber R. Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus Purified by Dye Affinity Chromatography. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E79. [PMID: 27092514 PMCID: PMC4849083 DOI: 10.3390/md14040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study concerning the physicochemical, monomeric composition and biological characters among different fucoidan fractions is presented. Common purification techniques for fucoidan usually involve many steps. During these steps, the important structural features might be affected and consequently alter its biological activities. Three purified fractions were derived from Fucus vesiculosus water extract which, afterwards, were purified by a recently-developed dye affinity chromatography protocol. This protocol is based on dye-sulfated polysaccharide interactions. The first two fractions were obtained from crude precipitated fucoidan at different pH values of the adsorption phase: pH 1 and 6. This procedure resulted in fucoidan_1 and 6 fractions. The other, third, fraction: fucoidan_M, however, was obtained from a buffered crude extract at pH 1, eliminating the ethanol precipitation step. All of the three fractions were then further evaluated. Results revealed that fucoidan_M showed the highest sulfur content (S%), 12.11%, with the lowest average molecular weight, 48 kDa. Fucose, galactose, and uronic acid/glucose dimers were detected in all fractions, although, xylose was only detected in fucoidan_1 and 6. In a concentration of 10 µg·mL(-1), Fucoidan_6 showed the highest heparin-like anticoagulant activity and could prolong the APTT and TT significantly to 66.03 ± 2.93 and 75.36 ± 1.37 s, respectively. In addition, fucoidan_M demonstrated the highest potency against HSV-1 with an IC50 of 2.41 µg·mL(-1). The technique proved to be a candidate for fucoidan purifaction from its crude extract removing the precipitation step from common purification protocols and produced different fucoidan qualities resulted from the different incubation conditions with the immobilized thiazine toluidine blue O dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of Pharmacy, El Guish Street, 8130 Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Kai Muffler
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, Berlinstraße 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Doris Finkelmeier
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Dos Reis LFC, Cerdeira CD, De Paula BF, Silva JJD, Coelho LFL, Silva MA, Marques VBB, Chavasco JK, Alves-Da-Silva G. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL, AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF Talinum paniculatum. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:397-405. [PMID: 26603226 PMCID: PMC4660448 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the bioactivity of Talinum paniculatum was evaluated, a plant widely used in folk medicine. The extract from the T. paniculatum leaves (LE) was obtained by percolation with ethanol-water and then subjecting it to liquid-liquid partitions, yielding hexane (HX), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and aqueous (Aq) fractions. Screening for antimicrobial activity of the LE and its fractions was evaluated in vitro through broth microdilution method, against thirteen pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, and the antimycobacterial activity was performed through agar diffusion assay. The cytotoxic concentrations (CC90) for LE, HX, and EtOAc were obtained on BHK-21 cells by using MTT reduction assay. The LE showed activity against Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, HX demonstrated outstanding activity against Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans with a MIC of 31.2 µg/mL in both cases. The MIC for EtOAc also was 31.2 µg/mL against Escherichia coli. Conversely, BuOH and Aq were inactive against all tested microorganisms and LE proved inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis as well. Campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol were the proposed structures as main compounds present in the EF and HX/EtOAc fractions, evidenced by mass spectrometry. Therefore, LE, HX, and EtOAc from T. paniculatum showed potential as possible sources of antimicrobial compounds, mainly HX, for presenting low toxicity on BHK-21 cells with excellent Selectivity Index (SI = CC90/MIC) of 17.72 against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudio D Cerdeira
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Jeferson J da Silva
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiz F L Coelho
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jorge K Chavasco
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
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Boros-Majewska J, Turczyk Ł, Wei X, Milewski S, Williams DW. A novel in vitro assay for assessing efficacy and toxicity of antifungals using human leukaemic cells infected with Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:177-87. [PMID: 25845720 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study describes a novel in vitro assay that simultaneously determines antifungal efficiency and host cell toxicity using suspensions of human leukaemic cells (HL-60) infected with Candida albicans. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of Candida infection on host cell viability was evaluated by the microscopy of trypan blue-stained cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The in vitro 'drug potency assay' utilized the Cell Counting Kit-8 and measured post-antifungal treatment viability of Candida-infected HL-60 cells and the ability of the antifungal treatment to prevent infection. LDH activity showed that 42% ± 4·0 and 85·3% ± 7·40 of HL-60 cells were killed following Candida infection at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 : 1 and 1 : 5, respectively. The antifungal nystatin (0·78-25 μmol l(-1) ) was found to inhibit C. albicans infection as seen by the significantly increased viability of HL-60 cells. Cytotoxicity of nystatin towards infected HL-60 cells was evident at higher concentrations and this was also confirmed by propidium iodide staining. CONCLUSIONS An assay using undisturbed cell suspension conditions was successfully developed for assessing the selectivity of the antifungal therapy in the host-Candida environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay employing Candida infection of host cell suspensions represents a promising method for testing interactions of antifungal compounds with both fungal and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boros-Majewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ł Turczyk
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk (UG) and Medical University of Gdańsk (MUG), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - X Wei
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - D W Williams
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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8
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Haque S, Nawrot DA, Alakurtti S, Ghemtio L, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Tammela P. Screening and characterisation of antimicrobial properties of semisynthetic betulin derivatives. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102696. [PMID: 25032708 PMCID: PMC4102551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulin (lup-20(29)-ene-3β, 28-diol) is a naturally occurring triterpene, which is found in substantial amounts from the outer bark of birch trees. A library of 51 structurally diverse semisynthetic betulin derivatives was screened against five bacterial strains, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungal strain Candida albicans, using broth microdilution assays. Primary antimicrobial screening at 50 µM concentration led to the identification of five compounds showing antimicrobial properties (inhibition of growth by >70% against one or more microbial strains). According to the dose-response results, 28-O-(N-acetylanthraniloyl)betulin (compound 5) was the most active, showing MIC90 of 6.25 µM against two Gram-positive bacteria, E. faecalis and S. aureus. However, the activity of this compound was affected by albumin binding, which was demonstrated by the loss of activity in a host-pathogen co-culture assay as well as in the antibacterial assay in the presence of increased concentration of albumin. Furthermore, the effects on mammalian cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assessment on hepatocyte cell culture after 24 h exposure to the compounds. Betulinic aldehyde (18), betulin-28-oxime (31) and hetero cycloadduct with acetoxy groups at carbon atoms 3 and 28 and ethyl substituent at the triazolo ring (43) displayed cytotoxicity towards hepatocytes, with IC50 values of 47, 25 and 16 µM, respectively. The IC50 value for 28-O-(N-acetylanthraniloyl)betulin (5) was 56 µM. The current study presents an insight into using betulin scaffold for developing derivatives with antibacterial potential, and furthermore the necessity of in-depth analysis of found actives through selectivity profiling and follow-up studies including in silico ADMET predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Haque
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorota A. Nawrot
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hornig J, McGregor A. Design and development of antivirals and intervention strategies against human herpesviruses using high-throughput approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:891-915. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.922538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Chavasco JM, Prado E Feliphe BHM, Cerdeira CD, Leandro FD, Coelho LFL, Silva JJD, Chavasco JK, Dias ALT. Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of plant extracts from southern Minas Gerais cerrado. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:13-20. [PMID: 24553603 PMCID: PMC4085825 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of plant hidroethanolic extracts on bacteria
Gram positive, Gram negative, yeasts, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37
and Mycobacterium bovis was evaluated by using the technique of Agar
diffusion and microdilution in broth. Among the extracts evaluated by Agar diffusion,
the extract of Bidens pilosa leaf presented the most expressive
average of haloes of growth inhibition to the microorganisms, followed by the extract
of B. pilosa flower, of Eugenia pyriformis' leaf
and seed, of Plinia cauliflora leaf which statistically presented
the same average of haloes inhibitory formation on bacteria Gram positive, Gram
negative and yeasts. The extracts of Heliconia rostrata did not
present activity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 and
Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) appeared resistant to all the extracts.
The susceptibility profile of Candida albicans and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungi were compared to one another and
to the Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus
faecalis and the Gram negative Salmonella typhimurium
bacteria (p > 0.05). The evaluation of cytotoxicity was carried
out on C6-36 larvae cells of the Aedes albopictus mosquito. The
extracts of stem and flower of Heliconia rostrata, leaf and stem of
Plinia cauliflora, seed of Anonna crassiflora
and stem, flower and root of B. pilosa did not present toxicity in
the analyzed concentrations. The highest rates of selectivity appeared in the
extracts of stem of A. crassiflora and flower of B.
pilosa to Staphylococcus aureus, presenting potential
for future studies about a new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Moscardini Chavasco
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Helena Muniz Prado E Feliphe
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Damasceno Leandro
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéferson Junior da Silva
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kleber Chavasco
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Latercia Tranches Dias
- Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, AlfenasMG, Brazil, Biomedical Science Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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11
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Bauer J, Kinast S, Burger-Kentischer A, Finkelmeier D, Kleymann G, Rayyan WA, Schröppel K, Singh A, Jung G, Wiesmüller KH, Rupp S, Eickhoff H. High-throughput-screening-based identification and structure-activity relationship characterization defined (S)-2-(1-aminoisobutyl)-1-(3-chlorobenzyl)benzimidazole as a highly antimycotic agent nontoxic to cell lines. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6993-7. [PMID: 21711055 DOI: 10.1021/jm200571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel nontoxic (S)-2-aminoalkylbenzimidazole derivatives were found to be effective against Candida spp. at low micromolar concentrations using high-throughput screening with infected HeLa cells. A collection of analogues defined the chemical groups relevant for activity. The most active compound was characterized by transcriptional analysis of the response of C. albicans Sc5314. (S)-2-(1-Aminoisobutyl)-1-(3-chlorobenzyl)benzimidazole had a strong impact on membrane biosynthesis. Testing different clinically relevant pathogenic fungi showed the selectivity of the antimycotic activity against Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bauer
- EMC microcollections GmbH, Sindelfinger Strasse 3, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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12
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A screening assay based on host-pathogen interaction models identifies a set of novel antifungal benzimidazole derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4789-801. [PMID: 21746957 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01657-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a serious health problem in clinics, especially in the immune-compromised patient. Disease ranges from widespread superficial infections like vulvovaginal infections to life-threatening systemic candidiasis. Especially for systemic mycoses, only a limited arsenal of antifungals is available. The most commonly used classes of antifungal compounds used include azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Due to emerging resistance to standard therapy, significant side effects, and high costs for several antifungals, there is a medical need for new antifungals in the clinic and general practice. In order to expand the arsenal of compounds with antifungal activities, we screened a compound library including more than 35,000 individual compounds derived from organic synthesis as well as combinatorial compound collections representing mixtures of compounds for antimycotic activity. In total, more than 100,000 compounds were screened using a new type of activity-selectivity assay, analyzing both the antifungal activity and the compatibility with human cells at the same time. One promising hit, an (S)-2-aminoalkyl benzimidazole derivative, was developed among a series of lead compounds showing potent antifungal activity. (S)-2-(1-Aminoisobutyl)-1-(3-chlorobenzyl) benzimidazole showed the highest antifungal activity and the best compatibility with human cells in several cell culture models and against a number of clinical isolates of several species of pathogenic Candida yeasts. Transcriptional profiling indicates that the newly discovered compound is a potential inhibitor of the ergosterol pathway, in contrast to other benzimidazole derivatives, which target microtubules.
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13
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Kaczanowska K, Wiesmüller KH, Schaffner AP. Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Evaluation of Novel Aminomethyl-pyridines as DPP-4 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:530-5. [PMID: 24900243 DOI: 10.1021/ml100200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of novel aminomethyl-pyridines was designed, synthesized, and investigated as potential inhibitors of DPP-4. Optimization of the screening hit afforded a number of 5-aminomethyl-pyridines with inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range. Selected DPP-4 inhibitors were further evaluated for their selectivity over the closely related peptidase DPP-8. 5-Aminomethyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-6-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid cyanomethyl-amide showed high potency and excellent DPP-4 selectivity [IC50: 10 (DPP-4) and 6600 nM (DPP-8)] and no toxicity in mammalian cell culture.
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Abstract
The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay is used for cell density determination, based on the measurement of cellular protein content. The method described here has been optimized for the toxicity screening of compounds to adherent cells in a 96-well format. After an incubation period, cell monolayers are fixed with 10% (wt/vol) trichloroacetic acid and stained for 30 min, after which the excess dye is removed by washing repeatedly with 1% (vol/vol) acetic acid. The protein-bound dye is dissolved in 10 mM Tris base solution for OD determination at 510 nm using a microplate reader. The results are linear over a 20-fold range of cell numbers and the sensitivity is comparable to those of fluorometric methods. The method not only allows a large number of samples to be tested within a few days, but also requires only simple equipment and inexpensive reagents. The SRB assay is therefore an efficient and highly cost-effective method for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanicha Vichai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Patumtani 12120, Thailand.
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15
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McConnell O, Bach A, Balibar C, Byrne N, Cai Y, Carter G, Chlenov M, Di L, Fan K, Goljer I, He Y, Herold D, Kagan M, Kerns E, Koehn F, Kraml C, Marathias V, Marquez B, McDonald L, Nogle L, Petucci C, Schlingmann G, Tawa G, Tischler M, Williamson RT, Sutherland A, Watts W, Young M, Zhang MY, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Ho D. Enantiomeric separation and determination of absolute stereochemistry of asymmetric molecules in drug discovery—Building chiral technology toolboxes. Chirality 2007; 19:658-82. [PMID: 17390370 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of Chiral Technology, or the (extensive) use of techniques or tools for the determination of absolute stereochemistry and the enantiomeric or chiral separation of racemic small molecule potential lead compounds, has been critical to successfully discovering and developing chiral drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been due to the rapid increase over the past 10-15 years in potential drug candidates containing one or more asymmetric centers. Based on the experiences of one pharmaceutical company, a summary of the establishment of a Chiral Technology toolbox, including the implementation of known tools as well as the design, development, and implementation of new Chiral Technology tools, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McConnell
- Wyeth Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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16
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Kleymann G. Agents and strategies in development for improved management of herpes simplex virus infection and disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 14:135-61. [PMID: 15757392 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The quiet pandemic of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections has plagued humanity since ancient times, causing mucocutaneous infection such as herpes labialis and herpes genitalis. Disease symptoms often interfere with every-day activities and occasionally HSV infections are the cause of life-threatening or sight-impairing disease, especially in neonates and the immuno-compromised patient population. After infection the virus persists for life in neurons of the host in a latent form, periodically reactivating and often resulting in significant psychosocial distress for the patient. Currently no cure is available. So far, vaccines, ILs, IFNs, therapeutic proteins, antibodies, immunomodulators and small-molecule drugs with specific or non-specific modes of action lacked either efficacy or the required safety profile to replace the nucleosidic drugs acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir and famciclovir as the first choice of treatment. The recently discovered inhibitors of the HSV helicase-primase are the most potent development candidates today. These antiviral agents act by a novel mechanism of action and display low resistance rates in vitro and superior efficacy in animal models. This review summarises the current therapeutic options, discusses the potential of preclinical or investigational drugs and provides an up-to-date interpretation of the challenge to establish novel treatments for herpes simplex disease.
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17
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Leeds JA, Schmitt EK, Krastel P. Recent developments in antibacterial drug discovery: microbe-derived natural products – from collection to the clinic. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:211-26. [PMID: 16503759 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has historically relied on nature to provide compounds for antibacterial drug discovery. In recent years, several pharmaceutical companies have scaled back their efforts in natural product research. Nevertheless, the screening of natural products for antibacterial activity continues to provide excellent sources of biologically and chemically informative leads for new drugs. New technologies in high-throughput cultivation, genetic approaches to biodiversity and discovery of relatively untapped sources of natural products are expanding the ability to find novel, potent and highly selective antibacterial structures. Advances in purification, dereplication and structure elucidation, combined with the ability to chemically or biologically derivatise hits, aim to make the timeline for natural product-derived drug discovery similar or shorter than that expected for small synthetic molecules. This review addresses the strengths and shortcomings of technologies focused on microbe-derived natural products for antibacterial drug discovery and stresses the need for commitment to these approaches in order to achieve the goal of delivering safe, efficacious and high-quality medicines in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Leeds
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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