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Moo CL, Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Thomas W, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Lai KS. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Alternative Approaches to Overcome AMR. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 17:430-447. [PMID: 30836923 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190304122219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are useful compounds intended to eradicate or stop the growth of harmful microorganisms. The sustained increase in the rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide is worrying and poses a major public health threat. The development of new antimicrobial agents is one of the critical approaches to overcome AMR. However, in the race towards developing alternative approaches to combat AMR, it appears that the scientific community is falling behind when pitched against the evolutionary capacity of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Although the "pioneering strategy" of discovering completely new drugs is a rational approach, the time and effort taken are considerable, the process of drug development could instead be expedited if efforts were concentrated on enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobials through: combination therapies; bacteriophage therapy; antimicrobial adjuvants therapy or the application of nanotechnology. This review will briefly detail the causes and mechanisms of AMR as background, and then provide insights into a novel, future emerging or evolving strategies that are currently being evaluated and which may be developed in the future to tackle the progression of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew-Li Moo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shun-Kai Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Perdana University, MAEPS Building, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Swee-Hua-Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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King DT, Wasney GA, Nosella M, Fong A, Strynadka NCJ. Structural Insights into Inhibition of Escherichia coli Penicillin-binding Protein 1B. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:979-993. [PMID: 27899450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.718403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the peptidoglycan cell wall is synthesized by bifunctional penicillin-binding proteins such as PBP1b that have both transpeptidase and transglycosylase activities. The PBP1b transpeptidase domain is a major target of β-lactams, and therefore it is important to attain a detailed understanding of its inhibition. The peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase domain of PBP1b is also considered an excellent antibiotic target yet is not exploited by any clinically approved antibacterials. Herein, we adapt a pyrophosphate sensor assay to monitor PBP1b-catalyzed glycosyltransfer and present an improved crystallographic model for inhibition of the PBP1b glycosyltransferase domain by the potent substrate analog moenomycin. We elucidate the structure of a previously disordered region in the glycosyltransferase active site and discuss its implications with regards to peptidoglycan polymerization. Furthermore, we solve the crystal structures of E. coli PBP1b bound to multiple different β-lactams in the transpeptidase active site and complement these data with gel-based competition assays to provide a detailed structural understanding of its inhibition. Taken together, these biochemical and structural data allow us to propose new insights into inhibition of both enzymatic domains in PBP1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T King
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gregory A Wasney
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael Nosella
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anita Fong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Kumar VP, Basavannacharya C, de Sousa SM. A microplate assay for the coupled transglycosylase-transpeptidase activity of the penicillin binding proteins; a vancomycin-neutralizing tripeptide combination prevents penicillin inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:347-52. [PMID: 24944023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A microplate, scintillation proximity assay to measure the coupled transglycosylase-transpeptidase activity of the penicillin binding proteins in Escherichia coli membranes was developed. Membranes were incubated with the two peptidoglycan sugar precursors UDP-N-acetyl muramylpentapeptide (UDP-MurNAc(pp)) and UDP-[(3)H]N-acetylglucosamine in the presence of 40 μM vancomycin to allow in situ accumulation of lipid II. In a second step, vancomycin inhibition was relieved by addition of a tripeptide (Lys-D-ala-D-ala) or UDP-MurNAc(pp), resulting in conversion of lipid II to cross-linked peptidoglycan. Inhibitors of the transglycosylase or transpeptidase were added at step 2. Moenomycin, a transglycosylase inhibitor, had an IC50 of 8 nM. Vancomycin and nisin also inhibited the assay. Surprisingly, the transpeptidase inhibitors penicillin and ampicillin showed no inhibition. In a pathway assay of peptidoglycan synthesis, starting from the UDP linked sugar precursors, inhibition by penicillin was reversed by a 'neutral' combination of vancomycin plus tripeptide, suggesting an interaction thus far unreported.
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A microtiter plate-based beta-lactam binding assay for inhibitors of high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins. Anal Biochem 2009; 396:164-6. [PMID: 19748471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins (HMM PBPs) are essential for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and are the lethal targets of beta-lactam antibiotics. When purified, HMM PBPs give undetectable or weak enzyme activity. This has impeded efforts to develop assays for HMM PBPs and to develop new inhibitors for HMM PBPs as HMM PBP targeted antibacterial agents. However, even when purified, HMM PBPs retain their ability to bind beta-lactams. Here we describe a fluorescently detected microtiter plate-based assay for inhibitor binding to HMM PBPs based on competition with biotin-ampicillin conjugate (BIO-AMP) binding.
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Yang M, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Tang X, Liu J, Ma X. Structure-based virtual screening for glycosyltransferase51. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Sichuan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Sichuan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- b Centre for Biomedical & Life Sciences , Singapore Polytechnic , Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- c College of Computer Science , Southeast University for Nationalities , Sichuan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Sichuan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ma
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Sichuan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Domain requirement of moenomycin binding to bifunctional transglycosylases and development of high-throughput discovery of antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:431-6. [PMID: 18182485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710868105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Moenomycin inhibits bacterial growth by blocking the transglycosylase activity of class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are key enzymes in bacterial cell wall synthesis. We compared the binding affinities of moenomycin A with various truncated PBPs by using surface plasmon resonance analysis and found that the transmembrane domain is important for moenomycin binding. Full-length class A PBPs from 16 bacterial species were produced, and their binding activities showed a correlation with the antimicrobial activity of moenomycin against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. On the basis of these findings, a fluorescence anisotropy-based high-throughput assay was developed and used successfully for identification of transglycosylase inhibitors.
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