1
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Qin T, Hernandez SER, Shiers J, Crittall M, Novak A, Smith CS. A decentralized solid compound storage facility managed by a centralized electronic platform at a growing drug discovery company. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100143. [PMID: 38740284 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2024.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Within a growing drug discovery company, scientists acquire (either through in house synthesis or purchase) then store, retrieve, and ship solid compound samples daily between multiple locations. The efficient management and tracking of this entire process to support drug discovery is a significant challenge. This article describes a decentralized and cost-effective inventory facility that simplifies the solid compound storage and retrieval process. Standardized storage cabinets from the market are utilized, providing a cost-effective physical infrastructure. The cabinets can be distributed across storage rooms at multiple sites and arranged into spaces with a variety of dimensions, allowing the system to be retrofitted into existing facilities and scaled up easily. We can provide storage close to work areas at each location, minimizing both unnecessary movement of staff and transportation of substances. We have applied a systematic barcoding method to the compound batch identifier that correlates with its compound location. This simplifies the compound registration process as well as the process of finding and returning compounds. Additionally, a centralized electronic platform has been employed to store, update and track solid compound information, such as properties, location and quantity. Compound shipment may be initiated from different sites, and a centralized electronic platform assists the information retrieval process, ensuring each location possesses up-to-date information. The electronic platform we present streamlines the management of compound registration, location tracking, weight updates and shipment information, facilitating seamless record sharing among all stakeholders. Every step of the process can be tracked in real time by the project team. The platform can be flexibly configured to adapt to an evolving set of storage locations, with all information and processes being audited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qin
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Jason Shiers
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Crittall
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Novak
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Cimini BA, Chandrasekaran SN, Kost-Alimova M, Miller L, Goodale A, Fritchman B, Byrne P, Garg S, Jamali N, Logan DJ, Concannon JB, Lardeau CH, Mouchet E, Singh S, Shafqat Abbasi H, Aspesi P, Boyd JD, Gilbert T, Gnutt D, Hariharan S, Hernandez D, Hormel G, Juhani K, Melanson M, Mervin LH, Monteverde T, Pilling JE, Skepner A, Swalley SE, Vrcic A, Weisbart E, Williams G, Yu S, Zapiec B, Carpenter AE. Optimizing the Cell Painting assay for image-based profiling. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1981-2013. [PMID: 37344608 PMCID: PMC10536784 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
In image-based profiling, software extracts thousands of morphological features of cells from multi-channel fluorescence microscopy images, yielding single-cell profiles that can be used for basic research and drug discovery. Powerful applications have been proven, including clustering chemical and genetic perturbations on the basis of their similar morphological impact, identifying disease phenotypes by observing differences in profiles between healthy and diseased cells and predicting assay outcomes by using machine learning, among many others. Here, we provide an updated protocol for the most popular assay for image-based profiling, Cell Painting. Introduced in 2013, it uses six stains imaged in five channels and labels eight diverse components of the cell: DNA, cytoplasmic RNA, nucleoli, actin, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The original protocol was updated in 2016 on the basis of several years' experience running it at two sites, after optimizing it by visual stain quality. Here, we describe the work of the Joint Undertaking for Morphological Profiling Cell Painting Consortium, to improve upon the assay via quantitative optimization by measuring the assay's ability to detect morphological phenotypes and group similar perturbations together. The assay gives very robust outputs despite various changes to the protocol, and two vendors' dyes work equivalently well. We present Cell Painting version 3, in which some steps are simplified and several stain concentrations can be reduced, saving costs. Cell culture and image acquisition take 1-2 weeks for typically sized batches of ≤20 plates; feature extraction and data analysis take an additional 1-2 weeks.This protocol is an update to Nat. Protoc. 11, 1757-1774 (2016): https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Miller
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Briana Fritchman
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Byrne
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nasim Jamali
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Logan
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John B Concannon
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Department, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Shantanu Singh
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter Aspesi
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Department, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin D Boyd
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Gilbert
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Gnutt
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Desiree Hernandez
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Melanson
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam Skepner
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anita Vrcic
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Weisbart
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guy Williams
- AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shan Yu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Tang C, Niu Q, Cicka D, Du Y, Mo X, Fu H. A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer screening assay for discovery of protein-protein interaction modulators. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100804. [PMID: 34527960 PMCID: PMC8433285 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have emerged as promising yet challenging therapeutic targets. A robust bioassay is required for rapid PPI modulator discovery. Here, we present a time-resolved Förster's (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer assay protocol for PPI modulator screening in a 1536-well plate format. We use hypomorph SMAD4R361H-SMAD3 PPI as an example to illustrate the application of the protocol for screening of variant-directed PPI inducers. This platform can be readily adapted for the discovery of both small-molecule PPI inducers and inhibitors. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tang et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Danielle Cicka
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Reker D. Practical considerations for active machine learning in drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 32-33:73-79. [PMID: 33386097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Active machine learning enables the automated selection of the most valuable next experiments to improve predictive modelling and hasten active retrieval in drug discovery. Although a long established theoretical concept and introduced to drug discovery approximately 15 years ago, the deployment of active learning technology in the discovery pipelines across academia and industry remains slow. With the recent re-discovered enthusiasm for artificial intelligence as well as improved flexibility of laboratory automation, active learning is expected to surge and become a key technology for molecular optimizations. This review recapitulates key findings from previous active learning studies to highlight the challenges and opportunities of applying adaptive machine learning to drug discovery. Specifically, considerations regarding implementation, infrastructural integration, and expected benefits are discussed. By focusing on these practical aspects of active learning, this review aims at providing insights for scientists planning to implement active learning workflows in their discovery pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reker
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Lumley JA, Sharman G, Wilkin T, Hirst M, Cobas C, Goebel M. A KNIME Workflow for Automated Structure Verification. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:950-956. [PMID: 32081066 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220907091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adequate characterization of chemical entities made for biological screening in the drug discovery context is critical. Incorrectly characterized structures lead to mistakes in the interpretation of structure-activity relationships and confuse an already multidimensional optimization problem. Mistakes in the later use of these compounds waste money and valuable resources in a discovery process already under cost pressure. Left unidentified, these errors lead to problems in project data packages during quality review. At worst, they put intellectual property and patent integrity at risk. We describe a KNIME workflow for the early and automated identification of these errors during registration of a new chemical entity into the corporate screening catalog. This Automated Structure Verification workflow provides early identification (within 24 hours) of missing or inconsistent analytical data and therefore reduces any mistakes that inevitably get made. Automated identification removes the burden of work from the chemist submitting the compound into the registration system. No additional work is required unless a problem is identified and the submitter alerted. Before implementation, 14% of samples within the existing sample catalog were missing data on initial pass. A year after implementation, only 0.2% were missing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lumley
- Research IT, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Sharman
- Analytical Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Thomas Wilkin
- Research IT, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Matthew Hirst
- Research IT, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Carlos Cobas
- Mestrelab Research, S.L., Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Michael Goebel
- Mestrelab Research, S.L., Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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6
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Janzen W, Admirand E, Andrews J, Boeckeler M, Jayakody C, Majer C, Porwal G, Sana S, Unkuri S, Zaayenga A. Establishing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System. SLAS Technol 2019; 24:256-268. [PMID: 30865569 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319834471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper has been written by the SLAS Sample Management Special Interest Group to serve as a guide to the best practices and methods in establishing and maintaining a high-quality sample management system. The topics covered are applicable to sample types ranging from small molecules to biologics to tissue samples. It has been put together using the collective experience of the authors in start-up companies, small pharma, agricultural research, IT, academia, biorepositories, and large pharma companies. Our hope is that sharing our experience will streamline the process of setting up a new sample management system and help others avoid some of the problems that we have encountered.
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7
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Bray MA, Singh S, Han H, Davis CT, Borgeson B, Hartland C, Kost-Alimova M, Gustafsdottir SM, Gibson CC, Carpenter AE. Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1757-74. [PMID: 27560178 PMCID: PMC5223290 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In morphological profiling, quantitative data are extracted from microscopy images of cells to identify biologically relevant similarities and differences among samples based on these profiles. This protocol describes the design and execution of experiments using Cell Painting, which is a morphological profiling assay that multiplexes six fluorescent dyes, imaged in five channels, to reveal eight broadly relevant cellular components or organelles. Cells are plated in multiwell plates, perturbed with the treatments to be tested, stained, fixed, and imaged on a high-throughput microscope. Next, an automated image analysis software identifies individual cells and measures ∼1,500 morphological features (various measures of size, shape, texture, intensity, and so on) to produce a rich profile that is suitable for the detection of subtle phenotypes. Profiles of cell populations treated with different experimental perturbations can be compared to suit many goals, such as identifying the phenotypic impact of chemical or genetic perturbations, grouping compounds and/or genes into functional pathways, and identifying signatures of disease. Cell culture and image acquisition takes 2 weeks; feature extraction and data analysis take an additional 1-2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark-Anthony Bray
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Han Han
- Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Cathy Hartland
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sigrun M Gustafsdottir
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Madoux F, Tredup C, Spicer TP, Scampavia L, Chase PS, Hodder PS, Fields GB, Becker-Pauly C, Minond D. Development of high throughput screening assays and pilot screen for inhibitors of metalloproteases meprin α and β. Biopolymers 2016; 102:396-406. [PMID: 25048711 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteinases meprin α and meprin β are implicated in a variety of diseases, such as fibrosis, inflammation and neurodegeneration, however, there are no selective small molecule inhibitors that would allow to study their role in these processes. To address this lack of molecular tools, we have developed high throughput screening assays to enable discovery of inhibitors of both meprin α and meprin β and screened a collection of well characterized pharmaceutical agents (library of pharmaceutically active compounds, n = 1,280 compounds). Two compounds (PPNDS, NF449) confirmed their activity and selectivity for meprin β. Kinetic studies revealed competitive (PPNDS) and mixed competitive/noncompetitive (NF449) inhibition mechanisms suggesting that binding occurs in meprin β active site. Both PPNDS and NF449 exhibited low nanomolar IC50 and Ki values making them the most potent and selective inhibitors of meprin β reported to the date. These results demonstrate the ability of meprin α and β assays to identify selective compounds and discard artifacts of primary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Madoux
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Fl, 34987
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9
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Janzen WP. Screening technologies for small molecule discovery: the state of the art. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1162-70. [PMID: 25237860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Screening, high-throughput screening, and ultra-high-throughput screening are all really just points on a spectrum that represent differing applications of the same process: the creation of biologically relevant assays that are relevant, reproducible, reliable, and robust. Whether the discovery program is developing a pharmaceutical, an academic probe, cosmetics, pesticides, or a toxicity monitoring assay, the development of a screen focuses on generating a method that will reliably deliver reproducible results over a period of weeks, months, or years and that will generate consistent results for every test along the way. This review provides both historical perspective on how this unique scientific discipline evolved and commentary on the current state of the art technologies and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Janzen
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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10
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Xiong Y, Yan D, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Biopotency Assays: an Integrated Application to Quality Control of Chinese Materia Medica. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014; 6:256-264. [PMID: 32288760 PMCID: PMC7128317 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current quality control (QC) pattern for Chinese materia medica (CMM) lacks suitable methods and indicators to evaluate their safety and efficacy effectively, which impedes the smooth development of CMM. In this review, main problems of the current QC pattern for CMM, principally focused on the content determination of constituents, were summarized and the inspiration from the QC of biological products was introduced. With the aim at introducing a suitable tool to the QC of CMM, biopotency assay and its feasibility in the QC pattern for CMM were analyzed and confirmed by relevant researches with years of practice. From the applications of biopotency assays in the QC of CMM in the last 10 years, we propose that biopotency assays should be an integral part of the QC pattern for CMM, for these assays can make the QC indicators related to the clinical safety and efficacy, supplementing the existed QC system of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Yan
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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11
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Henrich CJ, Beutler JA. Matching the power of high throughput screening to the chemical diversity of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1284-98. [PMID: 23925671 PMCID: PMC3801163 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering up to 2013. Application of high throughput screening technologies to natural product samples demands alterations in assay design as well as sample preparation in order to yield meaningful hit structures at the end of the campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J. Henrich
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. Frederick National Lab
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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12
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Robotic implementation of assays: tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) case study. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23860647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-562-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Laboratory automation and robotics have "industrialized" the execution and completion of large-scale, enabling high-capacity and high-throughput (100 K-1 MM/day) screening (HTS) campaigns of large "libraries" of compounds (>200 K-2 MM) to complete in a few days or weeks. Critical to the success these HTS campaigns is the ability of a competent assay development team to convert a validated research-grade laboratory "benchtop" assay suitable for manual or semi-automated operations on a few hundreds of compounds into a robust miniaturized (384- or 1,536-well format), well-engineered, scalable, industrialized assay that can be seamlessly implemented on a fully automated, fully integrated robotic screening platform for cost-effective screening of hundreds of thousands of compounds. Here, we provide a review of the theoretical guiding principles and practical considerations necessary to reduce often complex research biology into a "lean manufacturing" engineering endeavor comprising adaption, automation, and implementation of HTS. Furthermore we provide a detailed example specifically for a cell-free in vitro biochemical, enzymatic phosphatase assay for tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase that illustrates these principles and considerations.
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13
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Quintero C, Tran K, Szewczak AA. High-throughput quality control of DMSO acoustic dispensing using photometric dye methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:296-305. [PMID: 23629143 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213486787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One high-throughput technology gaining widespread adoption in industry and academia is acoustic liquid dispensing, in which focused sound waves eject nanoliter-sized droplets from a solution into a recipient microplate. This technology allows for direct dispensing of small-molecule compounds or reagents dissolved in DMSO, while keeping a low final concentration of organic solvent in an assay. However, acoustic dispensing presents unique quality control (QC) challenges when measuring the accuracy and precision of small dispense volumes ranging from 2.5 to 100 nL. As part of an effort to develop a rapid and cost-effective QC method for acoustic dispensing of 100% DMSO, we implemented the first high-throughput photometric dual-dye-based QC protocol in the nanoliter volume range. This technical note validates the new photometric 100% DMSO QC method and highlights its cost-effectiveness when compared with conventional low-throughput fluorimetric QC methods. In addition, a potential software solution is described for the analysis, storage, and display of accumulated high-throughput QC data, called LabGauge. As the need for high-throughput QC grows, conventional low-throughput methods can no longer meet demand. Validated high-throughput techniques, such as the dual-dye photometric method, will need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Quintero
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories-Boston, In Vitro Pharmacology, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Dandapani S, Rosse G, Southall N, Salvino JM, Thomas CJ. Selecting, Acquiring, and Using Small Molecule Libraries for High-Throughput Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:177-191. [PMID: 26705509 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The selection, acquisition and use of high quality small molecule libraries for screening is an essential aspect of drug discovery and chemical biology programs. Screening libraries continue to evolve as researchers gain a greater appreciation of the suitability of small molecules for specific biological targets, processes and environments. The decisions surrounding the make-up of any given small molecule library is informed by a multitude of variables and opinions vary on best-practices. The fitness of any collection relies upon upfront filtering to avoiding problematic compounds, assess appropriate physicochemical properties, install the ideal level of structural uniqueness and determine the desired extent of molecular complexity. These criteria are under constant evaluation and revision as academic and industrial organizations seek out collections that yield ever improving results from their screening portfolios. Practical questions including cost, compound management, screening sophistication and assay objective also play a significant role in the choice of library composition. This overview attempts to offer advice to all organizations engaged in small molecule screening based upon current best practices and theoretical considerations in library selection and acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Dandapani
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
| | - Gerard Rosse
- Dart NeuroScience LLC, 7473 Lusk Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- Alliance Discovery, Inc, Biotechnology Center 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
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15
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Griffith D, Northwood R, Owen P, Simkiss E, Brierley A, Cross K, Slaney A, Davis M, Bath C. Implementation and development of an automated, ultra-high-capacity, acoustic, flexible dispensing platform for assay-ready plate delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:348-58. [PMID: 22922543 DOI: 10.1177/2211068212457159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Compound management faces the daily challenge of providing high-quality samples to drug discovery. The advent of new screening technologies has seen demand for liquid samples move toward nanoliter ranges, dispensed by contactless acoustic droplet ejection. Within AstraZeneca, a totally integrated assay-ready plate production platform has been created to fully exploit the advantages of this technology. This enables compound management to efficiently deliver large throughputs demanded by high-throughput screening while maintaining regular delivery of smaller numbers of compounds in varying plate formats for cellular or biochemical concentration-response curves in support of hit and lead optimization (structure-activity relationship screening). The automation solution, CODA, has the capability to deliver compounds on demand for single- and multiple-concentration ranges, in batch sizes ranging from 1 sample to 2 million samples, integrating seamlessly into local compound and test management systems. The software handles compound orders intelligently, grouping test requests together dependent on output plate type and serial dilution ranges so that source compound vessels are shared among numerous tests, ensuring conservation of sample, reduced labware and costs, and efficiency of work cell logistics. We describe the development of CODA to address the customer demand, challenges experienced, learning made, and subsequent enhancements.
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Sprachman MM, Wipf P. A bifunctional dimethylsulfoxide substitute enhances the aqueous solubility of small organic molecules. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 10:269-77. [PMID: 22192308 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An oxetane-substituted sulfoxide has demonstrated potential as a dimethylsulfoxide substitute for enhancing the dissolution of organic compounds with poor aqueous solubilities. This sulfoxide may find utility in applications of library storage and biological assays. For the model compounds studied, significant solubility enhancements were observed using the sulfoxide as a cosolvent in aqueous media. Brine shrimp, breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), and liver cell line (HepG2) toxicity data for the new additive are also presented, in addition to comparative IC(50) values for a series of PKD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Sprachman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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