1
|
Liu Z, Li Y, Fan W, Huang D. Iodine-Mediated Heterocyclization for the Synthesis of 6-Alkylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines from N-Alkylpyridinium Salts and NH 4SCN. J Org Chem 2024; 89:676-680. [PMID: 38113931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An iodine-mediated method for the synthesis of 6-alkylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines by the reaction of N-alkylpyridinium salts and NH4SCN in air is reported. Twenty-seven compounds were obtained under the standard conditions. Pyridinium salts work as benzyl-group transfer reagents to promote the formation of the CBn-SSCN bond and thereby the construction of the triazine skeleton. A plausible mechanism is proposed based on the experimental results and literature survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fuzhou 350007, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Müller JP, Gründemann D. Does Intracellular Metabolism Render Gemcitabine Uptake Undetectable in Mass Spectrometry? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094690. [PMID: 35563081 PMCID: PMC9101085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ergothioneine transporter ETT (formerly OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). Recently, Sparreboom et al. reported that the ETT would transport nucleosides and nucleoside analogues such as cytarabine and gemcitabine with the highest efficiency. In our assay system, we could not detect any such transport. Subsequently, Sparreboom suggested that the intracellular metabolization of the nucleosides occurs so fast that the original compounds cannot be detected by LC–MS/MS after inward transport. Our current experiments with 293 cells disprove this hypothesis. Uptake of gemcitabine was easily detected by LC–MS/MS measurements when we expressed the Na+/nucleoside cotransporter CNT3 (SLC28A3). Inward transport was 1280 times faster than the intracellular production of gemcitabine triphosphate. The deoxycytidine kinase inhibitor 2-thio-2′-deoxycytidine markedly blocked the production of gemcitabine triphosphate. There was no concomitant surge in intracellular gemcitabine, however. This does not fit the rapid phosphorylation of gemcitabine. Uptake of cytarabine was very slow, but detection by MS was still possible. When the ETT was expressed and incubated with gemcitabine, there was no increase in intracellular gemcitabine triphosphate. We conclude that the ETT does not transport nucleosides.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu SF, Lin X, Xu LP, Chen HG, Guo JF, Jin L. DCK is an Unfavorable Prognostic Biomarker and Correlated With Immune Infiltrates in Liver Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820934133. [PMID: 32588770 PMCID: PMC7325533 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820934133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological function of deoxycytidine kinase in tumor is not yet clear, and there are a few studies relating to the correlation of deoxycytidine kinase gene with the occurrence and development of liver cancer. METHODS The messenger RNA expression of deoxycytidine kinase was analyzed with the use of the UALCAN and GEPIA database. Moreover, we assessed the function of deoxycytidine kinase on clinical prognosis with Kaplan-Meier plotter database. The relationship between deoxycytidine kinase and cancer immune infiltrates was investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource site. Furthermore, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource was also used to evaluate the correlations between the expression of deoxycytidine kinase and gene marker sets of immune infiltrates. RESULTS The deoxycytidine kinase messenger RNA level significantly upregulated in patients with liver cancer compared to normal liver samples. Moreover, the increased expression of deoxycytidine kinase messenger RNA was closely associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival in all liver cancers. In addition, deoxycytidine kinase expression displayed a strong correlation with infiltrating levels of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in liver cancer, and deoxycytidine kinase expression was positively correlated with diverse immune marker sets in liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS All the above findings suggested that increased expression of deoxycytidine kinase was significantly related to unfavorable prognosis in patients with liver cancer. And deoxycytidine kinase is correlated with immune infiltrating levels, including those of B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in patients with liver cancer. These findings suggest that deoxycytidine kinase can be used as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in liver cancer. And deoxycytidine kinase is a potential target for liver cancer therapy, and these preliminary findings require further study to determine whether deoxycytidine kinase-targeting reagents might be developed for clinical application in liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang Hu
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Lin
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lv Ping Xu
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Gang Chen
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Feng Guo
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Tam Y, Pemberton RP, Chaudhuri S, Stoycheva AD, Dyatkina N, Wang G, Symons JA, Deval J, Beigelman L. Activation Pathway of a Nucleoside Analog Inhibiting Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:83-91. [PMID: 28103684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense RNA virus and a significant cause of respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. No effective vaccines or antiviral therapies are available for the treatment of RSV. ALS-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside prodrug inhibitor of RSV replication currently under clinical evaluation. ALS-8112, the parent molecule of ALS-8176, undergoes intracellular phosphorylation, yielding the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite. The host kinases responsible for this conversion are not known. Therefore, elucidation of the ALS-8112 activation pathway is key to further understanding its conversion mechanism, particularly given its potent antiviral effects. Here, we have identified the activation pathway of ALS-8112 and show it is unlike other antiviral cytidine analogs. The first step, driven by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), is highly efficient, while the second step limits the formation of the active 5'-triphosphate species. ALS-8112 is a 2'- and 4'-modified nucleoside analog, prompting us to investigate dCK recognition of other 2'- and 4'-modified nucleosides. Our biochemical approach along with computational modeling contributes to an enhanced structure-activity profile for dCK. These results highlight an exciting potential to optimize nucleoside analogs based on the second activation step and increased attention toward nucleoside diphosphate and triphosphate prodrugs in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sarah K. Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ryan P. Pemberton
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Shuvam Chaudhuri
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Antitsa D. Stoycheva
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bunimovich YL, Nair-Gill E, Riedinger M, McCracken MN, Cheng D, McLaughlin J, Radu CG, Witte ON. Deoxycytidine kinase augments ATM-Mediated DNA repair and contributes to radiation resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104125. [PMID: 25101980 PMCID: PMC4125169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and adequate generation of deoxyribonucleotides is critical to successful DNA repair. We show that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) integrates the DNA damage response with DNA metabolism by regulating the salvage of deoxyribonucleosides. Specifically, ATM phosphorylates and activates deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) at serine 74 in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Activation of dCK shifts its substrate specificity toward deoxycytidine, increases intracellular dCTP pools post IR, and enhances the rate of DNA repair. Mutation of a single serine 74 residue has profound effects on murine T and B lymphocyte development, suggesting that post-translational regulation of dCK may be important in maintaining genomic stability during hematopoiesis. Using [(18)F]-FAC, a dCK-specific positron emission tomography (PET) probe, we visualized and quantified dCK activation in tumor xenografts after IR, indicating that dCK activation could serve as a biomarker for ATM function and DNA damage response in vivo. In addition, dCK-deficient leukemia cell lines and murine embryonic fibroblasts exhibited increased sensitivity to IR, indicating that pharmacologic inhibition of dCK may be an effective radiosensitization strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Bunimovich
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Evan Nair-Gill
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mireille Riedinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa N. McCracken
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Donghui Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jami McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nathanson DA, Armijo AL, Tom M, Li Z, Dimitrova E, Austin WR, Nomme J, Campbell DO, Ta L, Le TM, Lee JT, Darvish R, Gordin A, Wei L, Liao HI, Wilks M, Martin C, Sadeghi S, Murphy JM, Boulos N, Phelps ME, Faull KF, Herschman HR, Jung ME, Czernin J, Lavie A, Radu CG. Co-targeting of convergent nucleotide biosynthetic pathways for leukemia eradication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:473-86. [PMID: 24567448 PMCID: PMC3949575 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Co-targeting of both de novo and salvage pathways for dCTP biosynthesis shows efficacy in T-ALL and B-ALL. Pharmacological targeting of metabolic processes in cancer must overcome redundancy in biosynthetic pathways. Deoxycytidine (dC) triphosphate (dCTP) can be produced both by the de novo pathway (DNP) and by the nucleoside salvage pathway (NSP). However, the role of the NSP in dCTP production and DNA synthesis in cancer cells is currently not well understood. We show that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells avoid lethal replication stress after thymidine (dT)-induced inhibition of DNP dCTP synthesis by switching to NSP-mediated dCTP production. The metabolic switch in dCTP production triggered by DNP inhibition is accompanied by NSP up-regulation and can be prevented using DI-39, a new high-affinity small-molecule inhibitor of the NSP rate-limiting enzyme dC kinase (dCK). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was useful for following both the duration and degree of dCK inhibition by DI-39 treatment in vivo, thus providing a companion pharmacodynamic biomarker. Pharmacological co-targeting of the DNP with dT and the NSP with DI-39 was efficacious against ALL models in mice, without detectable host toxicity. These findings advance our understanding of nucleotide metabolism in leukemic cells, and identify dCTP biosynthesis as a potential new therapeutic target for metabolic interventions in ALL and possibly other hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; 2 Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division; 3 Department of Biomathematics; 4 The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior; 5 Department of Biological Chemistry; and 6 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nomme J, Murphy JM, Su Y, Sansone ND, Armijo AL, Olson ST, Radu C, Lavie A. Structural characterization of new deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors rationalizes the affinity-determining moieties of the molecules. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:68-78. [PMID: 24419380 PMCID: PMC3919262 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713025030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a key enzyme in the nucleoside salvage pathway that is also required for the activation of several anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analog prodrugs. Additionally, dCK has been implicated in immune disorders and has been found to be overexpressed in several cancers. To allow the probing and modulation of dCK activity, a new class of small-molecule inhibitors of the enzyme were developed. Here, the structural characterization of four of these inhibitors in complex with human dCK is presented. The structures reveal that the compounds occupy the nucleoside-binding site and bind to the open form of dCK. Surprisingly, a slight variation in the nature of the substituent at the 5-position of the thiazole ring governs whether the active site of the enzyme is occupied by one or two inhibitor molecules. Moreover, this substituent plays a critical role in determining the affinity, improving it from >700 to 1.5 nM in the best binder. These structures lay the groundwork for future modifications that would result in even tighter binding and the correct placement of moieties that confer favorable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Nomme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Natasha D. Sansone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Amanda L. Armijo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven T. Olson
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Caius Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cellular to animal to human studies are shedding light on metabolic pathways that contribute to sustaining lymphomagenesis. Old players with new metabolic tricks and new metabolic players come into the scene. The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advances made in the field of lymphoma metabolism with special focus on the metabolic modulation of tumor promoting and suppressing pathways and, conversely, on the effect of these pathways on metabolite addiction. RECENT FINDINGS The basis for the high glucose uptake and glycolytic activity in lymphoma cells is now beginning to be understood. Recent findings suggest a greater role of nucleotide biosynthesis as a major driving force for glycolysis, especially during proliferation and cellular stress conditions. There is new evidence for an increasing contribution of glycine-folate metabolism deregulation in nucleotide biosynthesis, genome integrity and epigenetic maintenance. Expanding roles for MYC, PI3K and TP53 in regulating reactive oxygen production, glycolysis and glutaminolysis in lymphoma cells have been described. The identification of novel pathways has allowed the emergence of new 'antimetabolite' strategies to increase the therapeutic efficacy of current approaches. SUMMARY Metabolism in lymphomas must fulfill the general demands from cell proliferation and those specific to lymphomagenesis. Data emerging from preclinical studies are elucidating the metabolic pathways that contribute to maintaining the malignant phenotype in lymphomas. This has resulted in identification of novel pathways, some of which may have a clinical impact in the diagnosis, characterization and treatment of lymphoma subtypes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Murphy JM, Armijo AL, Nomme J, Lee CH, Smith QA, Li Z, Campbell DO, Liao HI, Nathanson DA, Austin WR, Lee JT, Darvish R, Wei L, Wang J, Su Y, Damoiseaux R, Sadeghi S, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Czernin J, Alexandrova AN, Jung ME, Lavie A, Radu CG. Development of new deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors and noninvasive in vivo evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6696-708. [PMID: 23947754 DOI: 10.1021/jm400457y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combined inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in multiple cancer cell lines depletes deoxycytidine triphosphate pools leading to DNA replication stress, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Evidence implicating dCK in cancer cell proliferation and survival stimulated our interest in developing small molecule dCK inhibitors. Following a high throughput screen of a diverse chemical library, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using (18)F-L-1-(2'-deoxy-2'-FluoroArabinofuranosyl) Cytosine ((18)F-L-FAC), a dCK-specific substrate, was used to rapidly rank lead compounds based on their ability to inhibit dCK activity in vivo. Evaluation of a subset of the most potent compounds in cell culture (IC50 = ∼1-12 nM) using the (18)F-L-FAC PET pharmacodynamic assay identified compounds demonstrating superior in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, §Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, #California NanoSystems Institute, △Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhattacharjee B, Vijayasarathy S, Karunakar P, Chatterjee J. Comparative reverse screening approach to identify potential anti-neoplastic targets of saffron functional components and binding mode. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5605-11. [PMID: 23317225 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, pioneering research on anti-tumour activity of saffron has shed light on the role of crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal, as broad spectrum anti-neoplastic agents. However, the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Identification and characterization of the targets of bioactive constituents will play an imperative role in demystifying the complex anti-neoplastic machinery. METHODS In the quest of potential target identification, a dual virtual screening approach utilizing two inverse screening systems, one predicated on idTarget and the other on PharmMapper was here employed. A set of target proteins associated with multiple forms of cancer and ranked by Fit Score and Binding energy were obtained from the two independent inverse screening platforms. The validity of the results was checked by meticulously analyzing the post-docking binding pose of the picrocrocin with Hsp90 alpha in AutoDock. RESULTS The docking pose reveals that electrostatic and hydrogen bonds play the key role in inter-molecular interactions in ligand binding. Picrocrocin binds to the Hsp90 alpha with a definite orientation appropriate for nucleophilic attacks by several electrical residues inside the Hsp90-alpha ATPase catalytic site. CONCLUSION This study reveals functional information about the anti-tumor mechanism of saffron bioactive constituents. Also, a tractable set of anti-neoplastic targets for saffron has been generated in this study which can be further authenticated by in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Collapse
|
11
|
The apoptotic effects of toosendanin are partially mediated by activation of deoxycytidine kinase in HL-60 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52536. [PMID: 23300702 PMCID: PMC3531419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid toosendanin (TSN) exhibits potent cytotoxic activity through inducing apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines. However, the target and mechanism of the apoptotic effects by TSN remain unknown. In this study, we captured a specific binding protein of TSN in HL-60 cells by serial affinity chromatography and further identified it as deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). Combination of direct activation of dCK and inhibition of TSN-induced apoptosis by a dCK inhibitor confirmed that dCK is a target for TSN partially responsible for the apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Moreover, the activation of dCK by TSN was a result of conformational change, rather than auto-phosphorylation. Our results further imply that, in addition to the dATP increase by dCK activation in tumor cells, dCK may also involve in the apoptotic regulation.
Collapse
|