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Zheng Y, Luo Y, Feng K, Zhang W, Chen G. High Throughput Screening of Glycopolymers: Balance between Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Property. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:326-330. [PMID: 35650837 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To search for synthetic agents with low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity is essential for antimicrobial applications. Here we report a high throughput technique that carried out in multiwell plates via recyclable-catalyst-aided, opened-to-air, and sunlight-photolyzed RAFT (ROS-RAFT) polymerization. By using this method, three key monomers (MAG the sugar unit, DMAPMA the positively charged monomer, and DEMAA the hydrophobic monomer) can be polymerized in a controlled manner to afford glycopolymers. This simple high throughput technology is used to synthesize glycopolymers with variable compositions. The bacterial adhesion/killing ability and cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers have been evaluated, and glycopolymers with certain composition can achieve a balance of low cytotoxic and good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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Rajamani S, Sandy R, Kota K, Lundh L, Gomba G, Recabo K, Duplantier A, Panchal RG. Robust biofilm assay for quantification and high throughput screening applications. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:179-185. [PMID: 30826440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are populations of bacteria within a self-produced adherent extracellular matrix that are notoriously resistant to treatment. Existing methods for biofilm quantification are often limited in their dynamic range of detection (signal-to-background), throughput, and require modifications to the protocol depending on the bacterial species. To address these limitations, a broad utility, high-throughput (HTP) method was required. Using a fluorescent dye, FM1-43, we stained the biofilm, followed by solvent extraction and quantitation of biofilm employing a fluorescent plate reader. Utilizing eight different bacterial pathogens, we demonstrate that this method is widely applicable for biofilm quantification. Depending on the species, this biofilm assay offered a large dynamic range of 8-146 fold change compared to 2-22 fold for crystal violet staining under similar conditions. In addition to routine biofilm quantification using this new assay, as a proof-of-concept, 1200 compounds were screened against two different bacterial species to identify biofilm inhibitors. In our HTP screens we successfully identified compounds rifabutin and ethavarine as potential biofilm inhibitors of Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp82 and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm production respectively. This newly validated biofilm assay is robust and can be readily adapted for antibiofilm screening campaigns and can supplant other less sensitive and low throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Rajamani
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Reuel Sandy
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Krishna Kota
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Linnea Lundh
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Glenn Gomba
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Katlin Recabo
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Allen Duplantier
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cherokee Nation Assurance, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Venkateswaran S, Wu M, Gwynne PJ, Hardman A, Lilienkampf A, Pernagallo S, Blakely G, Swann DG, Gallagher MP, Bradley M. Bacteria repelling poly(methylmethacrylate- co-dimethylacrylamide) coatings for biomedical devices†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Polymer microarray screening, including analysis of bacterial adhesion by fluorescence microscopy and SEM, and chemical composition of bacteria repelling polymers identified in the screen; polymer synthesis and characterisation; preparation of catheter pieces and solvent studies, and details for confocal imaging/analysis. See DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01129eClick here for additional data file. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6723-6729. [PMID: 25580245 PMCID: PMC4247239 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01129e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections due to bacteria have serious implications on the health and recovery of patients in a variety of medical scenarios. Since bacterial contamination on medical devices contributes to the majority of nosocomical infections, there is a need for redesigning the surfaces of medical devices, such as catheters and tracheal tubes, to resist the binding of bacteria. In this work, polyurethanes and polyacrylates/acrylamides, which resist binding by the major bacterial pathogens underpinning implant-associated infections, were identified using high-throughput polymer microarrays. Subsequently, two 'hit' polymers, PA13 (poly(methylmethacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide)) and PA515 (poly(methoxyethylmethacrylate-co-diethylaminoethylacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate)), were used to coat catheters and substantially shown to decrease binding of a variety of bacteria (including isolates from infected endotracheal tubes and heart valves from intensive care unit patients). Catheters coated with polymer PA13 showed up to 96% reduction in bacteria binding in comparison to uncoated catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshasailam Venkateswaran
- School of Chemistry , EaStCHEM , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JJ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 4820
| | - Mei Wu
- School of Chemistry , EaStCHEM , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JJ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 4820
| | - Peter J Gwynne
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 5409
| | - Ailsa Hardman
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 5409
| | - Annamaria Lilienkampf
- School of Chemistry , EaStCHEM , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JJ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 4820
| | - Salvatore Pernagallo
- School of Chemistry , EaStCHEM , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JJ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 4820
| | - Garry Blakely
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 5409
| | - David G Swann
- Critical Care , NHS Lothian , Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , 51 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4SA , UK
| | - Maurice P Gallagher
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 5409
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry , EaStCHEM , University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, West Mains Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3JJ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)131 650 4820
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Image-based 384-well high-throughput screening method for the discovery of skyllamycins A to C as biofilm inhibitors and inducers of biofilm detachment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1092-9. [PMID: 24295976 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01781-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, most antibiotics have primarily been developed to target bacteria in the planktonic state. However, biofilm formation allows bacteria to develop tolerance to antibiotics and provides a mechanism to evade innate immune systems. Therefore, there is a significant need to identify small molecules to prevent biofilm formation and, more importantly, to disperse or eradicate preattached biofilms, which are a major source of bacterial persistence in nosocomial infections. We now present a modular high-throughput 384-well image-based screening platform to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inhibitors and dispersal agents. Biofilm coverage measurements were accomplished using non-z-stack epifluorescence microscopy to image a constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged strain of P. aeruginosa and quantified using an automated image analysis script. Using the redox-sensitive dye XTT, bacterial cellular metabolic activity was measured in conjunction with biofilm coverage to differentiate between classical antibiotics and nonantibiotic biofilm inhibitors/dispersers. By measuring biofilm coverage and cellular activity, this screen identifies compounds that eradicate biofilms through mechanisms that are disparate from traditional antibiotic-mediated biofilm clearance. Screening of 312 natural-product prefractions identified the cyclic depsipeptide natural products skyllamycins B and C as nonantibiotic biofilm inhibitors with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 30 and 60 μM, respectively. Codosing experiments of skyllamycin B and azithromycin, an antibiotic unable to clear preattached biofilms, demonstrated that, in combination, these compounds were able to eliminate surface-associated biofilms and depress cellular metabolic activity. The skyllamycins represent the first known class of cyclic depsipeptide biofilm inhibitors/dispersers.
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Peach KC, Bray WM, Shikuma NJ, Gassner NC, Lokey RS, Yildiz FH, Linington RG. An image-based 384-well high-throughput screening method for the discovery of biofilm inhibitors in Vibrio cholerae. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1176-84. [PMID: 21246108 PMCID: PMC8216101 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are assemblages of bacterial cells and extracellular matrix that result in the creation of surface-associated macrocolony formation. Most bacteria are capable of forming biofilms under suitable conditions. Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria on medical implant devices has been linked to implant rejection in up to 10% of cases, due to biofilm-related secondary infections. In addition, biofilm formation has been implicated in both bacterial persistence and antibiotic resistance. In this study, a method has been developed for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae, through the use of high-throughput epifluorescence microscopy imaging. Adaptation of a strategy for the growth of bacterial biofilms in wellplates, and the subsequent quantification of biofilm coverage within these wells, provides the first example of an image-based 384-well format system for the evaluation of biofilm inhibition in V. cholerae. Application of this method to the high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries has lead to the discovery of 29 biofilm lead structures, many of which eliminate biofilm formation without altering bacterial cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Peach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Jin X, Li M, Wang J, Marambio-Jones C, Peng F, Huang X, Damoiseaux R, Hoek EMV. High-throughput screening of silver nanoparticle stability and bacterial inactivation in aquatic media: influence of specific ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7321-7328. [PMID: 20873875 DOI: 10.1021/es100854g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although silver nanoparticles are being exploited widely in antimicrobial applications, the mechanisms underlying silver nanoparticle antimicrobial properties in environmentally relevant media are not fully understood. The latter point is critical for understanding potential environmental impacts of silver nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of inorganic aquatic chemistry on silver nanoparticle stability (aggregation, dissolution, reprecipitation) and bacterial viability. A synthetic "fresh water" matrix was prepared comprising various combinations of cations and anions while maintaining a fixed ionic strength. Aggregation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles was influenced by electrolyte composition; experimentally determined ionic silver concentrations were about half that predicted from a thermodynamic model and about 1000 times lower than the maximum dispersed silver nanoparticle concentration. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was much lower than Ag(+) ions when compared on the basis of total mass added; however, the actual concentrations of dissolved silver were the same regardless of how silver was introduced. Bacterial inactivation also depended on bacteria cell type (Gram-positive/negative) as well as the hardness and alkalinity of the suspending media. These simple, but systematic studies--enabled by high-throughput screening--reveal the inherent complexity associated with understanding silver nanoparticle antibacterial efficacy as well as potential environmental impacts of silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, and Molecular Screening Shared Resource, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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