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Ravi VM, Joseph K, Wurm J, Behringer S, Garrelfs N, d'Errico P, Naseri Y, Franco P, Meyer-Luehmann M, Sankowski R, Shah MJ, Mader I, Delev D, Follo M, Beck J, Schnell O, Hofmann UG, Heiland DH. Human organotypic brain slice culture: a novel framework for environmental research in neuro-oncology. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900305. [PMID: 31249133 PMCID: PMC6599970 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When it comes to the human brain, models that closely mimic in vivo conditions are lacking. Living neuronal tissue is the closest representation of the in vivo human brain outside of a living person. Here, we present a method that can be used to maintain therapeutically resected healthy neuronal tissue for prolonged periods without any discernible changes in tissue vitality, evidenced by immunohistochemistry, genetic expression, and electrophysiology. This method was then used to assess glioblastoma (GBM) progression in its natural environment by microinjection of patient-derived tumor cells into cultured sections. The result closely resembles the pattern of de novo tumor growth and invasion, drug therapy response, and cytokine environment. Reactive transformation of astrocytes, as an example of the cellular nonmalignant tumor environment, can be accurately simulated with transcriptional differences similar to those of astrocytes isolated from acute GBM specimens. In a nutshell, we present a simple method to study GBM in its physiological environment, from which valuable insights can be gained. This technique can lead to further advancements in neuroscience, neuro-oncology, and pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya M Ravi
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany .,Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Wurm
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simon Behringer
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nicklas Garrelfs
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Paolo d'Errico
- Department of Neurology, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Yashar Naseri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Pamela Franco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mukesch Johannes Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Daniel Delev
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany .,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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2
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The Glycoside Oleandrin Reduces Glioma Growth with Direct and Indirect Effects on Tumor Cells. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3926-3939. [PMID: 28292827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2296-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin is a glycoside that inhibits the ubiquitous enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase. In addition to its known effects on cardiac muscle, recent in vitro and in vivo evidence highlighted its potential for anticancer properties. Here, we evaluated for the first time the effect of oleandrin on brain tumors. To this aim, mice were transplanted with human or murine glioma and analyzed for tumor progression upon oleandrin treatment. In both systems, oleandrin impaired glioma development, reduced tumor size, and inhibited cell proliferation. We demonstrated that oleandrin does the following: (1) enhances the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in the brain; (2) reduces both microglia/macrophage infiltration and CD68 immunoreactivity in the tumor mass; (3) decreases astrogliosis in peritumoral area; and (4) reduces glioma cell infiltration in healthy parenchyma. In BDNF-deficient mice (bdnftm1Jae/J) and in glioma cells silenced for TrkB receptor expression, oleandrin was not effective, indicating a crucial role for BDNF in oleandrin's protective and antitumor functions. In addition, we found that oleandrin increases survival of temozolomide-treated mice. These results encourage the development of oleandrin as possible coadjuvant agent in clinical trials of glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this work, we paved the road for a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of brain tumors, demonstrating the potential of using the cardioactive glycoside oleandrin as a coadjuvant drug to standard chemotherapeutics such as temozolomide. In murine models of glioma, we demonstrated that oleandrin significantly increased mouse survival and reduced tumor growth both directly on tumor cells and indirectly by promoting an antitumor brain microenvironment with a key protective role played by the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Cox MC, Reese LM, Bickford LR, Verbridge SS. Toward the Broad Adoption of 3D Tumor Models in the Cancer Drug Pipeline. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:877-894. [PMID: 33429520 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite a cost of approximately $1 billion to develop a new cancer drug, about 90% of drugs that enter clinical trials fail. A tremendous opportunity exists to streamline the drug selection and testing process, and innovative approaches promise to reduce the burdensome cost of health care for those suffering from cancer. There is great potential for 3D models of human tumors to complement more traditional testing methods; however, the shift from 2D to 3D assays at early stages of the drug discovery and development process is far from widely accepted. 3D platforms range from simple tumor spheroids to more complex microfluidic hydrogels that better mimic the tumor microenvironment. While several companies have developed and patented advanced high-throughput 3D platforms for drug screening, their cost and complexity have limited their adoption as an industry standard. In this review, we will highlight the various tumor platforms that have been developed, emphasizing the approaches that have successfully led to commercial products. We will then consider potential directions toward more relevant tumor models, advantages of the adoption of such platforms within the drug development and screening process, and new opportunities in personalized medicine that such platforms will uniquely enable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Cox
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Laura M Reese
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lissett R Bickford
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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4
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Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM. Advanced cell culture techniques for cancer drug discovery. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:345-67. [PMID: 24887773 PMCID: PMC4085612 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cancer cell lines are an integral part of drug discovery practices. However, modeling the complexity of cancer utilizing these cell lines on standard plastic substrata, does not accurately represent the tumor microenvironment. Research into developing advanced tumor cell culture models in a three-dimensional (3D) architecture that more prescisely characterizes the disease state have been undertaken by a number of laboratories around the world. These 3D cell culture models are particularly beneficial for investigating mechanistic processes and drug resistance in tumor cells. In addition, a range of molecular mechanisms deconstructed by studying cancer cells in 3D models suggest that tumor cells cultured in two-dimensional monolayer conditions do not respond to cancer therapeutics/compounds in a similar manner. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of utilizing 3D cell culture models in drug discovery programs; however, it is evident that further research is required for the development of more complex models that incorporate the majority of the cellular and physical properties of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Lovitt
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Jiguet Jiglaire C, Baeza-Kallee N, Denicolaï E, Barets D, Metellus P, Padovani L, Chinot O, Figarella-Branger D, Fernandez C. Ex vivo cultures of glioblastoma in three-dimensional hydrogel maintain the original tumor growth behavior and are suitable for preclinical drug and radiation sensitivity screening. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:99-108. [PMID: 24355810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of new drugs and predicting drug response are major challenges in oncology, especially for brain tumors, because total surgical resection is difficult and radiation therapy or chemotherapy is often ineffective. With the aim of developing a culture system close to in vivo conditions for testing new drugs, we characterized an ex vivo three-dimensional culture system based on a hyaluronic acid-rich hydrogel and compared it with classical two-dimensional culture conditions. U87-MG glioblastoma cells and seven primary cell cultures of human glioblastomas were subjected to radiation therapy and chemotherapy drugs. It appears that 3D hydrogel preserves the original cancer growth behavior and enables assessment of the sensitivity of malignant gliomas to radiation and drugs with regard to inter-tumoral heterogeneity of therapeutic response. It could be used for preclinical assessment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Jiguet Jiglaire
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Nathalie Baeza-Kallee
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Denicolaï
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Doriane Barets
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Metellus
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France; APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 13005 Marseille, France; Timone Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Laetitia Padovani
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France; Timone Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Chinot
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France; Timone Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neurooncology, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France; Timone Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Pathology, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Carla Fernandez
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille, France; CRO2, UMR 911, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13284 Marseille Cedex, France; INSERM, U911, 13005 Marseille, France; Timone Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Pathology, 13005 Marseille, France
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6
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Zimmermann M, Box C, Eccles SA. Two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional in vitro tumor migration and invasion assays. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 986:227-52. [PMID: 23436416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-311-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Motility and invasion are key hallmarks that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, enabling cells to cross tissue boundaries, disseminate in blood and lymph and establish metastases at distant sites. Similar properties are also utilized by activated endothelial cells during tumor-induced angiogenesis. It is now appreciated that these processes might provide a rich source of novel molecular targets with the potential for inhibitors to restrain both metastasis and neoangiogenesis. Such therapeutic strategies require assays that can rapidly and quantitatively measure cell movement and the ability to traverse physiological barriers. The need for high-throughput, however, must be balanced by assay designs that accommodate, as far as possible, the complexity of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. This chapter aims to give an overview of some commonly used migration and invasion assays to aid in the selection of a balanced portfolio of techniques for the rapid and accurate evaluation of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zimmermann
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, McElwain Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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Smith SJ, Wilson M, Ward JH, Rahman CV, Peet AC, Macarthur DC, Rose FRAJ, Grundy RG, Rahman R. Recapitulation of tumor heterogeneity and molecular signatures in a 3D brain cancer model with decreased sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52335. [PMID: 23272238 PMCID: PMC3525561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physiologically relevant pre-clinical ex vivo models recapitulating CNS tumor micro-environmental complexity will aid development of biologically-targeted agents. We present comprehensive characterization of tumor aggregates generated using the 3D Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS). Methods CNS cancer cell lines were grown in conventional 2D cultures and the RCCS and comparison with a cohort of 53 pediatric high grade gliomas conducted by genome wide gene expression and microRNA arrays, coupled with immunohistochemistry, ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and drug sensitivity evaluation using the histone deacetylase inhibitor, Vorinostat. Results Macroscopic RCCS aggregates recapitulated the heterogeneous morphology of brain tumors with a distinct proliferating rim, necrotic core and oxygen tension gradient. Gene expression and microRNA analyses revealed significant differences with 3D expression intermediate to 2D cultures and primary brain tumors. Metabolic profiling revealed differential profiles, with an increase in tumor specific metabolites in 3D. To evaluate the potential of the RCCS as a drug testing tool, we determined the efficacy of Vorinostat against aggregates of U87 and KNS42 glioblastoma cells. Both lines demonstrated markedly reduced sensitivity when assaying in 3D culture conditions compared to classical 2D drug screen approaches. Conclusions Our comprehensive characterization demonstrates that 3D RCCS culture of high grade brain tumor cells has profound effects on the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic profiles of cultured cells, with these cells residing as an intermediate phenotype between that of 2D cultures and primary tumors. There is a discrepancy between 2D culture and tumor molecular profiles, and RCCS partially re-capitulates tissue specific features, allowing drug testing in a more relevant ex vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Smith
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilson
- Division of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H. Ward
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl V. Rahman
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Peet
- Division of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C. Macarthur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity R. A. J. Rose
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGG); (RR)
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGG); (RR)
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Morisaki T, Umebayashi M, Kiyota A, Koya N, Tanaka H, Onishi H, Katano M. Combining cetuximab with killer lymphocytes synergistically inhibits human cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro. Anticancer Res 2012; 22:261-71. [PMID: 22641659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM We explored the possibility of combining adoptive immunotherapy with cytokine-activated killer (CAK) cells and the epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, as a treatment for cholangiocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS CAK cells were cultured with a high-dose of interleukin-2 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. This cell population contained both activated CD16+/CD56+ (NK) cells and CD3+/NKG2D(high+) T-cells. The effect of CAK cells and cetuximab, alone and in combination, on the viability of human cholangiocarcinoma cells was evaluated. RESULTS Culture of CAK cells alone, but not cetuximab alone, exhibited modest cytotoxicity toward cholangiocarcinoma cells. However, combining CAK cells with cetuximab significantly enhanced cytotoxicity. This enhancement was inhibited by the addition of excess human immunoglobulins, suggesting that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, mediated by activated NK cells in the CAK cell culture was involved in this mechanism. CONCLUSION Cetuximab may be used to enhance CAK cell therapeutic activity in patients with cholangiocarcinoma, by potentiating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Morisaki
- Fukuoka General Cancer Clinic, 3-1-1 Sumiyoshi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0018, Japan.
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Sundstrom L, Biggs T, Laskowski A, Stoppini L. OrganDots--an organotypic 3D tissue culture platform for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:525-34. [PMID: 22607235 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.686488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an urgent need for preclinical testing systems that more accurately reflect responses in human target organs. The use of ex vivo tissues taken out of the human body and kept alive for sufficient time to perform testing has until recently been limited by tissue availability and by the length of time tissues can be kept alive outside the body, however, recent advances in tissue handling and tissue culture techniques have now made it possible to envisage using such tissues for drug discovery on a scale that is of value for the evaluation of compounds prior to testing in humans. AREAS COVERED The article presents a method for generating 3D microtissues at the air-liquid interface 'OrganDots' which are formed by reaggregating primary tissues or stem cell-based material which may be useful in drug discovery and development. The article compares this method with other methods for obtaining ex vivo tissues and looks at their uses as surrogates to testing compounds in humans. EXPERT OPINION Reconstituting tissues in vitro has now reached a point where they can be used to profile the activity of compounds prior to in vivo testing. The ability to reconstitute tissues from primary material and the ability to synthesize new tissues in vitro from stem cells may lead to new testing systems that better reflect human pathophysiology and may allow individual differences to be expressed in vitro. These new drug testing systems should lead to more predictable in vitro drug testing systems in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Sundstrom
- University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, Severnside Alliance for Translational Research, G.55, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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10
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Sharpe MA, Marcano DC, Berlin JM, Widmayer MA, Baskin DS, Tour JM. Antibody-targeted nanovectors for the treatment of brain cancers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3114-3120. [PMID: 22390360 DOI: 10.1021/nn2048679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduced here is the hydrophilic carbon clusters (HCCs) antibody drug enhancement system (HADES), a methodology for cell-specific drug delivery. Antigen-targeted, drug-delivering nanovectors are manufactured by combining specific antibodies with drug-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-HCCs (PEG-HCCs). We show that HADES is highly modular, as both the drug and antibody component can be varied for selective killing of a range of cultured human primary glioblastoma multiforme. Using three different chemotherapeutics and three different antibodies, without the need for covalent bonding to the nanovector, we demonstrate extreme lethality toward glioma, but minimal toxicity toward human astrocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A Sharpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Methodist Hospital, 6560 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.
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