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Garai J, Krekó M, Őrfi L, Jakus PB, Rumbus Z, Kéringer P, Garami A, Vámos E, Kovács D, Bagóné Vántus V, Radnai B, Lóránd T. Tetralone derivatives are MIF tautomerase inhibitors and attenuate macrophage activation and amplify the hypothermic response in endotoxemic mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1357-1369. [PMID: 34225560 PMCID: PMC8266241 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1916010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine playing crucial role in immunity. MIF exerts a unique tautomerase enzymatic activity that has relevance concerning its multiple functions and its small molecule inhibitors have been proven to block its pro-inflammatory effects. Here we demonstrate that some of the E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones and their heteroanalogues efficiently bind to MIF's active site and inhibit MIF tautomeric (enolase, ketolase activity) functions. A small set of the synthesised derivatives, namely compounds (4), (23), (24), (26) and (32), reduced inflammatory macrophage activation. Two of the selected compounds (24) and (26), however, markedly inhibited ROS and nitrite production, NF-κB activation, TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL-2 cytokine expression. Pre-treatment of mice with compound (24) exaggerated the hypothermic response to high dose of bacterial endotoxin. Our experiments suggest that tetralones and their derivatives inhibit MIF's tautomeric functions and regulate macrophage activation and thermal changes in severe forms of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Garai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marcell Krekó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Őrfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Balázs Jakus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rumbus
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kéringer
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Vámos
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dominika Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viola Bagóné Vántus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Radnai
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Lóránd
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Trivedi-Parmar V, Robertson MJ, Cisneros JA, Krimmer SG, Jorgensen WL. Optimization of Pyrazoles as Phenol Surrogates to Yield Potent Inhibitors of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1092-1097. [PMID: 29575754 PMCID: PMC5990473 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is implicated in the regulation of inflammation, cell proliferation, and neurological disorders. MIF is also an enzyme that functions as a keto-enol tautomerase. Most potent MIF tautomerase inhibitors incorporate a phenol, which hydrogen bonds to Asn97 in the active site. Starting from a 113-μm docking hit, we report results of structure-based and computer-aided design that have provided substituted pyrazoles as phenol alternatives with potencies of 60-70 nm. Crystal structures of complexes of MIF with the pyrazoles highlight the contributions of hydrogen bonding with Lys32 and Asn97, and aryl-aryl interactions with Tyr36, Tyr95, and Phe113 to the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José A. Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Stefan G. Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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3
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Sparkes A, De Baetselier P, Brys L, Cabrito I, Sterckx YGJ, Schoonooghe S, Muyldermans S, Raes G, Bucala R, Vanlandschoot P, Van Ginderachter JA, Stijlemans B. Novel half-life extended anti-MIF nanobodies protect against endotoxic shock. FASEB J 2018; 32:3411-3422. [PMID: 29401625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-leading to septic shock-is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The systemic inflammatory response to infection, which is initiated by activated myeloid cells, plays a key role in the lethal outcome. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream immunoregulatory mediator, released by myeloid cells, that underlies a common genetic susceptibility to different infections and septic shock. Accordingly, strategies that are aimed at inhibiting the action of MIF have therapeutic potential. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of tailorable, small, affinity-matured nanobodies (Nbs; single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain Abs) directed against MIF. Of importance, these bioengineered Nbs bind both human and mouse MIFs with nanomolar affinity. NbE5 and NbE10 inhibit key MIF functions that can exacerbate septic shock, such as the tautomerase activity of MIF (by blocking catalytic pocket residues that are critical for MIF's conformation and receptor binding), the TNF-inducing potential, and the ability of MIF to antagonize glucocorticoid action. A lead NbE10, tailored to be a multivalent, half-life extended construct (NbE10-NbAlb8-NbE10), attenuated lethality in murine endotoxemia when administered via single injection, either prophylactically or therapeutically. Hence, Nbs, with their structural and pharmacologic advantages over currently available inhibitors, may be an effective, novel approach to interfere with the action of MIF in septic shock and other conditions of inflammatory end-organ damage.-Sparkes, A., De Baetselier, P., Brys, L., Cabrito, I., Sterckx, Y. G.-J., Schoonooghe, S., Muyldermans, S., Raes, G., Bucala, R., Vanlandschoot, P., Van Ginderachter, J. A., Stijlemans, B. Novel half-life extended anti-MIF nanobodies protect against endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sparkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lea Brys
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inês Cabrito
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) Laboratories, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Laboratory, Athlone, Ireland.,Ablynx NV, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Yann G-J Sterckx
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steve Schoonooghe
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Cisneros JA, Robertson MJ, Valhondo M, Jorgensen WL. A Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Binding to Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Crystal Structures for Complexes of Two Potent Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8630-8. [PMID: 27299179 PMCID: PMC4945996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human
macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is both a keto–enol
tautomerase and a cytokine associated with numerous inflammatory diseases
and cancer. Consistent with observed correlations between inhibition
of the enzymatic and biological activities, discovery of MIF inhibitors
has focused on monitoring the tautomerase activity using l-dopachrome methyl ester or 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid as substrates.
The accuracy of these assays is compromised by several issues including
substrate instability, spectral interference, and short linear periods
for product formation. In this work, we report the syntheses of fluorescently
labeled MIF inhibitors and their use in the first fluorescence polarization-based
assay to measure the direct binding of inhibitors to the active site.
The assay allows the accurate and efficient identification of competitive,
noncompetitive, and covalent inhibitors of MIF in a manner that can
be scaled for high-throughput screening. The results for 22 compounds
show that the most potent MIF inhibitors bind with Kd values of ca. 50 nM; two are from our laboratory, and
the other is a compound from the patent literature. X-ray crystal
structures for two of the most potent compounds bound to MIF are also
reported here. Striking combinations of protein–ligand hydrogen
bonding, aryl–aryl, and cation−π interactions
are responsible for the high affinities. A new chemical series was
then designed using this knowledge to yield two more strong MIF inhibitors/binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Michael J Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Margarita Valhondo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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5
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Dziedzic P, Cisneros JA, Robertson MJ, Hare AA, Danford NE, Baxter RHG, Jorgensen WL. Design, synthesis, and protein crystallography of biaryltriazoles as potent tautomerase inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2996-3003. [PMID: 25697265 DOI: 10.1021/ja512112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Optimization is reported for biaryltriazoles as inhibitors of the tautomerase activity of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine associated with numerous inflammatory diseases and cancer. A combined approach was taken featuring organic synthesis, enzymatic assaying, crystallography, and modeling including free-energy perturbation (FEP) calculations. X-ray crystal structures for 3a and 3b bound to MIF are reported and provided a basis for the modeling efforts. The accommodation of the inhibitors in the binding site is striking with multiple hydrogen bonds and aryl-aryl interactions. Additional modeling encouraged pursuit of 5-phenoxyquinolinyl analogues, which led to the very potent compound 3s. Activity was further enhanced by addition of a fluorine atom adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group as in 3w, 3z, 3aa, and 3bb to strengthen a key hydrogen bond. It is also shown that physical properties of the compounds can be modulated by variation of solvent-exposed substituents. Several of the compounds are likely the most potent known MIF tautomerase inhibitors; the most active ones are more than 1000-fold more active than the well-studied (R)-ISO-1 and more than 200-fold more active than the chromen-4-one Orita-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Dziedzic
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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