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Kumar P, Kumar P, Mandal D, Velayutham R. The emerging role of Deubiquitinases (DUBs) in parasites: A foresight review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:985178. [PMID: 36237424 PMCID: PMC9552668 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.985178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the discovery of the proteasome complex, the lysosomes with acidic proteases and caspases in apoptotic pathways were thought to be the only pathways for the degradation of damaged, unfolded, and aged proteins. However, the discovery of 26S and 20S proteasome complexes in eukaryotes and microbes, respectively, established that the degradation of most proteins is a highly regulated ATP-dependent pathway that is significantly conserved across each domain of life. The proteasome is part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), where the covalent tagging of a small molecule called ubiquitin (Ub) on the proteins marks its proteasomal degradation. The type and chain length of ubiquitination further determine whether a protein is designated for further roles in multi-cellular processes like DNA repair, trafficking, signal transduction, etc., or whether it will be degraded by the proteasome to recycle the peptides and amino acids. Deubiquitination, on the contrary, is the removal of ubiquitin from its substrate molecule or the conversion of polyubiquitin chains into monoubiquitin as a precursor to ubiquitin. Therefore, deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) can maintain the dynamic state of cellular ubiquitination by releasing conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and controlling many cellular pathways that are essential for their survival. Many DUBs are well characterized in the human system with potential drug targets in different cancers. Although, proteasome complex and UPS of parasites, like plasmodium and leishmania, were recently coined as multi-stage drug targets the role of DUBs is completely unexplored even though structural domains and functions of many of these parasite DUBs are conserved having high similarity even with its eukaryotic counterpart. This review summarizes the identification & characterization of different parasite DUBs based on in silico and a few functional studies among different phylogenetic classes of parasites including Metazoan (Schistosoma, Trichinella), Apicomplexan protozoans (Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium), Kinetoplastidie (Leishmania, Trypanosoma) and Microsporidia (Nosema). The identification of different homologs of parasite DUBs with structurally similar domains with eukaryotes, and the role of these DUBs alone or in combination with the 20S proteosome complex in regulating the parasite survival/death is further elaborated. We propose that small molecules/inhibitors of human DUBs can be potential antiparasitic agents due to their significant structural conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
- *Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
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Zhao B, Tsai YC, Jin B, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhou H, Carpenter T, Weissman AM, Yin J. Protein Engineering in the Ubiquitin System: Tools for Discovery and Beyond. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:380-413. [PMID: 32107274 PMCID: PMC7047443 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (UB) transfer cascades consisting of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes constitute a complex network that regulates a myriad of biologic processes by modifying protein substrates. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse UB modifications or trim UB chains of diverse linkages. Additionally, many cellular proteins carry UB-binding domains (UBDs) that translate the signals encoded in UB chains to target proteins for degradation by proteasomes or in autophagosomes, as well as affect nonproteolytic outcomes such as kinase activation, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. Dysregulation of the UB transfer pathways and malfunctions of DUBs and UBDs play causative roles in the development of many diseases. A greater understanding of the mechanism of UB chain assembly and the signals encoded in UB chains should aid in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and guide the development of novel therapeutics. The recent flourish of protein-engineering approaches such as unnatural amino acid incorporation, protein semisynthesis by expressed protein ligation, and high throughput selection by phage and yeast cell surface display has generated designer proteins as powerful tools to interrogate cell signaling mediated by protein ubiquitination. In this study, we highlight recent achievements of protein engineering on mapping, probing, and manipulating UB transfer in the cell. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin alters the fate and function of proteins in diverse ways. Protein engineering is fundamentally transforming research in this area, providing new mechanistic insights and allowing for the exploration of concepts that can potentially be applied to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Yien Che Tsai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Bo Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Bufan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Han Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Tomaya Carpenter
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Allan M Weissman
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
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3
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Li P, Liu HM. Recent advances in the development of ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112107. [PMID: 32092586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7) is one among the several deubiquitinating enzymes gaining central attention in the current cancer research. Most recent studies have focused on illustrating how USP7 is involved in the cancer process, while few articles reported the development of small molecule USP7 inhibitors. Although some review articles dealt with USP7, they mainly focused on its physiological role and not on the development of USP7 inhibitors. In this review, we systematically summarise the structures, activities and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of small molecule USP7 inhibitors, recently disclosed in scientific articles and patents from 2000 to 2019. The binding modes of typical compounds and their interactions with USP7 are also presented, while other deubiquitinase inhibitors are described in detail. Meanwhile, we briefly introduce the biochemical and physiological functions of USP7. Finally, challenges and potential strategies in developing small molecule USP7 inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, And School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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4
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Tan X, Bai J, Ding S, Ren Y, Hong D, Mei Z, Li YM. Semi-synthesis of Ubiquitin-propargylamide for identifying deubiquitinase targeting inhibitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Mattern M, Sutherland J, Kadimisetty K, Barrio R, Rodriguez MS. Using Ubiquitin Binders to Decipher the Ubiquitin Code. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:599-615. [PMID: 30819414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) by ubiquitin (Ub) are versatile, highly dynamic, and involved in nearly all aspects of eukaryote biological function. The reversibility and heterogeneity of Ub chains attached to protein substrates have complicated their isolation, quantification, and characterization. Strategies have emerged to isolate endogenous ubiquitylated targets, including technologies based on the use of Ub-binding peptides, such as tandem-repeated Ub-binding entities (TUBEs). TUBEs allow the identification and characterization of Ub chains, and novel substrates for deubiquitylases (DUBs) and Ub ligases (E3s). Here we review their impact on purification, analysis of pan or chain-selective polyubiquitylated proteins and underline the biological relevance of this information. Together with peptide aptamers and other Ub affinity-based approaches, TUBEs will contribute to unraveling the secrets of the Ub code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mattern
- Progenra Inc., 277 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern 19355, Pennsylvania, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - James Sutherland
- CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bldg. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; These authors contributed equally
| | - Karteek Kadimisetty
- LifeSensors Inc., 271 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern 19355, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosa Barrio
- CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bldg. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- ITAV-IPBS-UPS CNRS USR3505, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole entrée B, 31106 Toulouse, France.
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6
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Lawson AP, Bak DW, Shannon DA, Long MJC, Vijaykumar T, Yu R, Oualid FE, Weerapana E, Hedstrom L. Identification of deubiquitinase targets of isothiocyanates using SILAC-assisted quantitative mass spectrometry. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51296-51316. [PMID: 28881649 PMCID: PMC5584250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and kale have well documented chemopreventative and anticancer effects that are attributed to the presence of isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs modulate the levels of many oncogenic proteins, but the molecular mechanisms of ITC action are not understood. We previously reported that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) inhibits two deubiquitinases (DUBs), USP9x and UCH37. DUBs regulate many cellular processes and DUB dysregulation is linked to the pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Using SILAC assisted quantitative mass spectrometry, here we identify 9 new PEITC-DUB targets: USP1, USP3, USP10, USP11, USP16, USP22, USP40, USP48 and VCPIP1. Seven of these PEITC-sensitive DUBs have well-recognized roles in DNA repair or chromatin remodeling. PEITC both inhibits USP1 and increases its ubiquitination and degradation, thus decreasing USP1 activity by two mechanisms. The loss of USP1 activity increases the level of mono-ubiquitinated DNA clamp PCNA, impairing DNA repair. Both the inhibition/degradation of USP1 and the increase in mono-ubiquitinated PCNA are new activities for PEITC that can explain the previously recognized ability of ITCs to enhance cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. Our work also demonstrates that PEITC reduces the mono-ubiquityl histones H2A and H2B. Understanding the mechanism of action of ITCs should facilitate their use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann P Lawson
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA
| | - Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| | - D Alexander Shannon
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tushara Vijaykumar
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA.,Current address: Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Runhan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA
| | | | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453-9110, USA
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7
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Bacchi M, Fould B, Jullian M, Kreiter A, Maurras A, Nosjean O, Coursindel T, Puget K, Ferry G, Boutin JA. Screening ubiquitin specific protease activities using chemically synthesized ubiquitin and ubiquitinated peptides. Anal Biochem 2017; 519:57-70. [PMID: 27993553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin, a 76 amino acid protein, is a key component that contributes to cellular protein homeostasis. The specificity of this modification is due to a series of enzymes: ligases, attaching the ubiquitin to a lysine, and deubiquitinases, which remove it. More than a hundred of such proteins are implicated in the regulation of protein turnover. Their specificities are only partially understood. We chemically synthesized ubiquitin, attached it to lysines belonging to the protein sequences known to be ubiquitinated. We chose the model protein "murine double minute 2" (mdm2), a ubiquitin ligase, itself ubiquitinated and deubiquitinated. We folded the ubiquitinated peptides and checked their tridimensional conformation. We assessed the use of these substrates with a series of fifteen deubiquitinases to show the potentiality of such an enzymological technique. By manipulating the sequence of the peptide on which ubiquitin is attached, we were able to detect differences in the enzyme/substrate recognition, and to determine that these differences are deubiquitinase-dependent. This approach could be used to understand the substrate/protein relationship between the protagonists of this reaction. The methodology could be customized for a given substrate and used to advance our understanding of the key amino acids responsible for the deubiquitinase specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bacchi
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Magali Jullian
- Genepep S.A., 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, 34430 Saint-Jean-de-Védas, France
| | - Aude Kreiter
- Genepep S.A., 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, 34430 Saint-Jean-de-Védas, France
| | - Amélie Maurras
- Genepep S.A., 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, 34430 Saint-Jean-de-Védas, France
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Karine Puget
- Genepep S.A., 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, 34430 Saint-Jean-de-Védas, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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Herrington FD, Carmody RJ, Goodyear CS. Modulation of NF-κB Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:223-42. [PMID: 26597958 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115617456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases arise from the loss of tolerance to endogenous self-antigens, resulting in a heterogeneous range of chronic conditions that cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Western countries, over 5% of the population is affected by some form of autoimmune disease, with enhanced or inappropriate activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB implicated in a number of these conditions. Although treatment strategies for autoimmunity have improved significantly in recent years, current therapeutics are still not capable of achieving satisfactory disease management in all patients, and as such, the therapeutic modulation of NF-κB is an attractive target in autoimmunity. To date, no NF-κB inhibitors have progressed to the clinic for the treatment of autoimmunity, but a variety of promising approaches targeting multiple stages of the NF-κB pathway are currently being explored. This review focuses on the current strategies being investigated for the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in autoimmune diseases and considers potential future strategies for the therapeutic targeting of this crucial transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity D Herrington
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK GLAZgo Discovery Centre, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Lawson AP, Long MJC, Coffey RT, Qian Y, Weerapana E, El Oualid F, Hedstrom L. Naturally Occurring Isothiocyanates Exert Anticancer Effects by Inhibiting Deubiquitinating Enzymes. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5130-5142. [PMID: 26542215 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer properties of cruciferous vegetables are well known and attributed to an abundance of isothiocyanates such as benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). While many potential targets of isothiocyanates have been proposed, a full understanding of the mechanisms underlying their anticancer activity has remained elusive. Here we report that BITC and PEITC effectively inhibit deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB), including the enzymes USP9x and UCH37, which are associated with tumorigenesis, at physiologically relevant concentrations and time scales. USP9x protects the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 from degradation, and cells dependent on Mcl-1 were especially sensitive to BITC and PEITC. These isothiocyanates increased Mcl-1 ubiquitination and either isothiocyanate treatment, or RNAi-mediated silencing of USP9x decreased Mcl-1 levels, consistent with the notion that USP9x is a primary target of isothiocyanate activity. These isothiocyanates also increased ubiquitination of the oncogenic fusion protein Bcr-Abl, resulting in degradation under low isothiocyanate concentrations and aggregation under high isothiocyanate concentrations. USP9x inhibition paralleled the decrease in Bcr-Abl levels induced by isothiocyanate treatment, and USP9x silencing was sufficient to decrease Bcr-Abl levels, further suggesting that Bcr-Abl is a USP9x substrate. Overall, our findings suggest that USP9x targeting is critical to the mechanism underpinning the well-established anticancer activity of isothiocyanate. We propose that the isothiocyanate-induced inhibition of DUBs may also explain how isothiocyanates affect inflammatory and DNA repair processes, thus offering a unifying theme in understanding the function and useful application of isothiocyanates to treat cancer as well as a variety of other pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann P Lawson
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, MS009, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453-9110 USA
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, MS009, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453-9110 USA
| | - Rory T Coffey
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, MS009, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453-9110 USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Brandeis University, MS008, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02453-9110
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860 USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860 USA
| | | | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, MS009, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453-9110 USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453-9110 USA
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