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Zheng Y, Müller J, Kunz S, Siderius M, Maes L, Caljon G, Müller N, Hemphill A, Sterk GJ, Leurs R. 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine as a novel scaffold for antiparasitics with sub-nanomolar anti-Giardia lamblia activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:47-55. [PMID: 35716585 PMCID: PMC9213561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As there is a continuous need for novel anti-infectives, the present study aimed to fuse two modes of action into a novel 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine scaffold to improve antiparasitic efficacy. For this purpose, we combined known structural elements of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, a target recently proposed for Trypanosoma brucei and Giardia lamblia, with a nitroimidazole scaffold to generate nitrosative stress. The compounds were evaluated in vitro against a panel of protozoal parasites, namely Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum and for cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells. Interestingly, selective sub-nanomolar activity was obtained against G. lamblia, and by testing several analogues with and without the nitro group, it was shown that the presence of a nitro group, but not PDE inhibition, is responsible for the low IC50 values of these novel compounds. Adding the favourable drug-like properties (low molecular weight, cLogP (1.2–4.1) and low polar surface area), the key compounds from the 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine series can be considered as valuable hits for further anti-giardiasis drug exploration and development. Analogues fusing a nitroimidazole moiety and a PDE inhibitor scaffold were prepared. These compounds were tested in vitro against a panel of protozoal parasites. Against Giardia lamblia, sub-nanomolar IC50 values were determined. PDE inhibition provided no significant contribution to the anti-Giardia potency. High potency with drug-like properties warrants further study of this hit series.
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Ibrahim MA, Yamasaki T, Furukawa K, Yamasaki K. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery for Trypanosoma brucei Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C through Biochemical and WaterLOGSY-NMR Methods. J Biochem 2022; 171:619-629. [PMID: 35191956 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative protozoan parasite of African trypanosomiasis, is a membrane-bound enzyme essential for antigenic variation, because it catalyses the release of the membrane-bound form of variable surface glycoproteins. Here, we performed a fragment-based drug discovery of TbGPI-PLC inhibitors using a combination of enzymatic inhibition assay and water-ligand observed via gradient spectroscopy (WaterLOGSY) NMR experiment. The TbGPI-PLC was cloned and over-expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system followed by purification using three-phase partitioning and gel filtration. Subsequently, the inhibitory activity of 873 fragment compounds against the recombinant TbGPI-PLC led to the identification of 66 primary hits. These primary hits were subjected to the WaterLOGSY NMR experiment where 10 fragment hits were confirmed to directly bind to the TbGPI-PLC. These included benzothiazole, chlorobenzene, imidazole, indole, pyrazol and quinolinone derivatives. Molecular docking simulation indicated that six of them share a common binding site, which corresponds to the catalytic pocket. The present study identified chemically diverse fragment hits that could directly bind and inhibit the TbGPI-PLC activity which constructed a framework for fragment optimisation or linking towards the design of novel drugs for African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim
- Biomedical Research Institute, and Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna 800001, Nigeria
| | - Tomoko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, and Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan
| | - Koji Furukawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, and Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, and Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan
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De Araújo JS, da Silva PB, Batista MM, Peres RB, Cardoso-Santos C, Kalejaiye TD, Munday JC, De Heuvel E, Sterk GJ, Augustyns K, Salado IG, Matheeussen A, De Esch I, De Koning HP, Leurs R, Maes L, Soeiro MDNC. Evaluation of phthalazinone phosphodiesterase inhibitors with improved activity and selectivity against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:958-967. [PMID: 31860098 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, needs urgent alternative therapeutic options as the treatments currently available display severe limitations, mainly related to efficacy and toxicity. OBJECTIVES As phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been claimed as novel targets against T. cruzi, our aim was to evaluate the biological aspects of 12 new phthalazinone PDE inhibitors against different T. cruzi strains and parasite forms relevant for human infection. METHODS In vitro trypanocidal activity of the inhibitors was assessed alone and in combination with benznidazole. Their effects on parasite ultrastructural and cAMP levels were determined. PDE mRNA levels from the different T. cruzi forms were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Five TcrPDEs were found to be expressed in all parasite stages. Four compounds displayed strong effects against intracellular amastigotes. Against bloodstream trypomastigotes (BTs), three were at least as potent as benznidazole. In vitro combination therapy with one of the most active inhibitors on both parasite forms (NPD-040) plus benznidazole demonstrated a quite synergistic profile (xΣ FICI = 0.58) against intracellular amastigotes but no interaction (xΣ FICI = 1.27) when BTs were assayed. BTs treated with NPD-040 presented disrupted Golgi apparatus, a swollen flagellar pocket and signs of autophagy. cAMP measurements of untreated parasites showed that amastigotes have higher ability to efflux this second messenger than BTs. NPD-001 and NPD-040 increase the intracellular cAMP content in both BTs and amastigotes, which is also released into the extracellular milieu. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of PDE inhibitors as anti-T. cruzi drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Meuser Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiza Brandão Peres
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Cardoso-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Titilola D Kalejaiye
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane C Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Erik De Heuvel
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irene G Salado
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iwan De Esch
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry P De Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rob Leurs
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sijm M, Maes L, de Esch IJP, Caljon G, Sterk GJ, Leurs R. Structure Activity Relationship of N-Substituted Phenyldihydropyrazolones Against Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes. Front Chem 2021; 9:608438. [PMID: 33996737 PMCID: PMC8120161 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.608438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current drugs for Chagas disease have long treatment regimens with occurrence of adverse drug effects leading to poor treatment compliance. Novel and efficacious medications are therefore highly needed. We previously reported on the discovery of NPD-0227 (2-isopropyl-5-(4-methoxy-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one) as a potent in vitro inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi (pIC50 = 6.4) with 100-fold selectivity over human MRC-5 cells. The present work describes a SAR study on the exploration of substituents on the phenylpyrazolone nitrogen. Modifications were either done directly onto this pyrazolone nitrogen or alternatively by introducing a piperidine linker. Attention was pointed toward the selection of substituents with a cLogP preferably below NPD-0227s cLogP of 3.5. Generally the more apolar compounds showed better activities then molecules with cLogPs <2.0. Several new compounds were identified with potencies that are in the same range as NPD-0227 (pIC50 = 6.4) and promising selectivities. While the potency could not be improved, valuable SAR was obtained. Furthermore the introduction of a piperidine linker offers new opportunities for derivatization as valuable novel starting points for future T. cruzi drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sijm
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Wijtmans M, Edink E, van Linden OP, Zheng Y, Blaazer AR, Siderius M, van Muijlwijk-Koezen JE. From recipe to research: introducing undergraduate students to the nature of science using a hybrid practical course centred on drug discovery for neglected diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1359-1368. [PMID: 33609778 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid undergraduate practical course involving synthetic medicinal chemistry on neglected diseases bridges the gap between skills, techniques and scientific research, and exposes students to the nature of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Innovations in Human Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Edink
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Current address: Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Agri, Food and Life Sciences, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, De Boelelaan 1109, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Pj van Linden
- Division of Innovations in Human Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Zheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni R Blaazer
- Division of Innovations in Human Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline E van Muijlwijk-Koezen
- Division of Innovations in Human Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Botros SS, El-Lakkany NM, Seif el-Din SH, William S, Sabra AN, Hammam OA, de Koning HP. The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast impacts Schistosoma mansoni ovipositing in vitro but displays only modest antischistosomal activity in vivo. Exp Parasitol 2020; 208:107793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sijm M, Siciliano de Araújo J, Ramos Llorca A, Orrling K, Stiny L, Matheeussen A, Maes L, de Esch IJP, de Nazaré Correia Soeiro M, Sterk GJ, Leurs R. Identification of Phenylpyrazolone Dimers as a New Class of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1662-1668. [PMID: 31319019 PMCID: PMC6771560 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is becoming a worldwide problem; it is currently estimated that over six million people are infected. The two drugs in current use, benznidazole and nifurtimox, require long treatment regimens, show limited efficacy in the chronic phase of infection, and are known to cause adverse effects. Phenotypic screening of an in-house library led to the identification of 2,2'-methylenebis(5-(4-bromophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one), a phenyldihydropyrazolone dimer, which shows an in vitro pIC50 value of 5.4 against Trypanosoma cruzi. Initial optimization was done by varying substituents of the phenyl ring, after which attempts were made to replace the phenyl ring. Finally, the linker between the dimer units was varied, ultimately leading to 2,2'-methylenebis(5-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (NPD-0228) as the most potent analogue. NPD-0228 has an in vitro pIC50 value of 6.4 against intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi and no apparent toxicity against the human MRC-5 cell line and murine cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Sijm
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julianna Siciliano de Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia CelularOswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz)Av. Brasil 4365, ManguinhosRJ21040-900Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Alba Ramos Llorca
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kristina Orrling
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lydia Stiny
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)Universiteit AntwerpenUniversiteitsplein 12610AntwerpBelgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)Universiteit AntwerpenUniversiteitsplein 12610AntwerpBelgium
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maria de Nazaré Correia Soeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia CelularOswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz)Av. Brasil 4365, ManguinhosRJ21040-900Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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8
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Liu M, Quinn RJ. Fragment-based screening with natural products for novel anti-parasitic disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1283-1295. [PMID: 31512943 PMCID: PMC6816479 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1653849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fragment-based drug discovery can identify relatively simple compounds with low binding affinity due to fewer binding interactions with protein targets. FBDD reduces the library size and provides simpler starting points for subsequent chemical optimization of initial hits. A much greater proportion of chemical space can be sampled in fragment-based screening compared to larger molecules with typical molecular weights (MWs) of 250-500 g mol-1 used in high-throughput screening (HTS) libraries. Areas covered: The authors cover the role of natural products in fragment-based drug discovery against parasitic disease targets. They review the approaches to develop fragment-based libraries either using natural products or natural product-like compounds. The authors present approaches to fragment-based drug discovery against parasitic diseases and compare these libraries with the 3D attributes of natural products. Expert opinion: To effectively use the three-dimensional properties and the chemical diversity of natural products in fragment-based drug discovery against parasitic diseases, there needs to be a mind-shift. Library design, in the medicinal chemistry area, has acknowledged that escaping flat-land is very important to increase the chances of clinical success. Attempts to increase sp3 richness in fragment libraries are acknowledged. Sufficient low molecular weight natural products are known to create true natural product fragment libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
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9
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Alkynamide phthalazinones as a new class of TbrPDEB1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3998-4012. [PMID: 31327675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been validated as good drug targets for a large variety of diseases. Trypanosoma brucei PDEB1 (TbrPDEB1) has been designated as a promising drug target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Recently, the first class of selective nanomolar TbrPDEB1 inhibitors was obtained by targeting the parasite specific P-pocket. However, these biphenyl-substituted tetrahydrophthalazinone-based inhibitors did not show potent cellular activity against Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) parasites, leaving room for further optimization. Herein, we report the discovery of a new class of potent TbrPDEB1 inhibitors that display improved activities against T. brucei parasites. Exploring different linkers between the reported tetrahydrophthalazinone core scaffold and the amide tail group resulted in the discovery of alkynamide phthalazinones as new TbrPDEB1 inhibitors, which exhibit submicromolar activities versus T. brucei parasites and no cytotoxicity to human MRC-5 cells. Elucidation of the crystal structure of alkynamide 8b (NPD-048) bound to the catalytic domain of TbrPDEB1 shows a bidentate interaction with the key-residue Gln874 and good directionality towards the P-pocket. Incubation of trypanosomes with alkynamide 8b results in an increase of intracellular cAMP, validating a PDE-mediated effect in vitro and providing a new interesting compound series for further studies towards selective TbrPDEB1 inhibitors with potent phenotypic activity.
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Hernandez HW, Soeung M, Zorn KM, Ashoura N, Mottin M, Andrade CH, Caffrey CR, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Ekins S. High Throughput and Computational Repurposing for Neglected Diseases. Pharm Res 2018; 36:27. [PMID: 30560386 PMCID: PMC6792295 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent are a heterogeneous group of communicable diseases that are found within the poorest populations of the world. There are 23 NTDs that have been prioritized by the World Health Organization, which are endemic in 149 countries and affect more than 1.4 billion people, costing these developing economies billions of dollars annually. The NTDs result from four different causative pathogens: protozoa, bacteria, helminth and virus. The majority of the diseases lack effective treatments. Therefore, new therapeutics for NTDs are desperately needed. Methods We describe various high throughput screening and computational approaches that have been performed in recent years. We have collated the molecules identified in these studies and calculated molecular properties. Results Numerous global repurposing efforts have yielded some promising compounds for various neglected tropical diseases. These compounds when analyzed as one would expect appear drug-like. Several large datasets are also now in the public domain and this enables machine learning models to be constructed that then facilitate the discovery of new molecules for these pathogens. Conclusions In the space of a few years many groups have either performed experimental or computational repurposing high throughput screens against neglected diseases. These have identified compounds which in many cases are already approved drugs. Such approaches perhaps offer a more efficient way to develop treatments which are generally not a focus for global pharmaceutical companies because of the economics or the lack of a viable market. Other diseases could perhaps benefit from these repurposing approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-018-2558-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Soeung
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | | | - Melina Mottin
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jair Lage de Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA.
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11
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Spicer TP, Gardiner DL, Schoenen FJ, Roy S, Griffin PR, Chase P, Scampavia L, Hodder P, Trenholme KR. Identification of Antimalarial Inhibitors Using Late-Stage Gametocytes in a Phenotypic Live/Dead Assay. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:38-46. [PMID: 30142014 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218796410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with ~3.3 billion people at risk of contracting malaria and an estimated 450,000 deaths each year. While tools to reduce the infection prevalence to low levels are currently under development, additional efforts will be required to interrupt transmission. Transmission between human host and vector by the malaria parasite involves gametogenesis in the host and uptake of gametocytes by the mosquito vector. This stage is a bottleneck for reproduction of the parasite, making it a target for small-molecule drug discovery. Targeting this stage, we used whole Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from in vitro culture and implemented them into 1536-well plates to create a live/dead phenotypic antigametocyte assay. Using specialized equipment and upon further validation, we screened ~150,000 compounds from the NIH repository currently housed at Scripps Florida. We identified 100 primary screening hits that were tested for concentration response. Additional follow-up studies to determine specificity, potency, and increased efficacy of the antigametocyte candidate compounds resulted in a starting point for initial medicinal chemistry intervention. From this, 13 chemical analogs were subsequently tested as de novo powders, which confirmed original activity from the initial analysis and now provide a point of future engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Spicer
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald L Gardiner
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- 3 The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS,USA
| | - Sudeshna Roy
- 3 The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS,USA.,4 The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Peter Chase
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,5 BMS, Hopewell, NJ
| | - Louis Scampavia
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Peter Hodder
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,6 Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,7 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Current Screening Methodologies in Drug Discovery for Selected Human Diseases. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080279. [PMID: 30110923 PMCID: PMC6117650 DOI: 10.3390/md16080279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase of many deadly diseases like infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria implies re-inventing the wheel on drug discovery. A better comprehension of the metabolisms and regulation of diseases, the increase in knowledge based on the study of disease-born microorganisms’ genomes, the development of more representative disease models and improvement of techniques, technologies, and computation applied to biology are advances that will foster drug discovery in upcoming years. In this paper, several aspects of current methodologies for drug discovery of antibacterial and antifungals, anti-tropical diseases, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing, anticancer and neuroprotectors are considered. For drug discovery, two different complementary approaches can be applied: classical pharmacology, also known as phenotypic drug discovery, which is the historical basis of drug discovery, and reverse pharmacology, also designated target-based drug discovery. Screening methods based on phenotypic drug discovery have been used to discover new natural products mainly from terrestrial origin. Examples of the discovery of marine natural products are provided. A section on future trends provides a comprehensive overview on recent advances that will foster the pharmaceutical industry.
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13
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Weng HB, Chen HX, Wang MW. Innovation in neglected tropical disease drug discovery and development. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:67. [PMID: 29950174 PMCID: PMC6022351 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are closely related to poverty and affect over a billion people in developing countries. The unmet treatment needs cause high mortality and disability thereby imposing a huge burden with severe social and economic consequences. Although coordinated by the World Health Organization, various philanthropic organizations, national governments and the pharmaceutical industry have been making efforts in improving the situation, the control of NTDs is still inadequate and extremely difficult today. The lack of safe, effective and affordable medicines is a key contributing factor. This paper reviews the recent advances and some of the challenges that we are facing in the fight against NTDs. MAIN BODY In recent years, a number of innovations have demonstrated propensity to promote drug discovery and development for NTDs. Implementation of multilateral collaborations leads to continued efforts and plays a crucial role in drug discovery. Proactive approaches and advanced technologies are urgently needed in drug innovation for NTDs. However, the control and elimination of NTDs remain a formidable task as it requires persistent international cooperation to make sustainable progresses for a long period of time. Some currently employed strategies were proposed and verified to be successful, which involve both mechanisms of 'Push' which aims at cutting the cost of research and development for industry and 'Pull' which aims at increasing market attractiveness. Coupled to this effort should be the exercise of shared responsibility globally to reduce risks, overcome obstacles and maximize benefits. Since NTDs are closely associated with poverty, it is absolutely essential that the stakeholders take concerted and long-term measures to meet multifaceted challenges by alleviating extreme poverty, strengthening social intervention, adapting climate changes, providing effective monitoring and ensuring timely delivery. CONCLUSIONS The ongoing endeavor at the global scale will ultimately benefit the patients, the countries they are living and, hopefully, the manufacturers who provide new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Weng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guoshoujing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201210 China
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14
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Chatelain E, Ioset JR. Phenotypic screening approaches for Chagas disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:141-153. [PMID: 29235363 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1417380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global public health issue. Current treatments targeting the parasite are limited to two old nitroheterocyclic drugs with serious side effects. The need for new and safer drugs has prompted numerous drug discovery efforts to identify compounds suitable for parasitological cure in the last decade. Areas covered: Target-based drug discovery has been limited by the small number of well-validated targets - the latest example being the failure of azoles, T. cruzi CYP51 inhibitors, in proof-of-concept clinical trials; instead phenotypic-based drug discovery has become the main pillar of Chagas R&D. Rather than focusing on the technical features of these screening assays, the authors describe the different assays developed and available in the field, and provide a critical view on their values and limitations in the screening cascade for Chagas drug development. Expert opinion: The application of technological advances to the field of Chagas disease has led to a variety of phenotypic assays that have not only changed the disease discovery landscape but have also helped us to gain a better understanding of parasite/host interactions. Recent examples of target resolution from phenotypic hits will uncover new opportunities for drug discovery for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chatelain
- a Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), R&D Department , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Robert Ioset
- a Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), R&D Department , Geneva , Switzerland
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15
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Svensson F, Bender A, Bailey D. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 61:1415-1424. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Svensson
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St Johns
Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, U.K
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David Bailey
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St Johns
Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, U.K
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16
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Mello JDFRE, Gomes RA, Vital-Fujii DG, Ferreira GM, Trossini GHG. Fragment-based drug discovery as alternative strategy to the drug development for neglected diseases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1067-1078. [PMID: 28547936 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neglected diseases (NDs) affect large populations and almost whole continents, representing 12% of the global health burden. In contrast, the treatment available today is limited and sometimes ineffective. Under this scenery, the Fragment-Based Drug Discovery emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to the traditional methods of drug development. This method allows achieving new lead compounds with smaller size of fragment libraries. Even with the wide Fragment-Based Drug Discovery success resulting in new effective therapeutic agents against different diseases, until this moment few studies have been applied this approach for NDs area. In this article, we discuss the basic Fragment-Based Drug Discovery process, brief successful ideas of general applications and show a landscape of its use in NDs, encouraging the implementation of this strategy as an interesting way to optimize the development of new drugs to NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Fonseca Rezende E Mello
- Litec, Laboratório de Integração Entre Técnicas Computacionais e Experimentais no Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Augusto Gomes
- Litec, Laboratório de Integração Entre Técnicas Computacionais e Experimentais no Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Drielli Gomes Vital-Fujii
- Litec, Laboratório de Integração Entre Técnicas Computacionais e Experimentais no Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Litec, Laboratório de Integração Entre Técnicas Computacionais e Experimentais no Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Toxicologia e Análises Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goulart Trossini
- Litec, Laboratório de Integração Entre Técnicas Computacionais e Experimentais no Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Toxicologia e Análises Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Viana GM, Soares DC, Santana MV, do Amaral LH, Meireles PW, Nunes RP, da Silva LCRP, Aguiar LCDS, Rodrigues CR, de Sousa VP, Castro HC, Abreu PA, Sathler PC, Saraiva EM, Cabral LM. Antileishmanial Thioureas: Synthesis, Biological Activity and in Silico Evaluations of New Promising Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:911-919. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mendes Viana
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão
| | - Deivid Costa Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes
| | - Marcos Vinicius Santana
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, LABiEMol, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Outeiro de São João Baptista
| | | | | | - Raquel Pinto Nunes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Carla Castro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, LABiEMol, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Outeiro de São João Baptista
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Campus Macaé
| | - Plínio Cunha Sathler
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão
| | - Elvira Maria Saraiva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that diseases caused by protozoan parasites represent serious challenges for public health, animal production and welfare, only a limited panel of drugs has been marketed for clinical applications. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors investigate two strategies, namely whole organism screening and target-based drug design. The present pharmacopoeia has resulted from whole organism screening, and the mode of action and targets of selected drugs are discussed. However, the more recent extensive genome sequencing efforts and the development of dry and wet lab genomics and proteomics that allow high-throughput screening of interactions between micromolecules and recombinant proteins has resulted in target-based drug design as the predominant focus in anti-parasitic drug development. Selected examples of target-based drug design studies are presented, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, important drug targets in apicomplexan parasites, are discussed in more detail. EXPERT OPINION Despite the enormous efforts in target-based drug development, this approach has not yet generated market-ready antiprotozoal drugs. However, whole-organism screening approaches, comprising of both in vitro and in vivo investigations, should not be disregarded. The repurposing of already approved and marketed drugs could be a suitable strategy to avoid fastidious approval procedures, especially in the case of neglected or veterinary parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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19
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Siderius M, Shanmugham A, England P, van der Meer T, Bebelman JP, Blaazer AR, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor assay for the analysis of small-molecule inhibitor binding to human and parasitic phosphodiesterases. Anal Biochem 2016; 503:41-9. [PMID: 27033007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor-based technology has been exploited more and more to characterize the interaction between drug targets and small-molecule modulators. Here, we report the successful application of SPR methodology for the analysis of small-molecule binding to two therapeutically relevant cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs), Trypanosoma brucei PDEB1 which is implicated in African sleeping sickness and human PDE4D which is implicated in a plethora of disease conditions including inflammatory pulmonary disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A protocol combining the use of directed capture using His-tagged PDE_CDs with covalent attachment to the SPR surface was developed. This methodology allows the determination of the binding kinetics of small-molecule PDE inhibitors and also allows testing their specificity for the two PDEs. The SPR-based assay could serve as a technology platform for the development of highly specific and high-affinity PDE inhibitors, accelerating drug discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anitha Shanmugham
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St. John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul England
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St. John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany van der Meer
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni R Blaazer
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St. John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; IOTA Pharmaceuticals, St. John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
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20
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Tagoe DNA, Kalejaiye TD, de Koning HP. The ever unfolding story of cAMP signaling in trypanosomatids: vive la difference! Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:185. [PMID: 26441645 PMCID: PMC4561360 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are unicellular, eukaryotic, flagellated protozoans containing the eponymous kinetoplast. Within this order, the family of trypanosomatids are responsible for some of the most serious human diseases, including Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.), and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp). Although cAMP is produced during the life cycle stages of these parasites, its signaling pathways are very different from those of mammals. The absence of G-protein-coupled receptors, the presence of structurally different adenylyl cyclases, the paucity of known cAMP effector proteins and the stringent need for regulation of cAMP in the small kinetoplastid cells all suggest a significantly different biochemical pathway and likely cell biology. However, each of the main kinetoplastid parasites express four class 1-type cyclic nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEA-D), which have highly similar catalytic domains to that of human PDEs. To date, only TbrPDEB, expressed as two slightly different isoforms TbrPDEB1 and B2, has been found to be essential when ablated. Although the genomes contain reasonably well conserved genes for catalytic and regulatory domains of protein kinase A, these have been shown to have varied structural and functional roles in the different species. Recent discovery of a role of cAMP/AMP metabolism in a quorum-sensing signaling pathway in T. brucei, and the identification of downstream cAMP Response Proteins (CARPs) whose expression levels correlate with sensitivity to PDE inhibitors, suggests a complex signaling cascade. The interplay between the roles of these novel CARPs and the quorum-sensing signaling pathway on cell division and differentiation makes for intriguing cell biology and a new paradigm in cAMP signal transduction, as well as potential targets for trypanosomatid-specific cAMP pathway-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N A Tagoe
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK ; Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK ; Department of Laboratory Technology, Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Titilola D Kalejaiye
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
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21
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Martin-Plaza J, Chatelain E. Novel therapeutic approaches for neglected infectious diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:3-5. [PMID: 25542923 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114559907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Disease initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
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