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Wang C, Chen L, Tan R, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liao L, Ge Z, Ding C, Xing Z, Zhou P. Carbon dots and composite materials with excellent performances in cancer-targeted bioimaging and killing: a review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [PMID: 37965983 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are nanomaterials with excellent properties, including good biocompatibility, small size, ideal photoluminescence and surface modification, and are becoming one of the most attractive nanomaterials for the imaging, detection and treatment of tumors. Based on these advantages, CDs can be combined other materials to obtain composite particles with improved, even new, performance, mainly in photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This paper reviews the research progress of CDs and their composites in targeted tumor imaging, detection, diagnosis, drug delivery and tumor killing. It also discusses and proposes the challenges and perspectives of their future applications in these fields. This review provides ideas for future applications of novel CD-based materials in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction & Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lixin Chen
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Rongshuang Tan
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuchen Li
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lingzi Liao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhangjie Ge
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Chuanyang Ding
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhankui Xing
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction & Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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2
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Striese F, Neuber C, Gräßel S, Arndt C, Ullrich M, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Bergmann R, Pietzsch HJ, Sihver W, Frenz M, Feldmann A, Bachmann MP. Preclinical Characterization of the 177Lu-Labeled Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA)-Specific Monoclonal Antibody 7F5. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119420. [PMID: 37298374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent target for imaging and treatment of prostate carcinoma (PCa). Unfortunately, not all PCa cells express PSMA. Therefore, alternative theranostic targets are required. The membrane protein prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is highly overexpressed in most primary prostate carcinoma (PCa) cells and in metastatic and hormone refractory tumor cells. Moreover, PSCA expression positively correlates with tumor progression. Therefore, it represents a potential alternative theranostic target suitable for imaging and/or radioimmunotherapy. In order to support this working hypothesis, we conjugated our previously described anti-PSCA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7F5 with the bifunctional chelator CHX-A″-DTPA and subsequently radiolabeled it with the theranostic radionuclide 177Lu. The resulting radiolabeled mAb ([177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5) was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. It showed a high radiochemical purity (>95%) and stability. The labelling did not affect its binding capability. Biodistribution studies showed a high specific tumor uptake compared to most non-targeted tissues in mice bearing PSCA-positive tumors. Accordingly, SPECT/CT images revealed a high tumor-to-background ratios from 16 h to 7 days after administration of [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5. Consequently, [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5 represents a promising candidate for imaging and in the future also for radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Striese
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandy Gräßel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Frenz
- Faculty of Informatik and Wirtschaftsinformatik, Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (UCC/NCT), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Semaphorin 6C Suppresses Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Inhibition of the AKT/GSK3/β-Catenin/Cyclin D1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052608. [PMID: 35269749 PMCID: PMC8910270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins (SEMAs) are axon guidance factors that participate in axonal connections and nerve system development. However, the functional roles of SEMAs in tumorigenesis are still largely uncovered. By using in silico data analysis, we found that SEMA6C was downregulated in pancreatic cancer, and its reduction was correlated with worse survival rates. RNA sequencing revealed that cell cycle-related genes, especially cyclin D1, were significantly altered after blockage of SEMA6C by neutralizing antibodies or ectopic expressions of SEMA6C. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that SEMA6C acts as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the AKT/GSK3 signaling axis, resulting in a decrease in cyclin D1 expression and cellular proliferation. The enhancement of cyclin D1 expression and cyclin-dependent kinase activation in SEMA6C-low cancer created a druggable target of CDK4/6 inhibitors. We also elucidated the mechanism underlying SEMA6C downregulation in pancreatic cancer and demonstrated a novel regulatory role of miR-124-3p in suppressing SEMA6C. This study provides new insights of SEMA6C-mediated anti-cancer action and suggests the treatment of SEMA6C-downregulated cancer by CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Hung YH, Lai MD, Hung WC, Chen LT. Semaphorin 4C promotes motility and immunosuppressive activity of cancer cells via CRMP3 and PD-L1. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:713-728. [PMID: 35261797 PMCID: PMC8899990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins (SEMAs) are membrane-bound or soluble proteins that participate in organ development and cancer progression, however, the detailed role of SEMAs in carcinogenesis is not fully elucidated yet. Our in silico analysis showed among the differentially expressed SEMAs in colon cancer tissues, patients with higher SEMA4C expression tumors had worse survival. The migration and invasion of the HCT116 and CT26 colon cancer cells were significantly suppressed by SEMA4C neutralizing antibody treatment; while enhanced by ectopic expression of SEMA4C. Subsequently, RNA sequencing study revealed microtubule polymerization- and nucleation-related genes are highly enriched in SEMA4C overexpression HCT116 cells. Western blotting showed the negative correlation between the levels of SEMA4C expression and tubulin acetylation. Mechanistic study showed SEMA4C interacted with and stabilized collapsin response mediator protein 3 (CRMP3), a novel deacetylase, to increase α-tubulin deacetylation and cell motility, which could be effectively attenuated after HDAC inhibitors treatment. We also found that a tumor-suppressive miRNA let-7b can target SEMA4C and act synergistically with SEMA4C neutralizing antibody to suppress the motility of colon cancer cells. In addition, blockade of SEMA4C could attenuate the expression of program death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Collectively, our results highlight that SEMA4C may promote colon cancer progression through modulating CRMP3-mediated tubulin deacetylation and PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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5
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Sokka IK, Imlimthan S, Sarparanta M, Maaheimo H, Johansson MP, Ekholm FS. Halogenation at the Phenylalanine Residue of Monomethyl Auristatin F Leads to a Favorable cis/ trans Equilibrium and Retained Cytotoxicity. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3125-3131. [PMID: 34296616 PMCID: PMC8397390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation can be utilized for the purposes of labeling and molecular imaging, providing a means to, e.g., follow drug distribution in an organism through positron emission tomography (PET) or study the molecular recognition events unfolding by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For cancer therapeutics, where often highly toxic substances are employed, it is of importance to be able to track the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in order to ensure minimal side effects. Labeling should ideally have a negligible disruptive effect on the efficacy of a given drug. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and cytotoxicity assays, we identify a site susceptible to halogenation in monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a widely used cytotoxic agent in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) family of cancer drugs, and study the effects of fluorination and chlorination on the physiological solution structure of the auristatins and their cytotoxicity. We find that the cytotoxicity of the parent drug is retained, while the conformational equilibrium is shifted significantly toward the biologically active trans isomer, simultaneously decreasing the concentration of the inactive and potentially disruptive cis isomer by up to 50%. Our results may serve as a base for the future assembly of a multifunctional toolkit for the assessment of linker technologies and exploring bystander effects from the warhead perspective in auristatin-derived ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. Sokka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Surachet Imlimthan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, VTT, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikael P. Johansson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- CSC,
IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box
405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Shakibapour M, Kefayat A, Reza Mofid M, Shojaie B, Mohamadi F, Maryam Sharafi S, Mahmoudzadeh M, Yousofi Darani H. Anti-cancer immunoprotective effects of immunization with hydatid cyst wall antigens in a non-immunogenic and metastatic triple-negative murine mammary carcinoma model. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107955. [PMID: 34247052 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have gained lots of attention as the future of cancer treatment. However, poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens often fails to induce an efficient immune response against the tumor. Strange anti-tumor immune responses at the parasite-infected patients due to cross-reactivity have been reported in various studies. Therefore, parasite antigens with significant immunogenicity and high epitope homology with cancer antigens may activate a strong immune response against cancer cells. Herein, the sera of immunized rabbits with the hydatid cyst wall (HCW) antigens were incubated with 4 T1 mammary carcinoma cells to investigate cross-reactivity between the HCW antigens antisera and surface antigens of the breast cancer cells. Also, the SDS-PAGE profile of HCW antigens was prepared and incubated with the breast cancer patients' sera and considerable reactivity was observed between their sera and a specific band (~27/28 kDa) according to Western blotting analyzes. Then, the protein bands with cross-reactivity with breast cancer patients' sera were utilized for prophylactic immunizations of Balb/c mice. The immunoprotective effect of immunization with the HCW antigens caused significant inhibition of 4 T1 breast tumor growth, decrease of metastasis, and enlargement of the tumor-bearing mice survival time in comparison with PBS and pure immune adjuvant injected groups. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the ~ 27/28 kDa band has numbers of proteins/polypeptides with a high degree of homology with cancer cells antigens which can be the reason for this cross-reactivity and anti-tumor immune response. Taking together, immunization with HCW antigens would be a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy after further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Shakibapour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mofid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrokh Shojaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mohamadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seydeh Maryam Sharafi
- Environment Research Centre, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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7
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Ramezani A, Asgari A, Kaviani E, Hosseini A, Ghaderi A. Tatibody, a recombinant antibody with higher internalization potency. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:320-328. [PMID: 33971510 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using antibody drug conjugates (ADC) which can exclusively bind to their target cells and upon internalization release their toxic agent, is one of the most effective methods for killing tumor cells. Therefore, increasing the internalization rate is an important factor for tumor treatment in this case. The aim of the present study was to develop a new variant of pertuzumab (an anti-ErbB2 humanized antibody) with higher internalization rate that can be a good candidate for the production of ADC. To this end, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus TAT Protein Transduction Domain (TAT-PTD) was replaced into the structure of the pertuzumab. At first, the best site in antibody heavy chain constant region for the replacement of TAT-PTD was predicted through computational methods. Then, the resulting recombinant antibody, of which TAT-PTD was located at amino acid position 130-140 and named Tatibody, was produced in CHO-S cell line. Finally, its physicochemical properties and biological activities were evaluated and compared with pertuzumab. Results showed that the binding ability of Tatibody to the ErbB2 receptor is similar to that of pertuzumab, but its internalization potency is 3.6 fold higher and can be used as a good candidate for ADC construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Asgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Elina Kaviani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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8
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Marshall KE, Vadukul DM, Staras K, Serpell LC. Misfolded amyloid-β-42 impairs the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5031-5043. [PMID: 32025743 PMCID: PMC7658065 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of proteins is strongly linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, but how such species bring about their cytotoxic actions remains poorly understood. Here we used specifically-designed optical reporter probes and live fluorescence imaging in primary hippocampal neurons to characterise the mechanism by which prefibrillar, oligomeric forms of the Alzheimer's-associated peptide, Aβ42, exert their detrimental effects. We used a pH-sensitive reporter, Aβ42-CypHer, to track Aβ internalisation in real-time, demonstrating that oligomers are rapidly taken up into cells in a dynamin-dependent manner, and trafficked via the endo-lysosomal pathway resulting in accumulation in lysosomes. In contrast, a non-assembling variant of Aβ42 (vAβ42) assayed in the same way is not internalised. Tracking ovalbumin uptake into cells using CypHer or Alexa Fluor tags shows that preincubation with Aβ42 disrupts protein uptake. Our results identify a potential mechanism by which amyloidogenic aggregates impair cellular function through disruption of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Devkee M Vadukul
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Kevin Staras
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK.
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9
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Leyton JV. Improving Receptor-Mediated Intracellular Access and Accumulation of Antibody Therapeutics-The Tale of HER2. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E32. [PMID: 32668710 PMCID: PMC7551051 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic anti-HER2 antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have undoubtedly benefitted patients. Nonetheless, patients ultimately relapse-some sooner than others. Currently approved anti-HER2 drugs are expensive and their cost-effectiveness is debated. There is increased awareness that internalization and lysosomal processing including subsequent payload intracellular accumulation and retention for ADCs are critical therapeutic attributes. Although HER2 preferential overexpression on the surface of tumor cells is attractive, its poor internalization and trafficking to lysosomes has been linked to poor therapeutic outcomes. To help address such issues, this review will comprehensively detail the most relevant findings on internalization and cellular accumulation for approved and investigational anti-HER2 antibodies and ADCs. The improved clarity of the HER2 system could improve antibody and ADC designs and approaches for next-generation anti-HER2 and other receptor targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Leyton
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
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10
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Hoffmann RM, Mele S, Cheung A, Larcombe-Young D, Bucaite G, Sachouli E, Zlatareva I, Morad HOJ, Marlow R, McDonnell JM, Figini M, Lacy KE, Tutt AJN, Spicer JF, Thurston DE, Karagiannis SN, Crescioli S. Rapid conjugation of antibodies to toxins to select candidates for the development of anticancer Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8869. [PMID: 32483228 PMCID: PMC7264231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) developed as a targeted treatment approach to deliver toxins directly to cancer cells are one of the fastest growing classes of oncology therapeutics, with eight ADCs and two immunotoxins approved for clinical use. However, selection of an optimum target and payload combination, to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy without excessive toxicity, presents a significant challenge. We have developed a platform to facilitate rapid and cost-effective screening of antibody and toxin combinations for activity and safety, based on streptavidin-biotin conjugation. For antibody selection, we evaluated internalization by target cells using streptavidin-linked antibodies conjugated to biotinylated saporin, a toxin unable to cross cell membranes. For payload selection, we biotinylated toxins and conjugated them to antibodies linked to streptavidin to evaluate antitumour activity and pre-clinical safety. As proof of principle, we compared trastuzumab conjugated to emtansine via streptavidin-biotin (Trastuzumab-SB-DM1) to the clinically approved trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). We showed comparable potency in reduction of breast cancer cell survival in vitro and in growth restriction of orthotopic breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Our findings indicate efficient generation of functionally active ADCs. This approach can facilitate the study of antibody and payload combinations for selection of promising candidates for future ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda M Hoffmann
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Larcombe-Young
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gintare Bucaite
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Sachouli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Zlatareva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan O J Morad
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Marlow
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariangela Figini
- Biomarker Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J N Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Femtogenix Ltd, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Development of a Novel EGFR-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Target Oncol 2020; 14:93-105. [PMID: 30635821 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-0616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is common in pancreatic cancer and associated with the poor prognosis of this malignancy. OBJECTIVE To develop anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for use in a novel EGFR-targeting approach to treat pancreatic cancer. METHODS A humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (RC68) was generated by mouse immunization and complementary-determining region grafting technology. Two RC68-based ADCs, RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE, were synthesized by conjugating monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a small-molecule cytotoxin, to RC68 through two distinct linkers (MC and PY). Internalization of the RC68-based ADCs was examined by flow cytometry. The in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of RC68-based ADCs were evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cells and in a BXPC-3 xenograft nude mouse model, respectively. RESULTS The RC68-based ADCs bound to EGFR on the surface of tumor cells and were effectively internalized, resulting in the death of EGFR-positive cancer cell lines. The RC68-based ADCs (at 5 or 10 mg/kg) were more potent than gemcitabine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg) at inhibiting the growth of BXPC-3 xenografts. Moreover, RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE was found to have superior stability in human plasma compared with RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE. CONCLUSION A novel EGFR-targeting ADC, RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE, shows promise as an effective, selective, and safe therapeutic agent for EGFR-positive pancreatic cancer.
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12
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Mathematical modeling of drug-induced receptor internalization in the HER2-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cell-line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12709. [PMID: 31481718 PMCID: PMC6722142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of breast cancer tumors over-express the HER2 receptor. Trastuzumab, an approved drug to treat this type of breast cancer, is a monoclonal antibody directly binding at the HER2 receptor and ultimately inhibiting cancer cell growth. The goal of our study was to understand the early impact of trastuzumab on HER2 internalization and recycling in the HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line SKBR3. To this end, fluorescence microscopy, monitoring the amount of HER2 expression in the plasma membrane, was combined with mathematical modeling to derive the flux of HER2 receptors from and to the membrane. We constructed a dynamic multi-compartment model based on ordinary differential equations. To account for cancer cell heterogeneity, a first, dynamic model was expanded to a second model including two distinct cell phenotypes, with implications for different conformational states of HER2, i.e. monomeric or homodimeric. Our mathematical model shows that the hypothesis of fast constitutive HER2 recycling back to the plasma membrane does not match the experimental data. It conclusively describes the experimental observation that trastuzumab induces sustained receptor internalization in cells with membrane ruffles. It is also concluded that for rare, non-ruffled (flat) cells, HER2 internalization occurs three orders of magnitude slower than for the bulk, ruffled cell population.
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13
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Li Z, Wang M, Yu D, Luo W, Fang J, Huang C, Yao X. Monomethyl auristatin E-conjugated anti-EGFR antibody inhibits the growth of human EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:61-72. [PMID: 31037333 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed on non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and a valuable therapeutic target. This study aimed at producing and characterizing monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-conjugated anti-EGFR antibody as a novel EGFR-targeting therapy for NSCLC. METHODS A humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (named RC68) was purified and conjugated with MMAE using a MC-VC-PAB or PY-VC-PAB linker. The in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE were characterized. RESULTS The RC68 was generated from RC68-expressing cells and had a purity of > 99.0%. The RC68 recognized EGFR on tumor cells, particularly for higher EGFR expressing H125, A431, HCC827 and H1975 cells. The RC68 was conjugated with an average of 4 MMAE molecules to generate RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE, respectively. The RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE, RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68 displayed similar binding affinity to EGFR on tumor cells, and RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE were effectively internalized by H125 cells. The RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE and RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE inhibited the growth of H125 cells in vitro with an IC50 7.37-8.04 ng/mL and implanted H125 tumors in vivo, but did not affect body weights of mice. The antitumor effect of RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE was stronger than RC68-PY-VC-PAB-MMAE, which was also stronger than docetaxel in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These novel antibody-drug conjugates, particularly for RC68-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE, may be a potential candidate for treatment of EGFR + NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingxue Wang
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Deling Yu
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | | | - Xuejing Yao
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China.
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14
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Chan LLY, Wucherpfennig KW, de Andrade LF. Visualization and quantification of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity over extended time periods by image cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2019; 469:47-51. [PMID: 30951701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity is traditionally measured using the chromium release assay, which measures the fraction of radioactive 51Cr released from dying target cells co-cultured with NK cells. However, the time frame of 51Cr release assays is limited to approximately 4 h due to spontaneous release of 51Cr. In the tumor microenvironment, interactions between NK cells and tumor cells occur over extended time periods, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is modulated by cytokines produced by tumor cells and other immune cells. Here we demonstrate that the interaction of NK cells and tumor cells can be imaged and quantified over an extended period of time using a novel image cytometry method. Specifically, we imaged killing of human ZsGreen+ melanoma cells by primary human NK cells in the presence of an antibody targeting MICA and MICB on the tumor cell surface. The number of live ZsGreen+ A375 cells was counted in 96-well plates over a three day time frame, and the results were used to first calculate % specific killing at the 4 h time point to compare to 51Cr release assay. Analysis of data from the 4 h time point demonstrated that both 51Cr and image cytometry enable sensitive detection of NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Image cytometry demonstrated that the combination of the MICA/B antibody and IL-2 induced near-complete eradication of A375 melanoma cells by NK cells at later time points. This novel image cytometry based approach will be suitable for the discovery of combination therapies that enhance the cytotoxic function of NK cells against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA 01843, United States of America.
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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15
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Rosen O, Chan LLY, Abiona OM, Gough P, Wang L, Shi W, Zhang Y, Wang N, Kong WP, McLellan JS, Graham BS, Corbett KS. A high-throughput inhibition assay to study MERS-CoV antibody interactions using image cytometry. J Virol Methods 2018; 265:77-83. [PMID: 30468747 PMCID: PMC6357230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of protein binding inhibition assay. Enable rapid measurement of antibody binding to cells expressing target protein. Combine high-throughput nature of ELISA with protein conformation advantage of FACS. Can be utilized to characterize potential prophylactic or therapeutic antibodies.
The emergence of new pathogens, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), poses serious challenges to global public health and highlights the urgent need for methods to rapidly identify and characterize potential therapeutic or prevention options, such as neutralizing antibodies. Spike (S) proteins are present on the surface of MERS-CoV virions and mediate viral entry. S is the primary target for MERS-CoV vaccine and antibody development, and it has become increasingly important to understand MERS-CoV antibody binding specificity and function. Commonly used serological methods like ELISA, biolayer interferometry, and flow cytometry are informative, but limited. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput protein binding inhibition assay using image cytometry. The image cytometry-based high-throughput screening method was developed by selecting a cell type with high DPP4 expression and defining optimal seeding density and protein binding conditions. The ability of monoclonal antibodies to inhibit MERS-CoV S binding was then tested. Binding inhibition results were comparable with those described in previous literature for MERS-CoV spike monomer and showed similar patterns as neutralization results. The coefficient of variation (CV) of our cell-based assay was <10%. The proposed image cytometry method provides an efficient approach for characterizing potential therapeutic antibodies for combating MERS-CoV that compares favorably with current methods. The ability to rapidly determine direct antibody binding to host cells in a high-throughput manner can be applied to study other pathogen-antibody interactions and thus can impact future research on viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Rosen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA 01843, United States
| | - Olubukola M Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Portia Gough
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA 01843, United States
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Molecular Biosciences Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 03755, United States
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Molecular Biosciences Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 03755, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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16
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Hellmann I, Waldmeier L, Bannwarth-Escher MC, Maslova K, Wolter FI, Grawunder U, Beerli RR. Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor-Associated Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR2 by Functional Screening of Fully Human Antibody Libraries Using Transpo-mAb Display on Progenitor B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2490. [PMID: 30450096 PMCID: PMC6224377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has been identified as a highly relevant tumor-associated antigen in a variety of cancer indications of high unmet medical need, including renal cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma, making it an attractive target for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we describe the de novo discovery of fully human ROR2-specific antibodies and potent antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) derived thereof by combining antibody discovery from immune libraries of human immunoglobulin transgenic animals using the Transpo-mAb mammalian cell-based IgG display platform with functional screening for internalizing antibodies using a secondary ADC assay. The discovery strategy entailed immunization of transgenic mice with the cancer antigen ROR2, harboring transgenic IgH and IgL chain gene loci with limited number of fully human V, D, and J gene segments. This was followed by recovering antibody repertoires from the immunized animals, expressing and screening them as full-length human IgG libraries by transposon-mediated display in progenitor B lymphocytes ("Transpo-mAb Display") for ROR2 binding. Individual cellular "Transpo-mAb" clones isolated by single cell sorting and capable of expressing membrane-bound as well as secreted human IgG were directly screened during antibody discovery, not only for high affinity binding to human ROR2, but also functionally as ADCs using a cytotoxicity assay with a secondary anti-human IgG-toxin-conjugate. Using this strategy, we identified and validated 12 fully human, monoclonal anti-human ROR2 antibodies with nanomolar affinities that are highly potent as ADCs and could be promising candidates for the therapy of human cancer. The screening for functional and internalizing antibodies during the early phase of antibody discovery demonstrates the utility of the mammalian cell-based Transpo-mAb Display platform to select for functional binders and as a powerful tool to improve the efficiency for the development of therapeutically relevant ADCs.
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17
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Kim S, Kim H, Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim SR, Kang D, Hwang D, Chung J. Bispecific anti-mPDGFRβ x cotinine scFv-C κ-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form antibody-drug conjugate-like complexes that exert cytotoxicity against mPDGFRβ expressing cells. Methods 2018; 154:125-135. [PMID: 30292795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody selection for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has traditionally depended on its internalization into the target cell, although ADC efficacy also relies on recycling of the receptor-ADC complex, endo-lysosomal trafficking, and subsequent linker/antibody proteolysis. In this study, we observed that a bispecific anti-murine platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (mPDGFRβ) x cotinine single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-kappa constant region (Cκ)-scFv fusion protein and cotinine-duocarmycin can form an ADC-like complex to induce cytotoxicity against mPDGFRβ expressing cells. Multiple anti-mPDGFRβ antibody candidates can be produced in this bispecific scFv-Cκ-scFv fusion protein format and tested for their ability to deliver cotinine-conjugated cytotoxic drugs, thus providing an improved approach for antibody selection in ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ree Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dobeen Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Li Z, Wang M, Yao X, Li H, Li S, Liu L, Yu D, Li X, Fang J, Huang C. Development of novel anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugates for B-cell lymphoma treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:299-308. [PMID: 30048860 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma remains one of the most refractory tumors, and as such the development of novel treatment approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), is required. To improve the stability and homogeneity of the ADCs, a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (RC58) was developed in the present study. RC58 was based on the CD19 antigen as a potential molecular target of human B-cell lymphomas. RC58 has high CD19-binding affinity and can be internalized in CD19-positive cells through endocytosis. Furthermore, three types of RC58-based ADCs (ADC-1, ADC-2, and ADC-3) were generated using three kinds of Maleimide-PEG-based linkers with two different cytotoxins. The anti-tumor activities of the ADCs were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The stability of the ADCs was also evaluated by incubation in human plasma for 10 days. In vitro experiments showed that the three ADCs had distinct inhibitory effects on several B-lymphoma cell lines. Meanwhile, a close correlation between efficacy and drug concentration was found in a nude mouse xenograft model of human B-cell lymphoma, after treatment with RC58-based ADCs. Our results suggest that ADC-1, with high efficiency, could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for human B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingxue Wang
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Xuejing Yao
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Huanzhao Li
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Shenjun Li
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Deling Yu
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- RemeGen, Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China; Mabplex International Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Durbin KR, Phipps C, Liao X. Mechanistic Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Internalization at the Cellular Level Reveals Inefficient Processing Steps. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1341-1351. [PMID: 29592884 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) offer an avenue for specific drug delivery to target cells. Here, parameters with important roles in the cellular processing of ADCs were quantitatively measured for Ab033, an antibody against EGFR. In EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines, Ab033 internalized at rates of 0.047/min and 0.15/min for A431 and H441 cells, respectively. Once internalized, Ab033 either trafficked to the lysosome or was recycled; up to 45% of internalized Ab033 returned to the cell surface. Despite such recycling, intracellular accumulation of Ab033 continually increased over 24 hours. Ab033 was conjugated to form a dual toxin ADC containing both cleavable and non-cleavable linker-drug payloads for release rate comparisons. Intracellular concentrations of freed drug from cleavable linker were greater than from non-cleavable linker and exceeded 5 × 106 drug molecules per A431 cell after 24 hours. Compared with intracellular antibody accumulation, formation of released drug was delayed, likely due to the time needed for endo-lysosomal trafficking and subsequent linker/antibody proteolysis. Informed by the quantitative data, a cellular ADC model was constructed and used to summarize processing inefficiencies. Modeling simulations were conducted to determine parameter sensitivity on intracellular drug concentrations, with rates of EGFR internalization and recycling as well as ADC trafficking found to be the most sensitive toward final intracellular drug concentrations. Overall, this study shows Ab033 ADCs to be a viable strategy for delivery of cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells with subsequent modeling efforts able to highlight key processing steps to be improved for increased drug delivery. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1341-51. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Durbin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Colin Phipps
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Process R&D Department, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Gong S, Li Y, Su W, Ding Y, Lu J, Dong K, Hood S, Zhang W, Terstappen GC. Quantitative Algorithm-Based Paired Imaging Measurement for Antibody-Triggered Endocytosis in Cultured Cells. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:832-841. [PMID: 29505735 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218761355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-triggered endocytosis (ATE) is a biological mechanism on which many therapeutic strategies are grounded, such as delivery of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Current methods monitoring ATE include confocal Z-stack analysis, acid wash, antibody quenching, and pH-sensitive dye labeling. However, those generate less quantifiable results with low throughput. Here we report a new method referred to as "paired imaging measurement" to analyze ATE using a quantitative algorithm in conjunction with high-content imaging. With two sequential measurements of cell surface antibody employing live cell staining and total antibody by immunostaining before and after cell permeabilization, intracellular antibody undergoing endocytosis can be quantified indirectly. Antibodies against CD98 and transferrin receptor were tested on hCMEC/D3 and hiPSC-derived endothelial cells. The maximal response and potency of endocytosed antibodies were generated with good assay robustness (Z' > 0.6) and >5-fold signal/background ratio. Antibody endocytosis response ranking is consistent between batches ( R2 > 0.9). The obtained results were confirmed by other traditional methods. In conclusion, we have developed a novel method using a quantitative imaging algorithm in conjunction with live cell staining for high-throughput investigation of ATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gong
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenji Su
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ding
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelly Dong
- 1 GlaxoSmithKline R&D Centre China, Shanghai, China
| | - Steve Hood
- 2 GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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Challenges in Optimising the Successful Construction of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010011. [PMID: 31544863 PMCID: PMC6698866 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in the field of cancer chemotherapy, there remains a significant unmet medical need, with a requirement to move away from traditional cytotoxics and explore novel, smarter chemotherapeutic approaches. One such example of the smart chemotherapy approach is antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which consist of an antibody that binds selectively to a cancer antigen linked to a cytotoxic agent. When developing an ADC, it may be necessary to produce a variety of constructs to fully assess the optimal configuration for the molecule. By testing ADCs prepared using a range of cytotoxic agents, linkers, or different antibodies, it is possible to fully assess the optimal approach for this treatment modality before advancing to the clinic. Since the development and approval of first-generation ADCs, significant improvements in development technology have occurred. Here, we consider the advances made within the field of ADCs, focusing on the development of EDO-B278 and EDO-B776, both of which have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical testing. Although some limitations remain in this field of development, the potential reduction in toxicity offered by ADCs justifies the investment in research to find workable solutions that could ultimately provide patients with superior outcomes.
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Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Lotfinia M, Razavi-Vakhshourpour S, Jahandideh S, Najminejad H, Sineh Sepehr K, Moazami R, Shams E, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Abolhassani M. Evaluation of Factors Influencing Antibody Reduction for Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:270-4. [PMID: 28410549 PMCID: PMC5459942 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.4.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Reduction/alkylation is one of the leading strategies for the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Precise control of the reduction process would not only yield a defined number of free thiols per antibody but also result in development of more homogenous conjugates. Methods In the present study, we investigated the effect of various dithiothreitol (DTT) concentrations, temperature conditions, and DTT exposure times on antibody reduction. After antibody reduction, the Ellman's test and SDS-PAGE analysis were used to evaluate free thiols produced and confirm the reduction process, respectively. Results DTT concentration seems to be a potential factor in the reduction process. Concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mM DTT at 37°C for 30 minutes resulted in approximately 0.4, 1.2, 5.4, 7, 8, 8, and 8 thiols per antibody, respectively. Conclusion Optimized site-specific conjugation can provide better process control and reproducibility for the development of disulfide-based ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Jahandideh
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Najminejad
- Hybridoma Lab., Department OF Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moazami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shams
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Hybridoma Lab., Department OF Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Novel high-throughput cell-based hybridoma screening methodology using the Celigo Image Cytometer. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:23-30. [PMID: 28414024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybridoma screening is a critical step for antibody discovery, which necessitates prompt identification of potential clones from hundreds to thousands of hybridoma cultures against the desired immunogen. Technical issues associated with ELISA- and flow cytometry-based screening limit accuracy and diminish high-throughput capability, increasing time and cost. Conventional ELISA screening with coated antigen is also impractical for difficult-to-express hydrophobic membrane antigens or multi-chain protein complexes. Here, we demonstrate novel high-throughput screening methodology employing the Celigo Image Cytometer, which avoids nonspecific signals by contrasting antibody binding signals directly on living cells, with and without recombinant antigen expression. The image cytometry-based high-throughput screening method was optimized by detecting the binding of hybridoma supernatants to the recombinant antigen CD39 expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Next, the sensitivity of the image cytometer was demonstrated by serial dilution of purified CD39 antibody. Celigo was used to measure antibody affinities of commercial and in-house antibodies to membrane-bound CD39. This cell-based screening procedure can be completely accomplished within one day, significantly improving throughput and efficiency of hybridoma screening. Furthermore, measuring direct antibody binding to living cells eliminated both false positive and false negative hits. The image cytometry method was highly sensitive and versatile, and could detect positive antibody in supernatants at concentrations as low as ~5ng/mL, with concurrent Kd binding affinity coefficient determination. We propose that this screening method will greatly facilitate antibody discovery and screening technologies.
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24
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Coming-of-Age of Antibodies in Cancer Therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:1009-1028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Wycisk V, Achazi K, Hillmann P, Hirsch O, Kuehne C, Dernedde J, Haag R, Licha K. Responsive Contrast Agents: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tunable Series of pH-Sensitive Near-Infrared Pentamethines. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:808-817. [PMID: 30023492 PMCID: PMC6044694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand for responsive dyes in optical imaging is high to achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio and, more specifically, to visualize acidic compartments of the endocytic pathway. Herein, we present a new synthetic route, with a step-by-step synthesis of water-soluble pH-sensitive cyanine dyes exhibiting pKa values in the region of physiological pH, as confirmed by absorption and fluorescence spectra. Moreover, modification of pKa values was achieved by two different substitution patterns, creating tunable pH-sensitive dyes. We demonstrated the functionality of the pH-sensitive dyes and their suitability as contrast agents for cellular uptake studies by preparing dye-labeled cetuximab and transferrin conjugates. Sulfonated head chains increased water solubility and prevented the formation of dimers, even in the context of dye-labeled bioconjugates. Confocal microscopy images of living cells revealed their pH-responsiveness, as specific fluorescence signal enhancements were observed in acidic compartments of the endocytic pathway (endosomes and lysosomes), although the background signal was low in a pH-neutral environment. Using mixtures of conjugates labeled with either a pH-sensitive or non-pH-sensitive dye for the uptake studies, we could follow the receptor binding and distinguish it from the endocytic uptake process of the conjugates in a simultaneous manner. Moreover, we used flow cytometry to quantify the fluorescence and observed a 3-fold signal enhancement for the pH-sensitive dye conjugates over a period of 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Wycisk
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Hillmann
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Hirsch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kuehne
- Institute
of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute
of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Nath N, Godat B, Urh M. Antibody Labeling with Fluorescent Dyes Using Magnetic Protein A and Protein G Beads. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685323 DOI: 10.3791/54545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies labeled with small molecules like fluorescent dyes, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive tracers are essential tools in biomedical research, immunodiagnostics and more recently as therapeutic agents. Traditional methods for labeling antibodies with small molecules require purified antibodies at relatively high concentration, involve multiple dialysis steps and have limited throughput. However, several applications, including the field of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), will benefit from new methods that will allow labeling of antibodies directly from cell media. Such methods may allow antibodies to be screened in biologically relevant assays, for example, the receptor-mediated antibody internalization assay in the case of ADCs. Here, we describe a method (on-bead method) that enables labeling of small amounts of antibodies directly from cell media. This approach utilizes high capacity magnetic Protein A and Protein G affinity beads to capture antibodies from the cell media followed by labeling with small molecules using either amine or thiol chemistry and subsequent elution of the labeled antibodies. Taking fluorescent dyes as surrogates for small molecules, we demonstrate the on-bead labeling of three different mouse antibodies directly from cell media using both amine and thiol labeling chemistry. The high binding affinity of antibodies to Protein A and Protein G ensures high recoveries as well as high purity of the labeled antibodies. In addition, use of magnetic beads allows multiple samples to be handled manually, thereby significantly improving labeling throughput.
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27
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Chan LLY, Smith T, Kumph KA, Kuksin D, Kessel S, Déry O, Cribbes S, Lai N, Qiu J. A high-throughput AO/PI-based cell concentration and viability detection method using the Celigo image cytometry. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2015-25. [PMID: 27488883 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure cell-based assays are performed properly, both cell concentration and viability have to be determined so that the data can be normalized to generate meaningful and comparable results. Cell-based assays performed in immuno-oncology, toxicology, or bioprocessing research often require measuring of multiple samples and conditions, thus the current automated cell counter that uses single disposable counting slides is not practical for high-throughput screening assays. In the recent years, a plate-based image cytometry system has been developed for high-throughput biomolecular screening assays. In this work, we demonstrate a high-throughput AO/PI-based cell concentration and viability method using the Celigo image cytometer. First, we validate the method by comparing directly to Cellometer automated cell counter. Next, cell concentration dynamic range, viability dynamic range, and consistency are determined. The high-throughput AO/PI method described here allows for 96-well to 384-well plate samples to be analyzed in less than 7 min, which greatly reduces the time required for the single sample-based automated cell counter. In addition, this method can improve the efficiency for high-throughput screening assays, where multiple cell counts and viability measurements are needed prior to performing assays such as flow cytometry, ELISA, or simply plating cells for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA.
| | - Tim Smith
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Kendra A Kumph
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Dmitry Kuksin
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Sarah Kessel
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Olivier Déry
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Scott Cribbes
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Ning Lai
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Jean Qiu
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
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