Anesthetic Considerations for Mediastinal Staging Procedures for Lung Cancer

Tumor staging is critical for the treatment of lung malignancies. Invasive techniques of lung tumor staging can be accomplished via mediastinoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound, and video-assisted thoracoscopy. Anesthesiologists taking care of patients undergoing mediastinal staging procedures might face different challenges. In this narrative review, the authors summarize the literature on the anesthetic considerations for mediastinal staging procedures.

Natural Orifice Translumenal Thoracoscopic Surgery

Context. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging new technique but with much of the focus for the clinical applications of this technique centered on the abdomen. Concequently, its adaptation to the chest has been overlooked. The evidence for safe access, periprocedural complications and potential thoracic applications needs to be evaluated. Objective. This study systematically reviews the evidence for the feasibility and potential clinical applications of natural orifice translumenal thoracoscopic surgery. Data sources. MEDLINE and the Cochrane central database of controlled trials, from the earliest available date to July 2008. Study selection and data extraction. All studies evaluating the use of NOTES involving the thoracic cavity or structures therein were identified. The minimum inclusion criterion for each study was the extraction of discernible trial data. No restrictions were placed on language. Results. The literature search identified 197 citations. Review of abstracts led to 10 full-text articles for assessment; 7 articles were considered for this review, reporting on a total of 37 cases. All cases used the porcine model in both survival (7 to 42 days; mean 16; n = 5) and nonsurvival studies (n = 2). Mortality was 5% (n = 2) and morbidity 19% (n = 7); histopathological leak was detected on autopsy in 1 case. Conclusion. No human trials have currently been performed using NOTES within the thoracic cavity. There is a wide diversity of clinical applications from which cardiothoracic surgery could potentially benefit. There is a great deal of technical improvement that is still required before the technique is viable as an alternative surgical approach in humans.