1
|
Hansebout C, Desai TV, Dhir A. Utility of transesophageal echocardiography during orthotopic liver transplantation: A narrative review. Ann Card Anaesth 2023; 26:367-379. [PMID: 37861569 PMCID: PMC10691562 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_186_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the standard of care for patients suffering from end stage liver disease (ESLD). This is a high-risk procedure with the potential for hemorrhage, large shifts in preload and afterload, and release of vasoactive mediators that can have profound effects on hemodynamic equilibrium. In addition, patients with ESLD can have preexisting coronary artery disease, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, porto-pulomary hypertension and imbalanced coagulation. As cardiovascular involvement is invariable and patient are at an appreciable risk of intraoperative cardiac arrest, Trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE) is increasingly becoming a routinely utilized monitor during OLT in patients without contraindications to its use. A comprehensive TEE assessment performed by trained operators provides a wealth of information on baseline cardiac function, while a focused study specific for the ESLD patients can help in prompt diagnosis and treatment of critical events. Future studies utilizing TEE will eventually optimize examination safety, quality, permit patient risk stratification, provide intraoperative guidance, and allow for evaluation of graft vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hansebout
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tejal V. Desai
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Achal Dhir
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar N, Flores AS, Mitchell J, Hussain N, Kumar JE, Wang J, Fitzsimons M, Dalia AA, Essandoh M, Black SM, Schenk AD, Stein E, Turner K, Sawyer TR, Iyer MH. Intracardiac thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism during liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1227-1240. [PMID: 37156300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracardiac thrombosis and/or pulmonary thromboembolism (ICT/PE) is a rare but devastating complication during liver transplantation. Its pathophysiology remains poorly understood, and successful treatment remains a challenge. This systematic review summarizes the available published clinical data regarding ICT/PE during liver transplantation. Databases were searched for all publications reporting on ICT/PE during liver transplantation. Data collected included its incidence, patient characteristics, the timing of diagnosis, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes. This review included 59 full-text citations. The point prevalence of ICT/PE was 1.42%. Thrombi were most often diagnosed during the neohepatic phase, particularly at allograft reperfusion. Intravenous heparin was effective in preventing early-stage thrombus from progressing further and restoring hemodynamics in 76.32% of patients it was utilized for; however, the addition of tissue plasminogen activator or sole use of tissue plasminogen activator offered diminishing returns. Despite all resuscitation efforts, the in-hospital mortality rate of an intraoperative ICT/PE was 40.42%, with nearly half of these patients dying intraoperatively. The results of our systematic review are an initial step for providing clinicians with data that can help identify higher-risk patients. The clinical implications of our results warrant the development of identification and management strategies for the timely and effective treatment of these tragic occurrences during liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antolin S Flores
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin Mitchell
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nasir Hussain
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia E Kumar
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jack Wang
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Fitzsimons
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam A Dalia
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Essandoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sylvester M Black
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Austin D Schenk
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erica Stein
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katja Turner
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tamara R Sawyer
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Manoj H Iyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Using Transesophageal Echocardiography in Liver Transplantation with Veno-Venous Bypass Is a Tool with Many Applications: A Case Series from an Italian Transplant Center. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010032. [PMID: 36661927 PMCID: PMC9866160 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic instability (HDI) is common during liver transplantation (LT); veno-venous bypass (VVB) is a tool used in selected cases to ensure hemodynamic stability and for surgical needs. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows the transplant team to identify the causes of HDI and to guide therapies. We present a case series of four patients showing the valuable role of TEE during LT in VVB. METHODS We report four explicative cases of TEE use in LT with VVB performed at IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna. Four transplants were performed between 2016 and 2022. RESULTS Many authors have highlighted the diagnostic value of TEE during LT in the case of HDI. However, its specific role during LT with VVB is poorly described. This paper illustrates multiple potential uses of TEE in LT with VVB: TEE as a guide for catheterization and optimal cannula positioning, TEE as a tool for intraoperative Patent Foramen Ovale management, TEE as help for anticoagulation therapy and finally, TEE as support when evaluating bypass efficiency and correcting hypovolemia. CONCLUSION TEE is a useful instrument during LT with VVB. However, further studies are needed to assess the suitable applications of TEE during LT in patients with HDI requiring VVB. TEE should be part of the anesthetist's cultural background.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kassel CA, Wilke TJ, Fremming BA, Brown BA. 2021 Clinical Update in Liver Transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:4183-4191. [PMID: 35902314 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2021, the United States performed 9,236 liver transplantations, an increase of 3.7% from 2020. As the specialty of transplant anesthesiologist continues to grow, so does the body of evidence-based research to improve patient care. New technology in organ preservation offers the possibility of preserving marginal organs for transplant or improving the graft for transplantation. The sequalae of end-stage liver disease have wide-ranging consequences that affect neurologic outcomes of patients both during and after transplantation that anesthesiologists should monitor. Obesity presents several challenges for anesthesiologists. As an increasing number of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are listed for transplant, managing their multiple comorbidities can be challenging. Finally, the rebalanced hemostasis of end-stage liver disease can cause both bleeding and thrombus. Often, bleeding risks predominate as a concern, but anesthesiologists should be aware of risks of intracardiac thrombus and review therapeutic options for prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cale A Kassel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trevor J Wilke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Bradley A Fremming
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Brittany A Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fagelman E, Wang R, Tomlinson A, Romano D, Schlichting N, Zerillo J, DeMaria S, Smith NK. Intraoperative intracardiac thrombus in liver transplantation: A 9-year retrospective review focusing on treatment and outcomes. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1603-1617. [PMID: 35447005 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes incidence and outcomes surrounding intracardiac thrombosis (ICT) during liver transplantation over 9 years at a single center before and after the routine use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Adult liver transplantation patients from 2011 to 2020 were divided into eras based on routine TEE use. ICTs were identified by querying anesthetic records for search terms. Descriptive statistics included counts and proportions for baseline recipient, donor, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics. Outcome data were based on date of hospital discharge and date of death. The incidence of ICT increased in the TEE era (2016-2020) compared with the pre-TEE era (2011-2015; 3.7% [25/685] vs. 1.9% [9/491]; p < 0.001). Patients with ICT had significantly higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium (MELD-Na) scores, pretransplant hospitalization, malignancy, drug-induced liver injury, hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, reperfusion syndrome, transfused platelets and cryoprecipitate, and use of hemostatic medications. A higher proportion of patients in the ICT group underwent simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. The patients with ICT were similar, except patients in the pre-TEE era had higher MELD-Na scores and incidences of hepatitis C virus and lower incidences of encephalopathy. In the pre-TEE era, all ICTs presented as intraoperative cardiac arrest, and the 30-day mortality in the setting of ICT was 66.7% (6/9). During the TEE era, 80% of ICTs were diagnosed incidentally or attributed to hemodynamic instability (p = 0.002). The 30-day mortality rate was 36% (9/25) in the TEE era (p = 0.25). ICT incidence increased in the TEE era, yet the mortality rate was lower, suggesting that routine intraoperative TEE may lead to the early detection of ICT prior to hemodynamic collapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Fagelman
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Wang
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Tomlinson
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diana Romano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Good Samaritan Hospital, West Islip, New York, USA
| | - Nicolette Schlichting
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeron Zerillo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel DeMaria
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalie K Smith
- Division of Liver Transplant Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
[Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography as monitoring procedure in noncardiac surgery patients]. Anaesthesist 2021; 70:1059-1072. [PMID: 34762164 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-021-01035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is firmly established in cardiac surgery for diagnostics, hemodynamic monitoring and as a guiding tool. Dynamic and (patho)physiological processes of the heart can be immediately depicted. Ideally, therapeutic changes can be derived. For this reason, TEE is increasingly used in high-risk non-cardiac surgery interventions and in the interventional setting. In the first part of this advanced training series, general aspects regarding TEE examinations as well as indications and contraindications are presented. Clinical fields of application, where TEE can play a role in hemodynamic monitoring are outlined. The second part focusses on an emergency examination pathway and differential diagnoses, which can be made in the event of intraoperative hemodynamic instability or unexplained hypoxemia using TEE. The article concludes with an outlook on the use of computer-aided evaluation of TEE images.
Collapse
|
7
|
Marshall SV, Noble J, Flores AS. Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Liver Transplant Surgery: Correction of Therapeutic Anticoagulation and the Coagulopathy of End-Stage Liver Disease: Case Series. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:566433. [PMID: 33013404 PMCID: PMC7506038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.566433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Suggested treatment for active bleeding or invasive procedure prophylaxis has been described in the setting of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in patients not receiving anticoagulation, and has included fresh frozen plasma (FFP), prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Today, the therapy for pharmacologically anticoagulated patients with ESLD presenting for liver transplant surgery remains controversial, poorly studied, and physician-dependent. We observed a variety of treatments administered at initiation of liver transplantation to correct acquired coagulopathy at our leading transplant center and present these cases. Three patients receiving preoperative therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin for acute deep venous thrombosis and/or atrial fibrillation were transfused PCC, FFP, and/or cryoprecipitate for liver or liver-kidney transplant surgery. No thrombotic complications occurred, and one patient required reoperation for hemorrhage. We report data from these cases including estimated blood loss, presence of complications, duration of ICU stay, and length of hospitalization. Perioperative orthotopic liver transplant hematologic management and a review of relevant literature is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett V Marshall
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jordan Noble
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Antolin S Flores
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Multi-chamber Intracardiac Thrombosis During Liver Transplantation: A Case Series. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 2020; 6:194-199. [PMID: 32864467 PMCID: PMC7430352 DOI: 10.2478/jccm-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-cardiac thrombosis is one of the most devastating complications during liver transplantation. In the majority of cases, ICT, followed by massive pulmonary embolism, is commonly occurring shortly after liver graft reperfusion, but it has been reported to occur at any stage of the surgery. We present a series of 3 cases of intra-cardiac thrombosis during orthotopic liver transplantation surgery, including a case of four-chamber intra-cardiac clot formation during the pre-anhepatic stage. This article represents a single-centre 14 year-long experience. Intra-operative TEE is the gold standard to diagnose intra-cardiac thrombosis, monitoring its size, location and dynamics, as well as myocardial performance and the effects of resuscitation efforts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nontraditional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Views to Evaluate Hepatic Vasculature in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation and Liver Resection Surgery. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e594. [PMID: 32851127 PMCID: PMC7423919 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Utilization of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is expanding annually in high-volume transplant centers. During OLT intraoperative TEE is used to gather real-time information on cardiovascular function and intravascular volume status. Although standardized TEE views exist, there are nontraditional views described in the literature which have the potential to diagnose evolving pathology and define normal variants of hepatic vasculature. Methods A literature review was completed utilizing the PubMed database for English-only, peer-reviewed publications discussing nontraditional use of intraoperative TEE during OLT and hepatic vascular-related surgeries from 2009 to 2019. Both case reports and review articles were considered. Results The PubMed literature search offered 8 publications for analysis, including 7 case reports and 1 article review, revealing several nontraditional TEE views not included in a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination. These nontraditional views were generally obtained using modifications to the transgastric and bicaval views to visualize liver vasculature. We present the various techniques for obtaining these views from the 8 articles identified. Conclusions At high-volume transplant centers, TEE use during OLT is increasing. Intraoperative TEE is a valuable tool to assess hepatic vascular structures critical to allograft/organ function without interruption of the surgical procedure. Nontraditional use of TEE to diagnose intraoperative noncardiac pathology in OLT appears underutilized and underreported. The modified hepatic and modified transgastric views we describe can be used to evaluate hepatic vasculature, influence surgical decision-making and ultimately improve patient care.
Collapse
|
10
|
De Marchi L, Wang CJ, Skubas NJ, Kothari R, Zerillo J, Subramaniam K, Efune GE, Braunfeld MYC, Mandel S. Safety and Benefit of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Liver Transplant Surgery: A Position Paper From the Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia (SATA). Liver Transpl 2020; 26:1019-1029. [PMID: 32427417 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More anesthesiologists are routinely using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during liver transplant surgery, but the effects on patient outcome are unknown. Transplant anesthesiologists are therefore uncertain if they should undergo additional training and adopt TEE. In response to these clinical questions, the Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia appointed experts in liver transplantation and who are certified in TEE to evaluate all available published evidence on the topic. The aim was to produce a summary with greater explanatory power than individual reports to guide transplant anesthesiologists in their decision to use TEE. An exhaustive search recovered 51 articles of uncontrolled clinical observations. Topics chosen for this study were effectiveness and safety because they were a major or minor topic in all articles. The pattern of clinical use was a common topic and was included to provide contextual information. Summarized observations showed effectiveness as the ability to make a new and unexpected diagnosis and to direct the choice of clinical management. These were reported in each stage of liver transplant surgery. There were observations that TEE facilitated rapid diagnosis of life-threatening conditions difficult to identify with other types of monitoring commonly used in the operating room. Real-time diagnosis by TEE images made anesthesiologists confident in their choice of interventions, especially those with a high risk of complications such as use of anticoagulants for intracardiac thrombosis. The summarized observations in this systematic review suggest that TEE is an effective form of monitoring with a safety profile similar to that in cardiac surgery patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Marchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, MedStar-Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Cindy J Wang
- US Anesthesia Partners - Washington, Seattle, WA.,Swedish Heart and Vascular Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Nikolaos J Skubas
- Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rishi Kothari
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeron Zerillo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kathirvel Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Guy E Efune
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michelle Y C Braunfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Mandel
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vanneman MW, Dalia AA, Crowley JC, Luchette KR, Chitilian HV, Shelton KT. A Focused Transesophageal Echocardiography Protocol for Intraoperative Management During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:1824-1832. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
12
|
Zanetto A, Senzolo M, Blasi A. Perioperative management of antithrombotic treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2020; 34:35-50. [PMID: 32334786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
End-stage liver disease is characterized by multiple and complex alterations of hemostasis that are associated with an increased risk of both bleeding and thrombosis. Liver transplantation further challenges the feeble hemostatic balance of patients with decompensated cirrhosis, and the management of antithrombotic treatment during and after transplant surgery, which is particularly difficult. Bleeding was traditionally considered the major concern during and early after surgery, but it is increasingly recognized that transplant recipients may also develop thrombotic complications. Pathophysiology of hemostatic complications during and after transplantation is multifactorial and includes pre-, intra-, and postoperative risk factors. Risk stratification is important, as it helps the identification of high-risk recipients in whom antithrombotic prophylaxis should be considered. In recipients who develop thrombosis during or after surgery, prompt treatment is indicated to prevent graft failure, retransplantation, and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zanetto
- Gastroenterology, Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology, Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Annabel Blasi
- Anesthesia Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Markin NW, Ringenberg KJ, Kassel CA, Walcutt CR, Chacon MM. 2018 Clinical Update in Liver Transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3239-3248. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Nontraditional Use of TEE to Evaluate Hepatic Vasculature and Guide Surgical Management in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Case Rep Transplant 2019; 2019:5293069. [PMID: 31321114 PMCID: PMC6607703 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5293069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) during orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) is used to gather real-time information on cardiovascular function and intravascular volume status. We report a case where nonstandard TEE views were used to inspect the hepatic vasculature after allograft implantation. A 29-year-old male with secondary biliary cirrhosis with a MELD score of 20 underwent OLT using a liver from a 21-year-old brain-dead donor. Postreperfusion TEE, using the modified hepatic vein views, confirmed the presence of an inferior vena cava (IVC) suprahepatic anastomotic stenosis and hepatic vein and IVC thrombus resulting in hepatic venous outflow obstruction, allograft congestion, and hemodynamic instability. These nonstandard TEE images established the extent of suprahepatic caval outflow obstruction, in which intraoperative ultrasound was unable to definitively demonstrate. This guided real-time surgical decision-making in the postimplantation phase of the operation-ultimately leading to hepatic vein and IVC thrombectomy and revision of suprahepatic caval anastomosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Biancofiore G, Blasi A, De Boer MT, Franchini M, Hartmann M, Lisman T, Liumbruno GM, Porte RJ, Saner F, Senzolo M, Werner MJ. Perioperative hemostatic management in the cirrhotic patient: a position paper on behalf of the Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe (LICAGE). Minerva Anestesiol 2019; 85:782-798. [PMID: 30945514 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.19.13468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent data demonstrated that amongst patients undergoing elective surgery the prevalence of cirrhosis is 0.8% equating to approximately 25 million cirrhotic patients undergoing surgery each year worldwide. Overall, the presence of cirrhosis is independently associated with 47% increased risk of postoperative complications and over two and a half-increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing elective surgery. In particular, perioperative patients with chronic liver disease have long been assumed to have a major bleeding risk on the basis of abnormal results for standard tests of hemostasis. However, recent evidence outlined significant changes to traditional knowledge and beliefs and, nowadays, with more sophisticated laboratory tests, it has been shown that patients with chronic liver disease may be in hemostatic balance as a result of concomitant changes in both pro- and antihemostatic pathways. The aim of this paper endorsed by the Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe was to provide an up-to-date overview of coagulation management in perioperative patients with chronic liver disease focusing on patient blood management, monitoring of hemostasis, and current role of hemostatic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biancofiore
- Department of Transplant Anesthesia and Critical Care, University School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy -
| | - Annabel Blasi
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marieke T De Boer
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital of Mantua, Mantua, Italy
| | - Matthias Hartmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ton Lisman
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fuat Saner
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maureen J Werner
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lai Y, Crowley J, Dalia AA. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Impact on Outcomes of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:2726-2727. [PMID: 31076301 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jerome Crowley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam A Dalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Raveh Y, Rodriguez Y, Pretto E, Souki F, Shatz V, Ashrafi B, Manmohansigh V, Demos M, Livingstone J, Nasrallah G, Andrews D, Beduschi T, Vianna R, Nicolau-Raducu R. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications during visceral transplantation: risk factors, and association with intraoperative disseminated intravascular coagulation-like thromboelastographic qualities: a single-center retrospective study. Transpl Int 2018; 31:1125-1134. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Raveh
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Yiliam Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Ernesto Pretto
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Fouad Souki
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Vadim Shatz
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Behrouz Ashrafi
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Vinaya Manmohansigh
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Michael Demos
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Joshua Livingstone
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Georges Nasrallah
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - David Andrews
- Pathology Department; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Thiago Beduschi
- Miami Transplant Institute; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Rodrigo Vianna
- Miami Transplant Institute; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Ramona Nicolau-Raducu
- Department of Anesthesia; Jackson Memorial Hospital; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Successful Removal of Intracardiac Thrombus With a Poole Tip Suction Device Through the Inferior Vena Cava of a Patient With Cardiovascular Collapse During Liver Transplant: A Case Report. A A Pract 2018; 10:272-275. [PMID: 29240017 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracardiac thrombus occurs in 1.2%-6.3% of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplant and is associated with a high mortality rate. The pathophysiology and risk factors for development of this complication are not well understood. No consensus treatment guidelines exist, and specific therapies are associated with serious risks. We present the timely and successful use of a Poole tip surgical suction device advanced into the right atrium through a cavotomy created in the inferior vena cava to remove a large right atrial thrombus during liver transplant. The thrombus was identified with transesophageal echocardiography and was causing cardiovascular collapse.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fayad A, Shillcutt SK. Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography for non-cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2018; 65:381-398. [PMID: 29150779 PMCID: PMC6071868 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-1017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has evolved to include patients undergoing high-risk non-cardiac procedures and patients with significant cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Implementation of basic TEE education in training programs has increased across a broad spectrum of procedures in the perioperative arena. This paper describes the use of perioperative TEE in non-cardiac surgery and provides an overview of the basic TEE examination. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Perioperative TEE is used to monitor hemodynamic parameters in non-cardiac procedures where there is a high risk of hemodynamic instability. Its use extends to include moderate-risk procedures for patients with significant cardiac diseases such as low ejection fraction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe valve lesions, or congenital heart disease. Vascular procedures involving the aorta, blunt trauma, and liver transplantation are all examples of procedures that may benefit from TEE. Transesophageal echocardiography examination allows assessment of volume status, ventricular function, diagnosis of gross valvular pathology and pericardial tamponade, as well as close monitoring of cardiac output, response to therapy, and the impact of ongoing surgical manipulation. In patients with unexplained and unexpected hemodynamic instability, "rescue TEE" can be used to help identify the underlying cause. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative TEE is emerging as a preferred tool to manage hemodynamics in high-risk procedures and in high-risk patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. A rescue TEE examination protocol is a helpful approach for early identification of the etiology of hemodynamic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Fayad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada.
| | - Sasha K Shillcutt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Longo S, Palacios M, Tinti ME, Siri J, de Brahi JI, Cabrera Shulmeyer MC. Intracardiac tromboembolism during liver transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:394-397. [PMID: 29571727 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of intraoperative cardiac trombosis during orthotopic liver transplant surgery that resulted in intraoperative death. By using transesophageal echocardiography, the cause of the descompensation of the patient could be determined and the mechanism of trombus migration from thrombi from the venous circulation to the left heart was accurately observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Longo
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M Palacios
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M E Tinti
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Siri
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J I de Brahi
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dalia AA, Flores A, Chitilian H, Fitzsimons MG. A Comprehensive Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32:1815-1824. [PMID: 29573952 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is characterized by significant hemodynamic disturbances and anesthetic challenges. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be used to guide management during these procedures. This review examines the role of echocardiography during OLT, presents common TEE findings during each phase of OLT, and discusses the benefits demonstrated with TEE use and the safety of TEE in this patient population. Finally, the authors propose an algorithm for the safe use of TEE during OLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Dalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Antolin Flores
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Hovig Chitilian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael G Fitzsimons
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gold AK, Patel PA, Lane-Fall M, Gutsche JT, Lauter D, Zhou E, Guelaff E, MacKay EJ, Weiss SJ, Baranov DJ, Valentine EA, Feinman JW, Augoustides JG. Cardiovascular Collapse During Liver Transplantation-Echocardiographic-Guided Hemodynamic Rescue and Perioperative Management. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018. [PMID: 29525193 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Gold
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Prakash A Patel
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meghan Lane-Fall
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob T Gutsche
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Derek Lauter
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric Guelaff
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily J MacKay
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stuart J Weiss
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dimitri J Baranov
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth A Valentine
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jared W Feinman
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John G Augoustides
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Essandoh M. Intracardiac Thrombus Formation During Liver Transplantation: How Do We Prevent This Complication? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 32:e66-e67. [PMID: 29277302 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Essandoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kertai MD, Twite MM, Weitzel N. Facing the Ever-Changing Challenges of Caring for Cardiothoracic and Transplant Surgery Patients. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 21:197-199. [PMID: 28758560 DOI: 10.1177/1089253217718620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark M Twite
- 2 Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nathaen Weitzel
- 3 University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|