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Paganotto A, Truttmann A, Rosset É. Successful parturition and lactation after a deslorelin implant removal in a pregnant cat. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231201606. [PMID: 37873522 PMCID: PMC10590539 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231201606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary The aim of this clinical case presentation was to describe the effect of a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant placement in a pregnant queen during the second half of gestation, and the consequences of its removal on the pregnancy and parturition. A 5-year-old female cat exhibiting nesting behaviour and weight gain 10 days after placement of a deslorelin implant was presented for examination. Gestation was confirmed on ultrasound, with two well-formed kittens of a gestational age of approximately 7 weeks. The deslorelin implant placed on the umbilicus was removed 1 week later. No change in the pregnancy was observed after removal of the implant. The fetuses showed no signs of distress on ultrasound and radiography examination 4 days after removal of the implant. One week after implant removal, the queen naturally delivered two healthy kittens. The queen showed maternal behaviour with normal milk production. Relevance and novel information In the light of the lack of literature on implant injection and removal in the pregnant queen, this case report showcases a successful birth of healthy kittens without any subsequent adverse effect on the queen. Further study is needed to assess the safety of implant removal during pregnancy and potential use as a means to induce fertile oestrus in the queen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Émilie Rosset
- VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Stempel S, Körber H, Reifarth L, Schuler G, Goericke-Pesch S. What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? II. Recovery of Testicular Function after Implant Removal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192545. [PMID: 36230286 PMCID: PMC9559295 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although deslorelin slow-release implants are widely used in the clinic, detailed published information about the recovery of testosterone concentrations (T), semen quality, and testicular and prostatic volume (TV, PV) after treatment is still missing. This article aims to characterize changes during restart after a five-months treatment and subsequent implant removal. Seven male Beagle dogs were treated with deslorelin (treatment group, TG), and three saline-treated dogs served as controls (CG). Deslorelin implants were removed after five months (D ex), followed by detailed andrological examinations for TV, PV, semen collection, and blood sampling for T-analysis with/without GnRH/hCG stimulation tests. TV, PV, and T increased rapidly after D ex in TG, not differing from CG from D91 (TV), D49 (PV), and D14 (T). The first sperm-containing ejaculates were collected between D49 and 70, whereas the samples were normospermic between D84 and 133. A T increase (>0.1 ng/mL) subsequent to the GnRH/hCG stimulation test was observed from D28/29 onwards, respectively. Histological assessment of testicular tissue at the end of the observational period (D149 after implant removal) revealed normal spermatogenesis. Our data confirm that the restart of endocrine and germinative testicular function is highly variable, but nevertheless, all of the effects induced were reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stempel
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanna Körber
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Larena Reifarth
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-9538508
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Romagnoli S, Ferre-Dolcet L. Reversible Control of Reproduction In Queens: Mastering the use of reproductive drugs to manipulate cyclicity. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:853-870. [PMID: 36002142 PMCID: PMC10812224 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature is full of papers reporting side effects of progestogens in cats; however, they are, in fact, safe drugs, as discussed in this article. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and melatonin are additionally a practical solution for controlling cyclicity in queens, but they also have some contraindications and need to be used carefully. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mastering the use of reproductive drugs allows feline practitioners to handle many more clinical situations than can be solved using surgery. It is not necessary to be a specialist in reproduction to be able to halt cyclicity in a valuable breeding queen using hormones. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS A sound knowledge of appropriate dosages and criteria for patient selection for all reproductive drugs currently used in feline reproduction is the best guarantee of owner satisfaction and of ensuring the queen's health. Availability of a serum progesterone assay, either in-house or via an external laboratory, is also important, in order to confirm a queen is at an appropriate stage of the reproductive cycle for treatment. AUDIENCE This article is aimed principally (but not exclusively) at veterinarians working with cat breeders and whose clientele is increasingly interested in alternative methods of controlling reproduction in pet queens. Surgery is no longer the only choice, and practitioners who manage to keep abreast of new developments will be able to address clients' needs in a modern, professional way. EVIDENCE BASE This review draws on a vast body of scientific evidence-based literature. Previously, personal (and sometimes misinformed) opinions, such as the proposed dangerous side effects of progestogens, have been perpetuated in the scientific literature. The papers cited in this review have therefore been carefully scrutinised to distinguish reliable information based on controlled studies from non-evidence-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Italy
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Goericke-Pesch S, Packeiser EM. Reproductive Management in Catteries: Optimising health and wellbeing through veterinarian-breeder collaboration. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:881-904. [PMID: 36002135 PMCID: PMC10812226 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many veterinarians - even those engaged in small animal reproduction - are uncomfortable with taking care of cat breeders or being in charge of catteries. Likely reasons for this are that feline reproduction is largely under-represented in undergraduate and graduate reproduction teaching, as well as in postgraduate education and science, whereas cat breeders themselves are often well informed and actively share knowledge with other cat breeders via the internet and social media. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A variety of problems can exist within a cattery, and collaboration between veterinarian and breeder to solve these is ultimately beneficial for the breeder, for the veterinarian, and for the health and wellbeing of the individual cats and of the cattery as a whole. AIM This review presents a comprehensive overview of aspects of cattery management that might negatively impact reproduction, including sanitation, hygiene and infectious disease control. It also discusses monitoring of reproductive performance, breeding recommendations, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to some common and specific problems. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Reproductive management in the cattery requires no specialised equipment, as such. What it does need is an open mind, in terms of seeing how things are done, an open ear, for listening to the breeder, and the veterinarian's clinical skills in palpation, auscultation and, where required, further examination of the animals. Keeping abreast of the latest information on infectious diseases, disinfection and genetics ensures proper advice is provided. EVIDENCE BASE Current knowledge of reproductive management in catteries is summarised in order to apply an evidence-based approach, whenever possible. Notwithstanding, much of the information remains empirical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Ferré-Dolcet L, Ferro S, Contiero B, Andretta F, Cattai A, Fontaine C, Romagnoli S. Resumption of ovarian activity following removal of a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant in queens. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 57:3-9. [PMID: 34610192 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deslorelin implants are widely used in felines. Due to their prolonged duration cat breeders frequently request early implant removal. The interval between deslorelin implant removal and resumption of ovarian function in queens is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interval between the removal of a deslorelin implant and the resumption of ovarian activity in adult queens. Twenty-three queens were treated with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant placed in the periumbilical area. In the 16 queens completing the study implants were surgically removed at 3, 6 or 9 months (n = 6, 4 and 6 queens, respectively). Queens received a GnRH stimulation test as part of their pre-treatment general and reproductive health check. Following implantation treatment, all queens in inter-oestrus-anoestrus at the time of treatment came in oestrus within 2-5 days. Starting 7-14 days following implant removal queens were checked every 1-2 weeks with reproductive ultrasonography, a vaginal smear and blood collection. The interval to resumption of ovarian function ranged from 3 to 7 weeks irrespective of treatment length and age of the queen but was longer when the implant was removed at decreasing photoperiod (p < .05). In conclusion, at least 3 weeks post-removal are needed during increasing photoperiod to achieve follicular development and oestrogen production sufficient to support oestrous behaviour in queens following removal of a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, while this time may increase up to 7 weeks during decreasing photoperiod. Further studies are needed to assess the interval between removal of a deslorelin implant and occurrence of ovulation as well as fertility at the first oestrus after a deslorelin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ferré-Dolcet
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - F Andretta
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Cattai
- Concordia Veterinary Clinic, Portogruaro, Italy
| | | | - S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Furthner E, Roos J, Niewiadomska Z, Maenhoudt C, Fontbonne A. Contraceptive implants used by cat breeders in France: a study of 140 purebred cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:984-992. [PMID: 32081074 PMCID: PMC10814395 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19901023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deslorelin 4.7 mg and melatonin 18 mg subcutaneous implants were studied in purebred male and female cats, via questionnaires sent to French cat breeders, to assess breed, age, duration of the contraceptive effect, fertility after use, changes in behaviour and side effects. METHODS Reproductive data were collected in 57 tom cats and 41 queens implanted with deslorelin 4.7 mg, and 42 queens implanted with melatonin 18 mg, for a total of 140 purebred cats, from 38 different catteries, representing 18 breeds. RESULTS Using deslorelin (Suprelorin 4.7 mg; Virbac), sexual behaviour in males was inhibited for a mean ± SD of 13.4 ± 3.2 (range 8-21) months in 37/57 cats. Of these, 24/37 mated successfully and produced litters at a mean of 15.5 ± 3.6 (range 9-20) months. Inhibition lasted 11 ± 1.1 (range 9-12; n = 6), 13.2 ± 2.4 (range 12-18; n = 6) and 15 ± 3.5 (range 9-18; n = 6) months in Norwegian Forest Cat, Singapura and Ragdoll males, respectively. In 26/41 females implanted with deslorelin 4.7 mg, oestrus was inhibited for a mean of 16.0 ± 5.7 (8-38) months; 12/26 went on to produce a litter. Of the side effects specific to females: two presented persistent oestrus, leading to the removal of the implant; two developed lactation; one had fibroadenomatosis; and one was sterilised owing to cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Using melatonin (Melovine 18 mg; Ceva), 33/42 females had oestrus inhibited for a mean of 86 ± 50 (range 21-277) days after implantation with a peak return to oestrus in March, and 12/33 had a subsequent litter. No side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study is the first to collect a large amount of field data, in 140 purebred male and female cats where a deslorelin 4.7 mg or a melatonin 18 mg implant was used. These field results may allow for more accurate clinical advice and open up new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Furthner
- Clinic for Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Roos
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cindy Maenhoudt
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Alain Fontbonne
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
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Cecchetto M, Gelli D, Ferré-Dolcet L, Martin A, Falomo ME, Romagnoli S. Pregnancy in a Female Ferret Following Treatment with a Deslorelin Implant: A Case Report. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Keller SR, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Sprenger N, Austin SC, Wichert BAC, Liesegang A, Oei CHY, Balogh O, Reichler IM. Effect of metoclopramide treatment of bitches during the first week of lactation on serum prolactin concentration, milk composition, and milk yield and on weight gain of their puppies. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:233-241. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Keiser R, Reichler IM, Balogh O. Are foetal ultrasonographic and maternal blood progesterone measurements near parturition reliable predictors of the time of birth in the domestic cat? Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:487-494. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Keiser
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - IM Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - O Balogh
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Goericke-Pesch S. Long-term effects of GnRH agonists on fertility and behaviour. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:336-347. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Goericke-Pesch
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics; Department Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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Kubiak M, Saunders R. Use of deslorelin implants for contraception in slender tailed meerkats (
Suricata suricatta
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubiak
- Zoo and Exotic Animal departmentManor VetsBirminghamW MidsUK
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Fontaine C. Long-term contraception in a small implant: A review of Suprelorin (deslorelin) studies in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 17:766-71. [PMID: 26323800 PMCID: PMC5117121 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15594990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Deslorelin (Suprelorin®; Virbac) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist licensed in select countries for the long-term suppression of fertility in adult male dogs and male ferrets. This article summarizes studies investigating the use of deslorelin implants for the long-term suppression of fertility in male and female domestic cats. Evidence base: Slow-release deslorelin implants have been shown to generate effective, safe and reversible long-term contraception in male and female cats. In pubertal cats, a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant suppressed steroid sex hormones for an average of approximately 20 months (range 15–25 months) in males and an average of approximately 24 months (range 16–37 months) in females. Reversibility has been demonstrated by fertile matings approximately 2 years post-treatment in both male and female adult cats. In prepubertal female cats of approximately 4 months of age, puberty was postponed to an average of approximately 10 months of age (range 6–15 months) by a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant. Challenges: The large variability in the duration of suppression of gonadal activity makes the definition of the optimal time for reimplantation quite challenging. In addition, the temporary stimulation phase occurring in the weeks following deslorelin implantation can induce in adult female cats a fertile estrus that needs to be managed to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Longer duration and larger scale controlled field studies implementing blinding, a negative control group and a carefully controlled randomization to each group are needed. Furthermore, the effects of repeated treatment need to be investigated. Finally, the effect of treatment on growth and bone quality of prepubertal cats needs to be assessed. However, the ease of use, long-lasting effects and reversibility of deslorelin implants are strong positive points supporting their use for controlling feline reproduction.
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Goericke-Pesch S, Wehrend A, Georgiev P. Suppression of Fertility in Adult Cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 2:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Goericke-Pesch
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; Section of Veterinary Reproduction; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
| | - P Georgiev
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders of Veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
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