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Uno Y, Yaguchi M, Kobayashi T, Onozawa E, Ochiai K, Yoshida K, Nakamura C, Udagawa C, Omi T. Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization for Incompatible Cross-Match Cases in the Feline AB Blood Group System. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:720445. [PMID: 34589535 PMCID: PMC8473794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.720445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline AB blood group system (blood types A, B, and AB) encoding the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene is the most significant in transfusion medicine and hemolysis of the newborn for cats. Blood typing and cross-matching in pre-transfusion testing are crucial to determining blood compatibility and thus prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions. We here performed serological and genetic investigations to characterize blood samples from cats with discordant results for card agglutination (CARD) and the alloantibody agglutination test for blood typing in two cats (subjects K and R). Subject K showed incompatible cross-matching in pre-transfusion testing. Red blood cells from subjects K and R determined blood type B from the CARD method showed blood type AB by alloanti-A and alloanti-B antibodies in agglutination testing. Genomic DNA sequencing of the coding region (exons 1a to 14) for the cat CMAH gene showed that subject K had four mutations with heterozygosity at c.139C>T, c.179G>T, c.327A>C, and c.364C>T. Similarly, the CMAH gene of subject R carried six mutations with heterozygosity at c.142G>A, c.187A>G, c.268T>A, c.327A>C, c.773G>A and c.1603G>A, representing a new diplotype including a novel synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 7 (c.773 G>A: Arg258Gln). The CMAH diplotype in subjects K and R was different from major diplotype in blood type B cats. This study is the first to report CMAH variants in cats with discordant blood types between CARD and TUBE methods. These results could assist in the classification of feline AB blood types for transfusion medicine to avoid blood incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Uno
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Yaguchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Eri Onozawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Yoshida
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Udagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Taylor S, Spada E, Callan MB, Korman R, Leister E, Steagall P, Lobetti R, Seth M, Tasker S. 2021 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Collection and Administration of Blood and Blood Products in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:410-432. [PMID: 33896248 PMCID: PMC10741281 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Blood and blood products are increasingly available for practitioners to use in the management of haematological conditions, and can be lifesaving and therapeutically useful for patients with anaemia and/or coagulopathies. It is important for feline healthcare that donors are selected appropriately, and transfusions of blood or blood products are given to recipients that will benefit from them. Complications can occur, but can be largely avoided with careful donor management and recipient selection, understanding of blood type compatibility, and transfusion monitoring. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline blood transfusion, while potentially a lifesaving procedure, can also be detrimental to donor and recipient without precautions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to red cell antigens and severe reactions can occur with type-mismatched transfusions. Blood transfusions can also transmit infectious agents to the recipient, so donor testing is essential. Finally, donors must be in good health, and sedated as appropriate, with blood collected in a safe and sterile fashion to optimise the benefit to recipients. Transfusion reactions are possible and can be mild to severe in nature. Autologous blood transfusions and xenotransfusions may be considered in certain situations. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of authors convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), based on available literature. They are aimed at general practitioners to provide a practical guide to blood typing, cross-matching, and blood collection and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory
(REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan,
Italy
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
USA
| | - Rachel Korman
- Cat Specialist Services, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Ellie Leister
- Pet Intensive Care Unit, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Paulo Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of
Bristol, Langford, UK; and Linnaeus Group, Shirley, UK
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Comparison of Conventional Tube and Gel-Based Agglutination Tests for AB System Blood Typing in Cat. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:312. [PMID: 32656250 PMCID: PMC7324631 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel technology is widely used for blood typing in human medicine. It has a number of advantages over routine tube testing, including standardization, stability, smaller sample volume, ease of performance and analysis, and speed. The aim of this study was to evaluate feline blood typing using the gel column technique. TUBE agglutination typing was performed in 143 feline blood samples from blood donors and recipients, healthy and sick patients, and whole-blood units anticoagulated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or citrate phosphate dextrose adenine. Plasma from type B cats was used as anti-A reagent, Triticum vulgaris lectin as anti-B reagent, and the control was saline solution. Agglutination in backtyping of types B and AB samples with type A red blood cells (RBCs) was used to confirm whether the samples were type B (presence of alloantibodies) or type AB (absence of alloantibodies). Blood typing in a neutral gel column technique (GEL) using the same anti-A and anti-B reagents was performed on duplicate samples. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, overall accuracy, and Cohen κ coefficient (κ) for GEL were calculated, with TUBE considered the gold standard technique. Of 143 samples typed with TUBE, 98 (68.5%) were type A, 25 (17.5%,) type B, and 20 (14.0%) type AB. Backtyping confirmed the categorization of all types B and AB samples. Of these samples, gel testing produced 115 (80.4%) concordant results; a mixed-field agglutination pattern (layers of RBCs at both the top and at the bottom of the gel in either the A or B gel column) was seen in 27 samples, and one type B sample was misidentified as type AB. If the mixed-field pattern was interpreted as a negative result, 141/143 (98.6%) samples showed concordant results with an overall accuracy of the GEL of 100.0% for type A, 98.9% for type B, and 99.1% for type AB. Strength of agreement was very good (κ = 0.97). When the same anti-A and anti-B reagents are used, GEL is a sensitive and specific method for blood typing feline samples. Until additional studies have been performed, mixed-field patterns obtained in GEL testing should be classified as negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Koenig A, Maglaras CH, Giger U. Acute hemolytic reaction due to A-B mismatched transfusion in a cat with transient AB blood type. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:325-330. [PMID: 32141165 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document a case of transient AB blood type indicated by immunochromatography in a type B cat following administration of an incompatible type A transfusion. CASE SUMMARY A 7-month-old neutered male domestic longhair cat was evaluted for anemia, pigmenturia, and intravascular hemolysis 1 day after receiving a feline whole blood transfusion. Neither blood donor nor patient had been blood-typed or crossmatched. The cat presented in shock with a severe non-regenerative anemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and a positive saline slide agglutination test. Immunochromatographic blood typing tests initially indicated the cat had type AB blood, but crossmatch tests with blood from type A and type B donors suggested that the cat was type B. The cat was transfused with type B packed red blood cells without apparent complications and clinically improved. The cat's blood type reverted to type B once all the previously transfused type A cells were cleared from circulation. Furthermore, the original donor was subsequently identified as a Siamese cat and confirmed to have type A blood. While the cause of the original anemia remained unknown, the cat completely recovered and regained a normal hematocrit. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first documented report of transient AB blood type diagnosed using immunochromatography after a transfusion mismatch and shows the utility of crossmatching or back-typing to identify the cat's correct blood type during the hemolytic transfusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Koenig
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Christina H Maglaras
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Hoareau GL, Goy-Thollot I. Assessment of risks of feline mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis in the Lyon (France) area. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919863175. [PMID: 31384478 PMCID: PMC6651689 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919863175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to update the prevalence of different feline blood types in the Lyon (France) area, as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion (MT) and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens with parents of unknown blood type. Methods Blood samples were obtained from blood donor cats and cats admitted to an intensive care unit in Lyon. AB blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic strip. The risk of MT was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of NI was estimated according the equation (p²)(q²) + 2pq(q²), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 - q. The results were analysed by absolute and relative frequency analysis and multivariate analysis. Results The cohort study population included 320 non-pedigree cats and 37 pedigree cats. The prevalence of blood types A, B and AB was 84.3%, 14.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Considering non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of types A, B and AB was 83.7%, 14.4% and 1.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences of blood type distribution by sex (P = 0.73) or by breed (P = 0.90). Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in non-pedigree cats were 24.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance The prevalence of type B cats is high in the Lyon area and associated with high risks of MT and NI. These results confirm the importance of performing blood typing prior to any blood transfusion or mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nectoux
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Guillaume L Hoareau
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Goy-Thollot I, Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Chaprier B, Bourgeois S, Boisvineau C, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Giger U. Detection of naturally occurring alloantibody by an in-clinic antiglobulin-enhanced and standard crossmatch gel column test in non-transfused domestic shorthair cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:588-595. [PMID: 30557453 PMCID: PMC6430866 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood typing for the A and B antigens is essential and crossmatching testing is generally recommended before transfusing blood to cats. Objective To evaluate 2 crossmatch (XM) tests. Animals Forty‐nine healthy domestic shorthair cats that had not received a blood transfusion. Methods Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for AB using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A gel column (GC) and a feline antiglobulin‐enhanced gel column (AGC) XM tests were used for crossmatching. Results The population included 34 type A, 13 B, and 2 AB cats, with concordant results (r = 1, P < .005) by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strip kit. The plasma from type A cats had either no or weak anti‐B alloantibodies. The plasma of 12 of 13 type B cats contained strong anti‐A alloantibodies. For crossmatching, plasma to RBC pairings were prepared using the GC (n = 446) and AGC (n = 630) tests. Both methods showed compatibilities in 329 and incompatibilities in 102 pairings including all A‐B mismatches. Additionally 15 pairings showed agglutination by the AGC but not GC method. Fourteen incompatibilities outside the expected A‐B mismatches were only revealed by AGC. Conclusions and Clinical Importance AB typing using immunochromatographic strip is as accurate as laboratory flow cytometry. The 2 XM methods had good agreement with additional incompatibilities being recognized by the AGC XM beyond A‐B incompatibilities. In clinic, feline AB typing and sensitive XM test kits are available and recommended before each transfusion, although the clinical implications of incompatible XM test results and clinical benefits of such crossmatching have not been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Nectoux
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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McClosky ME, Cimino Brown D, Weinstein NM, Chappini N, Taney MT, Marryott K, Callan MB. Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1934-1942. [PMID: 30307648 PMCID: PMC6271279 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the feline red blood cell (RBC) antigen Mik and the presence of naturally occurring anti-Mik antibodies resulting in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions prompted the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before a cat's first RBC transfusion, but this guideline has not yet become a standard practice. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB alloantibodies detectable by tube crossmatch, and to compare transfusion outcomes in cats with and without a crossmatch performed. ANIMALS Three hundred cats that received an RBC transfusion, with or without a major crossmatch performed. METHODS Retrospective study. RESULTS Major crossmatch incompatibilities were documented in 23 of 154 transfusion-naive cats (14.9%) and in 15 of 55 previously transfused cats (27%; P = 0.042). Type-specific packed RBCs (pRBCs) were administered to 167 and 82 cats with and without a crossmatch, respectively. Median volume of pRBCs administered during the first transfusion was 5.3 mL/kg (range, 2.4-18 mL/kg). Median change in PCV scaled to dose of pRBCs was +0.8%/mL/kg; administration of crossmatch-compatible pRBCs was not associated with a greater increase in PCV. Febrile transfusion reactions occurred more often in cats that received non-crossmatched (10.1%) compared to crossmatched (2.5%) pRBCs (P = 0.022). Seventy-six percent of cats that received pRBC transfusions survived to hospital discharge. A crossmatch was not associated with improved survival to discharge or at 30 or 60 days posttransfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB incompatibilities is sufficiently high to justify the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. McClosky
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Dorothy Cimino Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Nicole M. Weinstein
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Nicole Chappini
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Michael T. Taney
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Marryott
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Hourani L, Weingart C, Kohn B. Alloimmunisation in transfused patients: serial cross-matching in a population of hospitalised cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1231-1237. [PMID: 28102730 PMCID: PMC11104176 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16688574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Cross-matching is currently recommended as part of pre-transfusion testing for repeat transfusions in cats 4 days after having received an initial transfusion. This prospective study determined when and if cats developed positive cross-match (CM) results after having been transfused with AB-compatible blood. Methods Donors were selected according to standard transfusion safety protocols. Twenty-one hospitalised anaemic recipients (blood type A: n = 20; blood type B: n = 1) received 1-4 (median 2) whole blood transfusions (WBTs) over 1-6 days (median 2) in 33 transfusion instances. The tube CM method, including major, minor and recipient control, was employed. Macroscopic and microscopic agglutination reactions were evaluated according to a predetermined scale. CM tests with a positive recipient control could not be evaluated. Results No signs of an acute transfusion reaction were observed. A total of 63 CMs were performed. In one cat with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia the CM could not be evaluated (positive recipient control). The minor CM was negative in all cases. Fifteen of 20 cats had a negative major CM (MCM) 1-12 days (median 5) after their first transfusion. A positive MCM was observed in five cases after 2-10 days (median 5) post-first WBT. These five cats had received a total of 1-4 (median 2) WBTs. Cats with a negative MCM had received 1-3 (median 2) WBTs. In 51.5% (17/33) of transfusion instances, the cat's haematocrit increased as expected, with cats with a positive MCM at 40% (4/10) vs 56.5% (13/23) if MCM was negative. Conclusions and relevance Twenty-five percent (5/20) of the feline recipients likely developed alloantibodies against erythrocyte antigens outside of the AB system as early as 2 days post-first WBT. This adds data to the recommendation to include cross-matching in pre-transfusion screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Hourani
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Weingart
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Thengchaisri N, Sinthusingha C, Arthitwong S, Sattasathuchana P. Comparative serological investigation between cat and tiger blood for transfusion. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1081-1085. [PMID: 28450662 PMCID: PMC5487787 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that non-domesticated felids inherited the same AB-erythrocyte antigens
as domestic cats. To study the possible compatibility of tiger blood with that of other
endangered felidae, blood samples from captive tigers and domestic cats were subjected to
an in vitro study. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify
whether the captive tigers had blood type AB and (2) determine the compatibility between
the blood of captive tigers and that of domestic cats with a similar blood type. The
anti-coagulated blood with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid of 30 tigers was examined to
determine blood type, and a crossmatching test was performed between tiger and cat blood.
All 30 tigers had blood type A. Tube agglutination tests using tiger plasma with cat
erythrocytes resulted in 100% agglutination (n=30) with type B cat erythrocytes and 76.7%
agglutination (n=23) with type A cat erythrocytes. The 80% of major and 60% of minor
compatibilities between blood from 10 tigers and 10 domestic cats with blood type A were
found to pass compatibility tests. Interestingly, 3/10 of the tigers’ red blood cell
samples were fully compatible with all cat plasmas, and 1/10 of the tiger plasma samples
were fully compatible with the type A red cells of domestic cats. Although the result of
present findings revealed type-A blood group in the surveyed tigers, the reaction of tiger
plasma with Type-A red cell from cats suggested a possibility of other blood type in
tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chayakrit Sinthusingha
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Surapong Arthitwong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Euler CC, Raj K, Mizukami K, Murray L, Chen CY, Mackin A, Giger U. Xenotransfusion of anemic cats with blood compatibility issues: pre- and posttransfusion laboratory diagnostic and crossmatching studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:244-53. [PMID: 27243621 PMCID: PMC4907801 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding compatible feline blood donors can be challenging. Canine blood has been occasionally used when compatible feline blood was not available in emergency situations. OBJECTIVES The study goals were to describe the effects of xenotransfusion in 2 anemic cats receiving canine blood because of discordant blood types and acute transfusion reaction, respectively, and to report in vitro heterotyping and crossmatching results between canine and feline blood samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from patients and other cats and dogs were typed, crossmatched, and assessed for alloantibodies using gel, card, and immunochromatographic strip techniques. RESULTS Cat 1 was found to have type AB blood. Cat 2, which experienced an acute transfusion reaction, had type A blood. Neither had detectable alloantibodies against feline RBC. Both cats transiently improved after transfusion with canine blood; however, acute intravascular hemolysis occurred and the PCV rapidly declined. Blood typing post xenotransfusion with DEA 1 strips revealed a positive control band that was absent in feline blood, thus allowing for the identification of transfused canine RBC. Longitudinal assessment revealed that canine RBC could no longer be detected 4 days after xenotransfusion. Major crossmatching (feline plasma with canine RBC) resulted in both positive and negative reactions, depending on the cat. Minor crossmatching results showed mostly incompatibility. CONCLUSION While both cats survived xenotransfusion, the positive control band on the DEA 1 strip revealed that transfused canine RBC were short-lived and intravascular hemolysis occurred. Crossmatch results between cats and dogs showed varied incompatibilities and may not predict transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Euler
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Chi-Ya Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Andrew Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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