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Choi Y, Pilton J, Foo T, Malik R, Haase B. Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:401-410. [PMID: 34488232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to create a feline reference database for the length, width and slenderness (length to width ratio) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius and tibia. STUDY DESIGN Radiographs of the radius, tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus were performed in domestic short hair cat cadavers (n = 40). Length and width of the aforementioned bones were measured in mature domestic shorthair cats and bone slenderness (length/width) and index ratios calculated. RESULTS A significant skeletal sex dimorphism exists in cats, with bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius and tibia generally longer and wider in male cats compared with female cats, with differences frequently significant. The most significant difference was identified for the width of Mc5 (p = 0.0008) and the length and width of Mt5 (p = 0.0005). Index ratios for length and width of radius to metacarpal bones, and tibia to metatarsal bones, were not significantly different between male and female cats, except for Mc5. The index ratio for Mc5 was significantly higher in male cats (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The present study provides insights into the normal length and width of distal forelimb and hind limb bones as well as bone index ratios in mature domestic shorthair cats. Using this information, it is now possible to quantitatively assess the relationship between these bones in domestic cats using radiography. This will assist not only with the diagnosis and categorization of skeletal abnormalities but can also guide surgical interventions of metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsir Choi
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna Pilton
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Foo
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hamelin A, Conchou F, Fusellier M, Duchenij B, Vieira I, Filhol E, Dufaure de Citres C, Tiret L, Gache V, Abitbol M. Genetic heterogeneity of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1103-1113. [PMID: 32067556 PMCID: PMC10814362 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20905061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polydactyly has been described in two breeds of domestic cats (Maine Coon and Pixie Bob) and in some outbred domestic cats (eg, Hemingway cats). In most cases, feline polydactyly is a non-syndromic preaxial polydactyly. Three variants located in a regulatory sequence involved in limb development, named ZRS (zone of polarising activity regulatory sequence), have been identified to be responsible for feline polydactyly. These variants have been found in outbred domestic cats in the UK (UK1 and UK2 variants) and in Hemingway cats in the USA (Hw variant). The aim of this study was to characterise the genetic features of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. METHODS Genotyping assay was used to identify the variant(s) segregating in a cohort of 75 polydactyl and non-polydactyl Maine Coon cats from different breeding lines from Europe, Canada and the USA. The authors performed a segregation analysis to identify the inheritance pattern of polydactyly in this cohort and analysed the population structure. RESULTS The Hw allele was identified in a subset of polydactyl cats. Sequencing of two regulatory sequences involved in limb development did not reveal any other variant in polydactyl cats lacking the Hw allele. Additionally, genotype-phenotype and segregation analyses revealed the peculiar inheritance pattern of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. The population structure analysis demonstrated a genetic distinction between Hw and Hw-free polydactyl cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Polydactyly in Maine Coon cats is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, and this trait is characterised by genetic heterogeneity in the Maine Coon breed. Maine Coon breeders should be aware of this situation and adapt their breeding practices accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hamelin
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Fabrice Conchou
- Unit of Medical Imaging, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- National Veterinary School of Nantes, Oniris, Atlanpole, La Chantrerie, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Emilie Filhol
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | | | - Laurent Tiret
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- U955 – IMRB, Team 10 – Biology of the Neuromuscular System, INSERM, UPEC, EFS, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- NeuroMyoGène Institute, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculty of Medicine, Rockefeller, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Abitbol
- NeuroMyoGène Institute, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculty of Medicine, Rockefeller, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
- VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, France
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Warburton NM, Cake MA, Kelman KR. Extreme bilateral polydactyly in a wild-caught western grey kangaroo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1361-1374. [PMID: 33034115 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polydactyly is a congenital malformation resulting from an autosomal dominant mutation manifesting as supernumerary digits of the hands or feet. It is most commonly reported in humans and domestic mammals, though there have also been isolated examples across a range of wild vertebrate species. Here we report a case of extremely unusual bilateral preaxial polydactyly on the pectoral limbs of a male western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) from the South West region of Western Australia, in which two supernumerary digits were present on each manus. A supernumerary digit I on each manus was rudimentary in morphology without extrinsic muscular connections. However, supernumerary digit II present on each manus had fully developed extrinsic and intrinsic muscular connections, suggesting that these digits possessed normal function in flexion and extension. An alternative hypothesis is that the two supernumerary digits are both representatives of the most radial digit I, though this would then require the true digit I to have taken on the appearance of digit II by acquiring an additional phalanx and modified muscular attachments. The carpal bones exhibited a number of subtle differences in morphology when compared to normal pentadactyl individuals. The presence of a distal, rather than proximal, epiphysis on the first metacarpal was unexpected but further investigation suggested that this characteristic is perhaps more variable (in this species at least) than has been previously recognized. This case provides an unusual example to be considered within the broader context of limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Warburton
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin A Cake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Khama R Kelman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Arellano-García ME, Izaguirre-Pérez ME, Molina-Noyola LD, Castañeda-Yslas IY, Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Torres-Bugarín O. Genetic Instability of a Polydactyl Hypopigmented Cat With Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:258. [PMID: 32528983 PMCID: PMC7247834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly, hypopigmentation, and squamous cell carcinoma are common in cats. However, a cat exhibiting all of these conditions has not yet been reported. This study presents the case of a 14- year-old male Mexican cat, hypopigmented, with supernumerary fingers, two preaxial and one on each posterior limb, admitted to the clinic with a lesion in the left periocular region. The cat was subjected to a general physical examination, blood, and urine chemistry, as well as a biopsy and genomic instability assessment with an analysis of the red blood cells (RBC) micronucleated erythrocytes (RBC-MNE) in the peripheral blood. The biopsy was positive for squamous cell carcinoma, and the RBC-MNE count (8.6 MNE/1000 erythrocytes) was high compared to that previously described in other domestic cats or wild cats. Thus, the genomic instability of the RBC-MNE could be used as an indicator to identify clinical conditions of felines, particularly those with one of the characteristics exhibited by this Mexican cat. The RBC-MNE test is the most widely used in the world for the evaluation of DNA damage, but to our knowledge, it has not been used to identify vulnerable non-human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Evarista Arellano-García
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | | | - Idalia Yazmín Castañeda-Yslas
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Olivia Torres-Bugarín
- Programa Internacional de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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