1
|
Zdun M, Butkiewicz AF, Zawadzki M. The Arteries of the Encephalon Base in Caracal ( Caracal caracal; Felidae; Carnivora). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3780. [PMID: 38136817 PMCID: PMC10741137 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study represents the comprehensive anatomical analysis of the arterial circulation at the base of the encephalon in caracal (Caracal caracal), a member of the Felidae family. Caracals are found in various environments in Africa and Asia, and their conservation status is threatened by hunting and habitat loss. This study was conducted on 14 post-mortem specimens obtained from zoos. Three different methods were used to prepare the specimens-corrosive preparation, latex specimen preparation, and computer tomography imaging. This study revealed a configuration of the arterial circulation in the caracal encephalon resembling the shape of the number eight. The presence of the rostral communicating artery in this species is of particular significance, as it is associated with an increased ability to detect dehydration in the forebrain. This adaptation plays a crucial role in responding to challenges related to hydration. Comparative anatomical analysis with other felids highlighted differences in the shape and configuration of the encephalon's arterial circulation. This study also discussed the obliteration of the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery in adult caracals, a feature shared with other Felidae members. The results of this study provide valuable information regarding the anatomy of blood vessels in caracals, with potential implications for veterinary practice in zoos and wildlife conservation efforts. This research expands our knowledge of this species' unique adaptations and physiological processes, contributing to the development of comparative anatomy in the Felidae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Zdun
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.F.B.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksander F. Butkiewicz
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.F.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.F.B.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
von Hekkel AF, Watton T, Fenn J, Phillips A. Successful Nonsurgical Management of a Traumatic Dens Fracture in a Cat with Clinical and Radiographic Resolution. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An adult domestic shorthair presented with obtundation, vestibular ataxia, head tilt, and visible evidence of facial injury following motor vehicle trauma. Plain radiographs and computed tomography imaging revealed a complete minimally displaced transverse fracture of the caudal aspect of the dens of the C2 vertebra and multiple minimally displaced cranial fractures. The dens fracture was managed with 8 wk of strict rest, followed by 4 wk of supervised activity at home. No external immobilization was performed. Neurological examinations at 8 days, 10 wk, and 9 mo following initial presentation were normal. Repeat radiographic and computed tomography examinations at 10 wk and 9 mo following the traumatic event demonstrated progressive and eventual complete osseous union of the fractured dens. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of successful nonsurgical management of a traumatic dens fracture in an adult cat with documented radiographic and clinical resolution. This report suggests that nonsurgical management can be considered in such cats and that complete resolution with osseous union is feasible.
Collapse
|
3
|
de Morais-Pinto L, da Veiga ML, Almeida da Anunciação AR. Central nervous system development of cats (Felis catus L. 1758). Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:81-94. [PMID: 34700148 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The morphological similarities of vertebrates' embryonic development are used as a criterion for choosing animal models that can be used in biomedical research. This study describes the embryonic and fetal development of the domestic cat's central nervous system from 15 days after conception until birth. In total, fifty-seven samples of embryos and fetuses were carefully dissected and analyzed microscopically. The closure of the neural tube was observed between 14-15th days of gestation. The differentiation of the primordial cerebral vesicles was observed from the 17th day of gestation. On the 19th day of gestation, the formation of the choroid plexus began, and on the 20th day of gestation, the brain and brainstem were well-identified macroscopically. On the 24th day of gestation, four layers of cells from the cerebral cortex were described, and on the 60th day, six layers of cells were present. The cerebellar cortex had the three classic cortical layers at this stage. The morphological aspects of embryonic and fetal development in cats were very similar to the stages of development of the human nervous system. As such, this study provided relevant information that highlights the domestic cat as an animal model option for preclinical research on infectious and non-infectious neurological diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Laboratório de Design Anatômico/LabDA, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Leite da Veiga
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Experimental e Comparada/LABITEX, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hecht S, Anderson KM, Castel A, Griffin JF, Hespel AM, Nelson N, Sun X. Agreement of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Computed Tomography in the Assessment for Acute Skull Fractures in a Canine and Feline Cadaver Model. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:603775. [PMID: 33969028 PMCID: PMC8100023 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients with acute head trauma. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be chosen in select cases. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agreement of MRI with CT in the assessment for presence or absence of acute skull fractures in a canine and feline cadaver model, compare seven different MRI sequences (T1-W, T2-W, T2-FLAIR, PD-W, T2*-W, “SPACE” and “VIBE”), and determine agreement of four different MRI readers with CT data. Pre- and post-trauma CT and MRI studies were performed on 10 canine and 10 feline cadaver heads. Agreement of MRI with CT as to presence or absence of a fracture was determined for 26 individual osseous structures and four anatomic regions (cranium, face, skull base, temporomandibular joint). Overall, there was 93.5% agreement in assessing a fracture as present or absent between MRI and CT, with a significant difference between the pre and post trauma studies (99.4 vs. 87.6%; p < 0.0001; OR 0.042; 95% CI 0.034–0.052). There was no significant difference between dogs and cats. The agreement for the different MRI sequences with CT ranged from 92.6% (T2*-W) to 94.4% (PD-W). There was higher agreement of MRI with CT in the evaluation for fractures of the face than other anatomic regions. Agreement with CT for individual MRI readers ranged from 92.6 to 94.7%. A PD-W sequence should be added to the MR protocol when evaluating the small animal head trauma patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly M Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Aude Castel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nathan Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mann O, Peery D, Bader Segev R, Klainbart S, Kelmer E, Sobarzo A, Shub V, Rapoport K, Shamir MH, Chai O. CT findings and the prognostic value of the Koret CT score in cats with traumatic brain injury. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 24:91-97. [PMID: 33847537 PMCID: PMC8807991 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211005306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate associations between abnormal head CT findings and outcome, and to examine the prognostic value of the Koret CT score (KCTS) in cats sustaining acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS The medical records of cats hospitalised with TBI that underwent head CT scans within 72 h of admission were retrospectively reviewed. CT scans were evaluated independently by a radiologist and a neurologist who were blinded to the outcome. A KCTS and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) were assigned to each cat and the association between abnormal CT findings, KCTS, MGCS and outcome were analysed. RESULTS Fourteen cats were included in the study: nine (64.2%) survivors and five (35.7%) non-survivors. Of the nine cats that were discharged, one was a short-term survivor (10 days) and eight (57.1%) were long-term survivors (⩾6 months). Abnormal CT findings included lateral ventricle asymmetry/midline shift (42.8%), intracranial haemorrhage (35.7%), caudotentorial lesions (14.2%) and cranial vault fractures (14.2%), all of which were depressed. Intracranial haemorrhage was found to be significantly and negatively associated with short-term (P = 0.005) and long-term (P = 0.023) survival. KCTS was significantly associated with short-term survival (P = 0.002) and long-term survival (P = 0.004). A KCTS cut-off value of 2 yielded a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for short-term survival and 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for long-term survival. A MGCS cut-off value of ⩾13 was associated with a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for short-term survival, and with a 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE KCTS, performed up to 72 h from injury, can be used as an additional diagnostic tool for the prediction of survival in cats with TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Mann
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Peery
- Department of Radiology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronnie Bader Segev
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pre-Clinical Research Center, Health Faculty, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Shub
- Emergency and Specialist Veterinary Center, Ben-Shemen Youth Village, Israel
| | - Kira Rapoport
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav H Shamir
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wyatt S, Llabres-Diaz F, Lee CY, Beltran E. Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:181-189. [PMID: 33241888 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is associated with a high risk of mortality in veterinary patients, however publications describing valid prognostic indicators are currently lacking. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine whether early CT findings are associated with short-term prognosis following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in dogs. An electronic database was searched for dogs with TBI that underwent CT within 72 h of injury; 40 dogs met the inclusion criteria. CT findings were graded based on a Modified Advanced Imaging System (MAIS) from grade I (normal brain parenchyma) to VI (bilateral lesions affecting the brainstem with or without any foregoing lesions of lesser grades). Other imaging features recorded included presence of midline shift, intracranial hemorrhage, brain herniation, skull fractures, and percentage of total brain parenchyma affected. Outcome measures included survival to discharge and occurrence of immediate onset posttraumatic seizures. Thirty dogs (75%) survived to discharge. Seven dogs (17.5%) suffered posttraumatic seizures. There was no association between survival to discharge and posttraumatic seizures. No imaging features evaluated were associated with the study outcome measures. Therefore, the current study failed to identify any early CT imaging features with prognostic significance in canine TBI patients. Limitations associated with CT may preclude its use for prognostication; however, modifications to the current MAIS and evaluation in a larger study population may yield more useful results. Despite this, CT is a valuable tool in the detection of structural abnormalities following TBI in dogs that warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wyatt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Francisco Llabres-Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Chae Youn Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|