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Theyse LFH, Mazur EM. Osteoarthritis, adipokines and the translational research potential in small animal patients. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1193702. [PMID: 38831954 PMCID: PMC11144893 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1193702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoartritis (OA) is a debilitating disease affecting both humans and animals. In the early stages, OA is characterized by damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and apoptosis and depletion of chondrocytes. OA progression is characterized by hyaline cartilage loss, chondrophyte and osteophyte formation, thickening of the joint capsule and function loss in the later stages. As the regenerative potential of cartilage is very limited and osteoarthritic changes are irreversible, prevention of OA, modulation of existing osteoarthritic joint inflammation, reducing joint pain and supporting joint function are the only options. Progression of OA and pain may necessitate surgical intervention with joint replacement or arthrodesis as end-stage procedures. In human medicine, the role of adipokines in the development and progression of OA has received increasing interest. At present, the known adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, progranulin, chemerin, lipocalin-2, vaspin, omentin-1 and nesfatin. Adipokines have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in joint homeostasis by modulating anabolic and catabolic balance, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammatory responses. In small animals, in terms of dogs and cats, naturally occurring OA has been clearly demonstrated as a clinical problem. Similar to humans, the etiology of OA is multifactorial and has not been fully elucidated. Humans, dogs and cats share many joint related degenerative diseases leading to OA. In this review, joint homeostasis, OA, adipokines and the most common joint diseases in small animals leading to naturally occurring OA and their relation with adipokines are discussed. The purpose of this review is highlighting the translational potential of OA and adipokines research in small animal patients.
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Gadallah S, El-Sunsafty M, Sharshar A, Misk T, Fischer C, Jaehrig R, Feichtenschlager C, Kramer M, Hammad A. Short-term outcome after treatment of talocrural instability in cats using modified type II transarticular external skeletal fixation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7724. [PMID: 38565922 PMCID: PMC10987580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Transarticular external skeletal fixation (TESF) is repeatedly used for temporary stabilisation of tarsal joint in cats. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the use of temporary modified type II TESF for management of talocrural instability (TCI) in cats without joint arthrodesis and to rate short-term outcomes and complications. Medical records of all cats treated for TCI between January 2012 and December 2021 were reviewed. Information was collected including signalment, degree of lameness, type of TCI, accompanying soft tissue and bone injuries, and post-operative follow-up assessment including time of frame removal, complications, degree of lameness, range of joint motion and ankylosis. Surgical management didn't involve debridement of the articular cartilage. Eighty-five percent of cats had satisfactory joint stability at the time of frame removal. Eighteen cats exhibited minor complications, six cats had major complications, and 8 cats showed persistent lameness. All cats showed reduction of joint motion range by 20°-30° directly after frame removal while returned to normal in 79% of cats 4 weeks later. Variable degrees of joint ankylosis were reported. In conclusion, this study supports the use of temporary modified type II TESF for management of TCI in cats without joint involvement as an excellent alternative to tarsal arthrodesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaaban Gadallah
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sunsafty
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sharshar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Tarik Misk
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32511, Egypt
| | - Carolin Fischer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rodja Jaehrig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Feichtenschlager
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amal Hammad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32511, Egypt.
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Wong N, Yu J, McCracken BD. Novel prosthetic ligament repair of a shoulder luxation in a cat using a bone anchor and ligament prosthesis. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231180724. [PMID: 37529231 PMCID: PMC10387692 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231180724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old male castrated Ragdoll cat was presented for chronic shoulder instability after a previous medial luxation of the right shoulder. Upon examination, there was palpable instability of the glenohumeral joint and an increased abduction angle. Surgical stabilisation was elected due to lameness and instability after closed reduction, rest and medical management. A low-profile bone-anchor and a ligament prosthesis were used to stabilise the glenohumeral joint with minimal disruption to the cat's natural shoulder stabilisers. Clinical signs resolved after surgery and the cat remained non-symptomatic at the 12-month follow-up. Relevance and novel information Feline shoulder luxation is rarely described in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing stabilisation of the glenohumeral joint in a cat using a bone anchor and a ligament prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Wong
- McIvor Road Veterinary Centre, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Yu
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abibe RB, Rahal SC, dos Reis Mesquita L, Doiche D, da Silva JP, Mamprim MJ, Pinho RH, Battazza A, Alves CEF, Saunders WB. Ligamentum teres reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus tendon with toggle technique in rabbits. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14777. [PMID: 36987457 PMCID: PMC10040178 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ligamentum teres (LT) has traditionally been considered a vestigial or redundant structure in humans; however, based on new studies and the evolution of hip arthroscopy, the LT injury has been viewed as a source of hip pain. Therefore, LT reconstruction can be beneficial in some cases. Rabbits have been frequently used as a model for cranial cruciate ligament reconstruction but few studies are available for ligamentum teres reconstruction. Objective To evaluate the semitendinosus tendon to replace ligamentum teres with the toggle technique, using rabbits as an experimental model. Methods Twenty-six female Norfolk rabbits with approximately 3 months of age were divided into two equal groups after excision of ligamentum teres (LT) from the right hip joint: G1-no reconstruction of LT and capsulorrhaphy; G2-double-bundle reconstruction of the LT using semitendinosus tendon autograft. In both groups, the LT was removed from the right hip joint. In G2 the autograft was harvested from the left hind limb of the same rabbit. The rabbits were evaluated clinically at different time intervals; before surgery (M1), 48 h (M2), 15 days (M3), 30 days (M4) and 90 days (M5) after surgery. Results The rabbits supported their limbs on the ground in both the groups. As complications of the procedure, four hip joints showed subluxations in the radiographic evaluation of G1; three at M4 and one at M5. In G2; two luxations of hip joints at M3 and one subluxation at M4 were seen. On ultrasound, irregular articular surface was seen in 30.8% of the rabbits that had subluxation of hip joints. Gross evaluation identified tendon graft integrity in 76.92% of the rabbits. Histological analysis revealed graft adhesion to the bone in the early phase comprised of sharpey-like collagen fibers. Conclusion The double-bundle reconstruction of the LT using autologous semitendinosus tendon associated with the toggle rod shows an early phase of tendon graft ligamentization at 90 days post-operatively in young rabbits, but biomechanical bias suffered by the tendon during gait must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Bastos Abibe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila Canevese Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane dos Reis Mesquita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danuta Doiche
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeana Pereira da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Jaqueline Mamprim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Haddad Pinho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Battazza
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W. Brian Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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Martin ES, Foo T, Hosgood G, Moles AD. Stress radiographic assessment of collateral ligament constraints on the feline tarsocrural joint. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:65-77. [PMID: 36358003 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cadaveric study describes the collateral ligament constraints on the feline tarsocrural joint using stress radiography. METHODS Thirty-six feline cadaveric hindlimbs free of orthopaedic disease were placed in a custom-made jig and controlled stress radiography was performed before and after transection of one, or both collateral ligaments. Changes in varus and valgus deviation and pronation and supination were measured at three limb angles (extension, 120o flexion and 90o flexion). RESULTS There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of varus deviation after transection of the fibulocalcaneal ligament at all limb positions (extension: 41%, 120°: 78%, 90°: 63%). There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of varus deviation after transection of the fibulotalar ligament at extension (14%). There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of varus deviation after transection of both fibulocalcaneal and fibulotalar ligaments at all limb positions (extension: 58%, 120°: 67%, 90°: 67%), and in the mean angle of valgus deviation (100%) and supination (89%) at 90 degrees flexion. There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of valgus deviation after transection of the tibiocentral ligament at all limb positions (extension: mean 79%, 120°: 43%, 90°: 49%) and the mean angle of pronation at 120 degrees flexion (10%). There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of varus deviation after transection of the tibiotalar ligament at extension (11%) and at 90 degrees flexion (54%) and in the mean angle of pronation at all limb positions (extension: 11%, 120°: 19%, 90°: 32%). There was a significant positive percentage change in the mean angle of valgus deviation (extension: 255%, 120°: 172%, 90°: 176%) and pronation (extension: 58%, 120°: 134%, 90°: 76%) after transection of the tibiocentral and tibiotalar ligaments at all limb positions and in the mean angle of varus deviation at extension (13%) and 90 degrees flexion (69%). CONCLUSION The medial collateral ligaments prevent against excessive valgus deviation and pronation, and the lateral collateral ligaments prevent against excessive varus deviation and supination. At 90 degrees flexion subluxation of the talus occurs on the ipsilateral side of the ligament injury resulting in an additional direction of instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Martin
- Surgery Department, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty (where the research was conducted), Success, Australia
| | - T Foo
- Surgery Department, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty (where the research was conducted), Success, Australia
| | - G Hosgood
- Surgery Department, The Animal Hospital - Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - A D Moles
- Surgery Department, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty (where the research was conducted), Success, Australia
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Traumatic Coxofemoral Luxation in Cats Treated with Hip-Toggle Stabilization Using the Mini Tightrope® Fixation System. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 21 cats that underwent coxofemoral toggle stabilization using the Mini TightRope® Fixation System (mTR®). Data were compiled from client-owned cats with traumatic hip luxation. Each cat underwent the same protocol including orthopedic assessment, preoperative radiographic evaluation, surgical procedure, postoperative management and clinical re-examination at 14 days, 8 weeks and 12 months following surgery. Age, body weight, implants and osteoarthritis progression were recorded. A lameness score 0-4 was assigned to each cat. Pain upon hip extension was not quantified but as pain reaction or no pain reaction. Major complications and osteoarthritic (OA) changes were recorded. Osteoarthritic changes were classified on a 0-4 scale. Twenty-one cats were included in the study. Coxofemoral luxations were stabilized using a mTR®. At 8 weeks, weight bearing was considered normal (grade 0) in all cats and no pain reaction was elicited during hip extension. One year after surgery, orthopedic examination was within the normal limits and according to the owners, all animals exhibited a normal physical activity. No complications were recorded. Evidence of slight OA changes were observed in 5 out of 21 cats. The final outcome was considered excellent in 16/21 patients and good in 5/21 cats. The application of the mTR® system can be considered a suitable surgical treatment in cats affected by traumatic hip luxation.
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