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Chanachaivirada R, Chuammitri P, Lampa KN, Prachasilchai W, Sodarat C. Therapeutic Effects of Propionibacterium acnes and Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli in Cats with Feline Panleukopenia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:253. [PMID: 38922001 PMCID: PMC11209590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of inactivated Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli cells in cats affected by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). A retrospective study of 80 FPV-positive cats was divided into two groups: a treatment group receiving inactivated Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli cells along with supportive treatment and a no-treatment group receiving only supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in the total white blood cell counts between the two groups. However, the total white blood cell counts of both groups were low on day 0 and increased significantly on days 3 and 6 of treatment. Additionally, the white blood cell counts in the treatment group significantly increased during days 3 to 6 compared with those of the no-treatment group (p < 0.01). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the two groups. In a prospective study, the serum and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were measured in both groups. There were no significant differences in IgA levels between the two groups in either the serum or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanakhon Chanachaivirada
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Kannika Na Lampa
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Worapat Prachasilchai
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Chollada Sodarat
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
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Citarová A, Mojžišová J, Petroušková P, Pelegrinová A, Kostičák M, Korytár L, Prokeš M, Vojtek B, Ondrejková A, Drážovská M. Investigation of canine parvovirus occurrence in cats with clinical signs of feline panleukopenia in Slovakia - pilot study. J Vet Res 2024; 68:199-205. [PMID: 38947159 PMCID: PMC11210359 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline panleukopenia is a contagious viral disease caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). A closely related pathogen is canine parvovirus (CPV), and amino acid substitutions in this virus allow it to acquire a feline host range. In feline hosts, the disease induced by CPV manifests with similar symptoms to those caused by FPV or milder ones, leading to its underdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of CPV type 2 (CPV-2) in cats with clinical symptoms of panleukopenia and to assess the use of commercial CPV antigen tests for the clinical diagnosis of FPV. Material and Methods Samples from 59 cats from central Slovakia were included in the study. Rectal swabs were collected and clinically tested for parvovirus infection using a commercial antigen test. Antigen-positive samples were confirmed by PCR targeting the viral VP2 gene. The sequences of the PCR products were established with the Sanger method. Results Of 59 samples, 23 were revealed to be positive for parvovirus infection by both antigen and PCR test (38.9%). Analysis with the National Center for Biotechnology Information BLASTn application showed 99.78-100% pairwise identity with FPV. The mortality rate of parvovirus-infected cats included in this study was 8.69% (2/23). Conclusion Although feline disease with CPV-2 was not confirmed, the CPV antigen test was able to detect FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Citarová
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Mojžišová
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Pelegrinová
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Maroš Kostičák
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L’uboš Korytár
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marián Prokeš
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Boris Vojtek
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Ondrejková
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Drážovská
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81Košice, Slovak Republic
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He M, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Long F, Yin Y, Li Z. One-step triplex TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of feline coronavirus, feline panleukopenia virus, and feline leukemia virus. Vet World 2024; 17:946-955. [PMID: 38911097 PMCID: PMC11188903 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.946-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are prevalent throughout China and significantly threaten cat health. These viruses cause similar manifestations and pathological damage. Rapid and accurate diagnosis depends on detection in the laboratory. This study aimed to establish a reliable and rapid method for accurate detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV so that a definite diagnosis can be made and effective measures can be taken to prevent and control viral infection. Materials and Methods We designed three pairs of specific primers and probes for the detection of FCoV 5' untranslated region, FPV viral protein 2, and FeLV pol genes. Recombinant plasmid constructs were generated for use as standard plasmid constructs. Optimal reaction conditions, including primer and probe concentrations, reaction cycles, and annealing temperatures, were obtained on the basis of optimization tests. One-step triplex real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was successfully established to simultaneously detect FCoV, FPV, and FeLV. The specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the assay were analyzed, and its applicability was validated by testing 1175 clinical samples. Results One-step triplex RT-qPCR had a high degree of specificity only for the detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV; it had high sensitivity with limits of detection of 139.904, 143.099, and 152.079 copies/reaction for p-FCoV, p-FPV, and p-FeLV standard plasmid constructs, respectively, and it had reliable repeatability with 0.06%-0.87% intra-assay coefficients of variations. A total of 1175 clinical samples were examined for FCoV, FPV, and FeLV using triplex RT-qPCR, and the FCoV, FPV, and FeLV positivity rates were 18.47%, 19.91%, and 47.57%, respectively. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of one-step triplex RT-qPCR were 93.07% and 97.99%, respectively. Conclusion We developed a rapid and reliable one-step triplex RT-qPCR method for the detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV, which could be used as a diagnostic tool for clinical monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi He
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yandi Shi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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Bakde RA, Rathish RL, John L, Deepa PM, Vijayakumar K. A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to diagnose feline panleukopenia. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2024; 95:49-54. [PMID: 38533815 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protoparvovirus carnivoran1, known commonly as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious and environmentally stable parvovirus of domestic as well as wild felids. A rapid and robust diagnostic tool will aid in implementing prompt treatment and control measures. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for diagnosing feline panleukopenia was standardised using faecal samples of cats. The assay will reduce the cost and time required to diagnose feline panleukopenia. A set of two outer primers (F3 and B3) and two inner primers (FIP and BIP) were designed to target the viral polypeptide (VP2) gene of FPV. Optimisation of the LAMP reaction was done at 60 °C for one hour after an initial denaturation at 95 °C for five minutes. Visualisation of the result based on the addition of SYBR Green 1 dye offered an easy and reliable diagnosis. The detection limit of the standardised LAMP assay was as low as 1.25 ng/μl of the target DNA. Species specificity of the LAMP primers revealed no amplification of the non-target DNA of any other species except that of the canine parvovirus DNA template. DNA extracted from 100 PCR-positive and 20 PCR-negative faecal samples were subjected to the standardised assay and compared with PCR. Analysis of the results revealed that the LAMP assay was 100% sensitive and 90% specific compared to PCR. The LAMP assay could be a reliable tool for the point-of-care diagnosis of feline panleukopenia in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bakde
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - R L Rathish
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - L John
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - P M Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - K Vijayakumar
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
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Rehme T, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. [Parvovirus infections in cats in animal shelters]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:107-115. [PMID: 37230115 DOI: 10.1055/a-2065-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to widespread vaccination programs against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the disease associated with this virus infection, feline panleukopenia, is rarely seen in privately owned cats in Germany. In contrast, the situation in animal shelters differs due to the constant intake of new cats that are often unprotected. In such facilities, panleukopenia outbreaks are common and often accompanied by a high number of fatalities. Due to the high contagiosity of the virus, some shelters do not accept cats with clinical signs suspicious for panleukopenia, since these animals can pose a risk to the shelter population. However, not only cats with panleukopenia shed parvovirus, but also healthy, asymptomatic cats can and thus contribute to risk of infection. Nevertheless, the risk for panleukopenia outbreaks in animal shelters can be reduced by rigorous outbreak management. This includes hygiene measures using correctly applied cleaning and disinfection protocols, quarantine measures, separate isolation units, as well as specific prophylactic measures, such as identification of infected animals and immunization of susceptible groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rehme
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Velayudhan BT, Naikare HK. Point-of-care testing in companion and food animal disease diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1056440. [PMID: 36504865 PMCID: PMC9732271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnoses of animal diseases has advanced tremendously in recent decades with the advent of cutting-edge technologies such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, next generation sequencing (NGS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and others However, most of these technologies need sophisticated equipment, laboratory space and highly skilled workforce. Therefore, there is an increasing market demand for point-of-care testing (POCT) in animal health and disease diagnostics. A wide variety of assays based on antibodies, antigens, nucleic acid, and nanopore sequencing are currently available. Each one of these tests have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, a number of research and developmental activities are underway in both academia and industry to improve the existing tests and develop newer and better tests in terms of sensitivity, specificity, turnaround time and affordability. In both companion and food animal disease diagnostics, POCT has an increasing role to play, especially in resource-limited settings. It plays a critical role in improving animal health and wellbeing in rural communities in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, ensuring high standard of quality through proper validation, quality assurance and regulation of these assays are very important for accurate diagnosis, surveillance, control and management of animal diseases. This review addresses the different types of POCTs currently available for companion and food animal disease diagnostics, tests in the pipeline and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu T. Velayudhan
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Binu T. Velayudhan
| | - Hemant K. Naikare
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
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Janke KJ, Jacobson LS, Giacinti JA, Weese JS. Fecal viral DNA shedding following clinical panleukopenia virus infection in shelter kittens: a prospective, observational study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:337-343. [PMID: 34170191 PMCID: PMC8961250 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the magnitude and duration of fecal viral DNA shedding after diagnosis of feline panleukopenia (FP) in a group of shelter cats using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); to assess the utility of a negative point-of-care test or the resolution of diarrhea and systemic signs as proxy measures for qPCR positivity; and to investigate patterns of additional enteric pathogens in relation to feline panleukopenia viral shedding duration. METHODS Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection in clinically affected shelter cats was confirmed by a commercial qPCR test. Observations were made on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-diagnosis. Fecal flotation, FPV qPCR and the canine parvovirus IDEXX SNAP Parvo ELISA (SNAP) test were performed on fecal samples. RESULTS Forty cats and kittens with confirmed panleukopenia were initially enrolled. Sixteen kittens were sampled until day 14, and 12 were followed to day 21. Median DNA viral copy numbers fell below the diagnostic cut-off by day 7, with 13/16, 6/16, 1/16 and 0/12 testing PCR-positive on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. The SNAP test was positive in 12/16 kittens on day 0 and only 3/16 on day 3. SNAP test results, diarrhea and systemic signs were inconsistent in relation to qPCR positivity post-diagnosis. Additional enteric pathogens were common. The presence of additional pathogen types was suggestive of a longer PCR shedding duration, but this was not tested statistically owing to the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that cats should be isolated for at least 14 days after a diagnosis of FP, but that release from isolation after this point is reasonable, in association with a multifaceted infection control strategy. The study findings did not support using SNAP test results, diarrhea or systemic signs as proxy measures for virus shedding.
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