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Luo Z, Qi B, Sun Y, Chen Y, Lin J, Qin H, Wang N, Shi R, Shang X, Chen S, Chen J. Engineering Bioactive M2 Macrophage-Polarized, Anti-inflammatory, miRNA-Based Liposomes for Functional Muscle Repair: From Exosomal Mechanisms to Biomaterials. SMALL 2022; 18:e2201957. [PMID: 35802903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe inflammation and myogenic differentiation disorder are the major obstacles to skeletal muscle healing after injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role as regulatory molecules during the process of muscle healing, but the detailed mechanism of miRNA-mediated intercellular communication between myoblasts and macrophages remains unclear. Here, it is reported that myoblasts secrete miRNAs-enriched exosomes in the inflammatory environment, through which miR-224 is transferred into macrophages to inhibit M2 polarization. Further data demonstrate that WNT-9a may be a direct target of miR-224 for macrophage polarization. In turn, the secretome of M1 macrophages impairs myogenic differentiation and promotes proliferation. Single-cell integration analysis suggests that the elevation of exosome-derived miR-224 is caused by the activation of the key factor E2F1 in myoblasts and demonstrates the RB/E2F1/miR-224/WNT-9a axis. In vivo results show that treatment with antagomir-224 or liposomes containing miR-224 inhibitors suppresses fibrosis and improves muscle recovery. These findings indicate the importance of the crosstalk between myoblasts and macrophages via miRNA-containing exosomes in the regulation of macrophage polarization and myogenic differentiation/proliferation during muscle healing. This study provides a strategy for treating muscle injury through designing an M2 polarization-enabling anti-inflammatory and miRNA-based bioactive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Beijie Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yaying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Haocheng Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Runjie Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Xiliang Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, P. R. China
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Jiao Y, Schneider BSP, Regentova E, Yang M. DeepQuantify: deep learning and quantification system of white blood cells in light microscopy images of injured skeletal muscles. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2019; 6:024006. [PMID: 31131289 PMCID: PMC6526383 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.6.2.024006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) are the most diverse types of cells observed in the healing process of injured skeletal muscles. In the recovery process, WBCs exhibit a dynamic cellular response and undergo multiple changes of the protein expression. The progress of healing can be analyzed by the number of WBCs or by the number of specific proteins observed in light microscopy images obtained at different time points after injury. We propose a deep learning quantification and analysis system called DeepQuantify to analyze WBCs in light microscopy images of uninjured and injured muscles of female mice. The DeepQuantify system features in segmentation using the localized iterative Otsu's thresholding method, masking postprocessing, and classification of WBCs with a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier to achieve a high accuracy and a low manpower cost. The proposed two-layer CNN classifier designed based on the optimization hypothesis is evaluated and compared with other CNN classifiers. The DeepQuantify system adopting these CNN classifiers is evaluated for quantifying CD68-positive macrophages and 7/4-positive neutrophils and compared with the state-of-the-art deep learning segmentation architectures. DeepQuantify achieves an accuracy of 90.64% and 89.31% for CD68-positive macrophages and 7/4-positive neutrophils, respectively. The DeepQuantify system employing the proposed two-layer CNN architecture achieves better performance than those deep segmentation architectures. The quantitative analysis of two protein dynamics during muscle recovery is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- University of Nevada, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
| | | | - Emma Regentova
- University of Nevada, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
| | - Mei Yang
- University of Nevada, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
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Wood CL, Pajevic PD, Gooi JH. Osteocyte secreted factors inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation. Bone Rep 2017; 6:74-80. [PMID: 28377986 PMCID: PMC5365311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that bone and muscle possess the capacity to act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner, with a growing body of evidence that suggests muscle can secrete muscle specific cytokines or "myokines", which influence bone metabolism. However, there has been little investigation into the identity of bone specific cytokines that modulate skeletal muscle differentiation and function. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of osteocytes on muscle progenitor cells in vitro and to identify potential bone specific cytokines or "osteokines". We treated C2C12 myoblasts with media collected from differentiated osteocytes (Ocy454 cells) grown in 3D, either under static or fluid flow culture conditions (2 dynes/cm2). C2C12 differentiation was significantly inhibited with a 75% reduction in the number of myofibers formed. mRNA analysis revealed a significant reduction in the expression of myogenic regulatory genes. Cytokine array analysis on the conditioned media demonstrated that osteocytes produce a significant number of cytokines "osteokines" capable of inhibiting myogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that when osteocytes are mechanically activated they induce a greater inhibitory effect on myogenesis compared to a static state. Lastly, we identified the downregulation of numerous cytokines, including Il-6, Il-13, Il-1β, MIP-1α, and Cxcl9, involved in myogenesis, which may lead to future investigation of the role "osteokines" play in musculoskeletal health and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Wood
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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The Development of Macrophage-Mediated Cell Therapy to Improve Skeletal Muscle Function after Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145550. [PMID: 26717325 PMCID: PMC4696731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration following acute injury is a multi-step process involving complex changes in tissue microenvironment. Macrophages (MPs) are one of the key cell types involved in orchestration and modulation of the repair process. Multiple studies highlight the essential role of MPs in the control of the myogenic program and inflammatory response during skeletal muscle regeneration. A variety of MP phenotypes have been identified and characterized in vitro as well as in vivo. As such, MPs hold great promise for cell-based therapies in the field of regenerative medicine. In this study we used bone-marrow derived in vitro LPS/IFN-y-induced M1 MPs to enhance functional muscle recovery after tourniquet-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury (TK-I/R). We detected a 15% improvement in specific tension and force normalized to mass after M1 (LPS/IFN-γ) MP transplantation 24 hours post-reperfusion. Interestingly, we found that M0 bone marrow-derived unpolarized MPs significantly impaired muscle function highlighting the complexity of temporally coordinated skeletal muscle regenerative program. Furthermore, we show that delivery of M1 (LPS/IFN-γ) MPs early in regeneration accelerates myofiber repair, decreases fibrotic tissue deposition and increases whole muscle IGF-I expression.
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Ohira T, Wang XD, Ito T, Kawano F, Goto K, Izawa T, Ohno H, Kizaki T, Ohira Y. Macrophage deficiency in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice inhibits activation of satellite cells and prevents hypertrophy in single soleus fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C848-55. [PMID: 25788575 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00348.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effects of macrophage on the responses of soleus fiber size to hind limb unloading and reloading were studied in osteopetrotic homozygous (op/op) mice with inactivated mutation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) gene and in wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/op) mice. The basal levels of mitotically active and quiescent satellite cell (-46 and -39% vs. +/+, and -40 and -30% vs. +/op) and myonuclear number (-29% vs. +/+ and -28% vs. +/op) in fibers of op/op mice were significantly less than controls. Fiber length and sarcomere number in op/op were also less than +/+ (-22%) and +/op (-21%) mice. Similar trend was noted in fiber cross-sectional area (CSA, -15% vs. +/+, P = 0.06, and -14% vs. +/op, P = 0.07). The sizes of myonuclear domain, cytoplasmic volume per myonucleus, were identical in all types of mice. The CSA, length, and the whole number of sarcomeres, myonuclei, and mitotically active and quiescent satellite cells, as well as myonuclear domain, in single muscle fibers were decreased after 10 days of unloading in all types of mice, although all of these parameters in +/+ and +/op mice were increased toward the control values after 10 days of reloading. However, none of these levels in op/op mice were recovered. Data suggest that M-CSF and/or macrophages are important to activate satellite cells, which cause increase of myonuclear number during fiber hypertrophy. However, it is unclear why their responses to general growth and reloading after unloading are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohira
- Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - X D Wang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Laboratory Animal Center, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - F Kawano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Goto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, Aichi, Japan
| | - T Izawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, Japan; Research Center for Adipocyte and Muscle Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - H Ohno
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ohira
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, Japan; Research Center for Adipocyte and Muscle Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, Japan; and
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Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Induced Macrophage Differentiation Promotes Regrowth in Atrophied Skeletal Muscles and C2C12 Myotubes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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