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Scanlon PH. Improving the screening of risk factors in diabetic retinopathy. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:235-243. [PMID: 35730170 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2078305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2002, Diabetic Retinopathy was reported as the leading cause of blindness in the working age group. The introduction of systematic screening programs in the UK has reduced visual loss and blindness due to diabetic retinopathy, but it does still occur with catastrophic consequences for the individual. AREAS COVERED The author conducted an ongoing search for articles relating to diabetic retinopathy since 2000 utilizing Zetoc Alert with keywords and contents page lists from relevant journals. This review covers the risk factors for loss of vision due to diabetic retinopathy and discusses ways in which the awareness of these risk factors can be used to further reduce visual loss. Some risk factors such as glycemic and B/P control are well known from landmark trials. This review has included these factors but concentrated more on the evidence behind those risk factors that are not so clearly defined or so well known. EXPERT OPINION The major risk factors are well known, but one continues to find that people with diabetes lose vision in situations in which a better awareness of the risks by both the individual with diabetes and the health workers involved may have prevented the visual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Scanlon
- Consultant Ophthalmologist, Department of Ophthalmologist, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cheltenham, UK
- National Clinical Lead, NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (Ophthalmology), Public Health Commissioning and Operations, England
- Associate Professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, UK
- Visiting Professor, School of Health and Social Care, University of Gloucestershire, UK
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Zhang Y, Lin C, Chen R, Luo L, Huang J, Liu H, Chen W, Xu J, Yu H, Ding Y. Association analysis of SOCS3, JAK2 and STAT3 gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese population. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 34991691 PMCID: PMC8734348 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The association of polymorphisms in the three genes of SOCS3, JAK2 and STAT3 with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was explored, and its interaction with environmental factors such as hypertension and triglycerides was analyzed. METHODS The Hardy-Weinberg balance test was used to analyze the random balance of genes in the population. The analysis of the association of SNPs with T2DM was performed using Pearson's chi-square test. Haplotype frequency distribution, SNPs-SNPs interaction and environmental factors were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS The genotype distribution of SNPs rs2280148 of the SOCS3 gene was statistically significant. The allele frequency distribution of SNPs (rs4969168/rs2280148) was statistically different. After covariate correction, the SOCS3 gene locus (rs4969168) showed an association with T2DM in additive model, while the rs2280148 locus showed an association with T2DM in all three models. The locus (rs10974914/rs10815157) allele and genotype frequency distribution of JAK2 were statistically significant. After covariate correction, two SNPs in the gene showed association with T2DM in both additive and recessive models. The distribution of genotype frequencies of SNPs rs1053005 locus in gene STAT3 was statistically significant between the two groups. In recessive genetic models, rs1053005 locus polymorphisms was associated with T2DM. Haplotype S3 (G G)/S 4 (G T) of the SOCS3 gene as well as haplotype J2 (A G)/J 3 (G C) of the JAK2 gene were closely associated with T2DM. There was an interaction between SNPs rs4969168 and SNPs rs2280148 in the SOCS3 gene. There was an interaction between the SOCS3, JAK2 and STAT3 genes and hypertension/triglycerides. CONCLUSION The SOCS3 and JAK2 genes may be associated with T2DM in the Chinese population, in which SNPs carrying the A allele (rs4969168)/G allele (rs2280148)/C allele (rs10815157) have a reduced risk of T2DM. Haplotype S3 (G G)/S 4 (G T) of the SOCS3 gene and haplotype J2 (A G)/J 3 (G C) of the JAK2 gene may be influencing factor for T2DM. The interaction between SNPs rs4969168 and SNPs rs2280148 increases the risk of T2DM. Hypertension and triglycerides may interact with SNPs of T2DM susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunwen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Weiying Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haibing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Behl T, Kumar K, Singh S, Sehgal A, Sachdeva M, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Buhas C, Teodora Judea-Pusta C, Negrut N, Alexandru Munteanu M, Brisc C, Bungau S. Unveiling the role of polyphenols in diabetic retinopathy. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ji B, Wei H, Ding Y, Liang H, Yao L, Wang H, Qu H, Deng H. Protective potential of klotho protein on diabetic retinopathy: Evidence from clinical and in vitro studies. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:162-169. [PMID: 31197979 PMCID: PMC6944830 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study was to observe the relationship between serum α-klotho (KL) protein level and diabetic retinopathy (DR), and to further examine the effects of KL protein on apoptosis induced by palmitic acid (PA) in human retinal endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 17 healthy people and 60 type 2 diabetes patients were included. According to the results from fundus fluorescein angiography, the diabetes patients were divided into three subgroups: without DR, non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR. Serum KL level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro, human retinal endothelial cells were exposed to PA with or without KL protein. Apoptosis rates were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Apoptotic-related protein expressions were detected by western blotting analysis. RESULTS Serum KL level was lower in diabetes patients than that in healthy participants (P = 0.007), and was gradually decreased among the without DR, non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR subgroups (P = 0.045). A logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for the other confounding factors, serum KL level was independently and negatively related with DR (P = 0.049). Furthermore, the increased apoptosis rates induced by PA were inhibited with the addition of KL protein. Consistently, KL protein reversed the expression levels of the increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the decreased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 induced by PA. However, the anti-apoptotic effect of KL protein was attenuated by LY294002 through the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-serine∕threonine kinase pathway. CONCLUSIONS The data suggested that KL protein was probably a potential protective factor against retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolan Ji
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huili Wei
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yao Ding
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huimin Liang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lu Yao
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hua Qu
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huacong Deng
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Liao WL, Chen YH, Chen CC, Huang YC, Lin HJ, Chen YT, Ban B, Wu CM, Chang YW, Hsieh AR, Tsai FJ. Effect of adiponectin level and genetic variation of its receptors on diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14878. [PMID: 30882695 PMCID: PMC6426570 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) and its receptors have been reported to be associated with metabolic phenotypes. To better understand the effects of APN levels and its receptors on diabetic retinopathy (DR), we investigated the association of the plasma APN level and variations in APN-related genes with DR, individually and in combination.Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D; N = 1604), above 20 years of age from the Taiwanese population participated in the study. Demographic information, blood pressure, and serological markers were recorded at enrollment. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped. The plasma APN levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.T2D patients with DR (N = 632) had diabetes for a longer duration, and had higher HbA1c, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to those without DR (N = 972) (P < .001, for all the parameters). Overall, 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOQ and CDH13 susceptibility loci were associated with DR. Gene risk score (GRS) was calculated based on 10 SNPs for each subject and the cumulative effect of genes was observed. Among the subjects with plasma APN level (N = 518), natural logarithm (LN) of APN (LN [APN]; odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-2.25) and GRS (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.11-3.26 for middle range of GRS, and OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.48-4.59 for high range of GRS) were independent risk factors for DR after adjustment for other parameters.In conclusion, the plasma APN level and the genetic variations in adiponectin receptors were associated with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University
- Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University
| | - Ching-Chu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Human Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital
| | - Yng-Tay Chen
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University
- Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chia-Ming Wu
- Human Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Human Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Ai-Ru Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Human Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
- Division of Pediatrics Genetics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Meng W, Shah KP, Pollack S, Toppila I, Hebert HL, McCarthy MI, Groop L, Ahlqvist E, Lyssenko V, Agardh E, Daniell M, Kaidonis G, Craig JE, Mitchell P, Liew G, Kifley A, Wang JJ, Christiansen MW, Jensen RA, Penman A, Hancock HA, Chen CJ, Correa A, Kuo JZ, Li X, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Klein R, Klein B, Wong TY, Morris AD, Doney AS, Colhoun HM, Price AL, Burdon KP, Groop PH, Sandholm N, Grassi MA, Sobrin L, Palmer CN. A genome-wide association study suggests new evidence for an association of the NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) gene with severe diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e811-e819. [PMID: 30178632 PMCID: PMC6263819 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye complication in patients with diabetes. The purpose of this study is to identify genetic factors contributing to severe diabetic retinopathy. Methods A genome‐wide association approach was applied. In the Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (GoDARTS) datasets, cases of severe diabetic retinopathy were defined as type 2 diabetic patients who were ever graded as having severe background retinopathy (Level R3) or proliferative retinopathy (Level R4) in at least one eye according to the Scottish Diabetic Retinopathy Grading Scheme or who were once treated by laser photocoagulation. Controls were diabetic individuals whose longitudinal retinopathy screening records were either normal (Level R0) or only with mild background retinopathy (Level R1) in both eyes. Significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were taken forward for meta‐analysis using multiple Caucasian cohorts. Results Five hundred and sixty cases of type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic retinopathy and 4,106 controls were identified in the GoDARTS cohort. We revealed that rs3913535 in the NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) gene reached a p value of 4.05 × 10−9. Two nearby SNPs, rs10765219 and rs11018670 also showed promising p values (p values = 7.41 × 10−8 and 1.23 × 10−8, respectively). In the meta‐analysis using multiple Caucasian cohorts (excluding GoDARTS), rs10765219 and rs11018670 showed associations for diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.003 and 0.007, respectively), while the p value of rs3913535 was not significant (p = 0.429). Conclusion This genome‐wide association study of severe diabetic retinopathy suggests new evidence for the involvement of the NOX4 gene.
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Liu E, Craig JE, Burdon K. Diabetic macular oedema: clinical risk factors and emerging genetic influences. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:569-576. [PMID: 28556097 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular oedema is the major cause of visual impairment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. As type 2 diabetes becomes more prevalent worldwide, the prevalence of diabetic macular oedema is also expected to rise. Current management of diabetic macular oedema is challenging, expensive and not optimal in a subset of patients. Therefore, it is important to increase our understanding of the risk factors involved and develop preventative strategies. While clinical risk factors for diabetic macular oedema have been identified, few studies have addressed potential genetic risk factors. Epidemiology and family studies suggest genetic influences are of importance. In this review, we summarise known clinical risk factors, as well as discuss the small number of genetic studies that have been performed for diabetic macular oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn Burdon
- Cancer, Immunology and Genetics, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Ting DSW, Cheung GCM, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy: global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:260-77. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shu Wei Ting
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Health Service (SingHealth); Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore Singapore
| | - Gemmy Chui Ming Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Health Service (SingHealth); Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Health Service (SingHealth); Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore Singapore
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Davoudi S, Sobrin L. Novel Genetic Actors of Diabetes-Associated Microvascular Complications: Retinopathy, Kidney Disease and Neuropathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:243-59. [PMID: 26859656 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to the common microvascular complications of diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and neuropathy. Diabetic patients do not universally develop these complications. Long duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control explain a lot of the variability in the development of microvascular complications, but not all. Genetic factors account for some of the remaining variability because of the heritability and familial clustering of these complications. There have been a large number of investigations, including linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies, all of which have sought to identify the specific variants that increase susceptibility. For retinopathy, several genome-wide association studies have been performed in small or midsize samples, but no reproducible loci across the studies have been identified. For diabetic kidney disease, genome-wide association studies in larger samples have been performed, and loci for this complication are beginning to emerge. However, validation of the existing discoveries, and further novel discoveries in larger samples is ongoing. The amount of genetic research into diabetic neuropathy has been very limited, and much is dedicated to the understanding of genetic risk factors only. Collaborations that pool samples and aim to detect phenotype classifications more precisely are promising avenues for a better explanation of the genetics of diabetic microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Davoudi
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Peng D, Wang J, Zhang R, Jiang F, Tang S, Chen M, Yan J, Sun X, Wang S, Wang T, Yan D, Bao Y, Hu C, Jia W. Common variants in or near ZNRF1, COLEC12, SCYL1BP1 and API5 are associated with diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1231-8. [PMID: 25819896 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Three recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with modest effects on diabetic retinopathy in Mexican-American and white patients with diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these variants on diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 1,972 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited to this study, including 819 patients with diabetic retinopathy and 1,153 patients with diabetes of ≥5 years duration but without retinopathy. Forty SNPs associated with diabetic retinopathy in three GWAS were genotyped. Fundus photography was performed to diagnose and classify diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS rs17684886 in ZNRF1 and rs599019 near COLEC12 were associated with diabetic retinopathy (OR 0.812, p = 0.0039 and OR 0.835, p = 0.0116, respectively) and with the severity of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.0365 and p = 0.0252, respectively, for trend analysis). Sub-analysis in patients with diabetic retinopathy revealed that rs6427247 near SCYL1BP1 (also known as GORAB) and rs899036 near API5 were associated with severe diabetic retinopathy (OR 1.368, p = 0.0333 and OR 0.340, p = 0.0005, respectively). The associations between rs6427247 and rs899036 and severe diabetic retinopathy became more evident after a meta-analysis of published GWAS data (OR 1.577, p = 2.01 × 10(-4) for rs6427247; OR 0.330, p = 5.84 × 10(-7) for rs899036). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We determined that rs17684886 and rs599019 are associated with diabetic retinopathy and that rs6427247 and rs899036 are associated with severe diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Peng
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
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Awata T, Yamashita H, Kurihara S, Morita-Ohkubo T, Miyashita Y, Katayama S, Mori K, Yoneya S, Kohda M, Okazaki Y, Maruyama T, Shimada A, Yasuda K, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Koike A. A genome-wide association study for diabetic retinopathy in a Japanese population: potential association with a long intergenic non-coding RNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111715. [PMID: 25364816 PMCID: PMC4218806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the genetic susceptibility factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is important to gain insight into the pathogenesis of DR, and may help to define genetic risk factors for this condition. In the present study, we conducted a three-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify DR susceptibility loci in Japanese patients, which comprised a total of 837 type 2 diabetes patients with DR (cases) and 1,149 without DR (controls). From the stage 1 genome-wide scan of 446 subjects (205 cases and 241 controls) on 614,216 SNPs, 249 SNPs were selected for the stage 2 replication in 623 subjects (335 cases and 288 controls). Eight SNPs were further followed up in a stage 3 study of 297 cases and 620 controls. The top signal from the present association analysis was rs9362054 in an intron of RP1-90L14.1 showing borderline genome-wide significance (Pmet = 1.4×10−7, meta-analysis of stage 1 and stage 2, allele model). RP1-90L14.1 is a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) adjacent to KIAA1009/QN1/CEP162 gene; CEP162 plays a critical role in ciliary transition zone formation before ciliogenesis. The present study raises the possibility that the dysregulation of ciliary-associated genes plays a role in susceptibility to DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Awata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hisakuni Yamashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kurihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita-Ohkubo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyashita
- Division of RI Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Katayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Yoneya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohda
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taro Maruyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Social Insurance Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Koike
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a polygenic disorder. Twin studies and familial aggregation studies have documented clear familial clustering. Heritability has been estimated to be as high as 27 % for any DR and 52 % for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), an advanced form of the disease. Linkage analyses, candidate gene association studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) performed to date have not identified any widely reproducible risk loci for DR. Combined analysis of the data from multiple GWAS is emerging as an important next step to explain the unaccounted heritability. Key factors to future discovery of the genetic underpinnings of DR are precise DR ascertainment, a focus on the more heritable disease forms such as PDR, stringent selection of control participants with regards to duration of diabetes, and methods that allow combination of existing datasets from different ethnicities to achieve sufficient sample sizes to detect variants with modest effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoon Cho
- Hanyang University College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea (Republic of Korea), Tel. 82-31-560-2353, Fax 82-31-564-9479
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, 12 floor, Boston, MA 02114, Tel. 617-573-4279, Fax 617-573-3011
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, 12 floor, Boston, MA 02114, Tel. 617-573-4279, Fax 617-573-3011
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Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that genetic factors may play an important role in determining an individual's risk for the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and progression to proliferative DR. However, consistent and definitive genetic associations with DR across broad populations have been not been established. Numerous genes have been studied for their association with DR and the results of these investigations have most specifically pointed to three specific genes that are likely involved in DR development and progression. The gene coding for vascular endothelial growth factor, aldose reductase, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products have been extensively evaluated, and specific polymorphisms of these genes have been suggested to potentially increase the risk of DR development. In this paper, we have reviewed the published literature on the genetics of DR and the potential implications for DR development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Omar
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Beetham Eye Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA and
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15
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Kuo JZ, Wong TY, Rotter JI. Challenges in elucidating the genetics of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132:96-107. [PMID: 24201651 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the past decade, significant progress in genomic medicine and technologic developments has revolutionized our approach to common complex disorders in many areas of medicine, including ophthalmology. A disorder that still needs major genetic progress is diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of blindness in adults. OBJECTIVE To perform a literature review, present the current findings, and highlight some key challenges in DR genetics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a thorough literature review of the genetic factors for DR, including heritability scores, twin studies, family studies, candidate gene studies, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Environmental and genetic factors for DR. RESULTS Although there is clear demonstration of a genetic contribution in the development and progression of DR, the identification of susceptibility loci through candidate gene approaches, linkage studies, and GWASs is still in its infancy. The greatest obstacles remain a lack of power because of small sample size of available studies and a lack of phenotype standardization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The field of DR genetics is still in its infancy and is a challenge because of the complexity of the disease. This review outlines some strategies and lessons for future investigation to improve our understanding of this complex genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Z Kuo
- Medical Genetics Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California2Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla3Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and
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- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore5Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California6Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Bio Medical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, To
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16
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Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: an Iranian eye study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2012; 22:393-7. [PMID: 21928255 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in Iran and its association with some predisposing factors. METHODS All diabetic patients who attended the diabetes clinic underwent ocular examination, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The blood pressure and blood biochemical parameters were then measured. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 1022 diabetic participants was 23.6% (241 cases). This study showed that there is a statistically significant relation between diabetic retinopathy and mean blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, blood urea nitrogen, and level of HbA1c. There was no difference in lipid profile between patients with and without retinopathy. The duration of diabetes was a predicting factor for retinopathy as well as presence of renal and cardiovascular diseases and fasting glucose >126 as independent variables. CONCLUSIONS The duration of diabetes was the most important risk factor for progression of retinopathy.
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