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Kulbay M, Marcotte E, Remtulla R, Lau THA, Paez-Escamilla M, Wu KY, Burnier MN. Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1758. [PMID: 39200222 PMCID: PMC11352094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Recent advances highlight the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) and circulating hybrid cells (CHC) in UM tumorigenesis. Bridged with liquid biopsies, a novel technology that has shown incredible performance in detecting cancer cells or products derived from tumors in bodily fluids, it can significantly impact disease management and outcome. The aim of this comprehensive literature review is to provide a summary of current knowledge and ongoing advances in posterior UM pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The first section of the manuscript discusses the complex and intricate role of TEVs and CHCs. The second part of this review delves into the epidemiology, etiology and risk factors, clinical presentation, and prognosis of UM. Third, current diagnostic methods, ensued by novel diagnostic tools for the early detection of UM, such as liquid biopsies and artificial intelligence-based technologies, are of paramount importance in this review. The fundamental principles, limits, and challenges associated with these diagnostic tools, as well as their potential as a tracker for disease progression, are discussed. Finally, a summary of current treatment modalities is provided, followed by an overview of ongoing preclinical and clinical research studies to provide further insights on potential biomolecular pathway alterations and therapeutic targets for the management of UM. This review is thus an important resource for all healthcare professionals, clinicians, and researchers working in the field of ocular oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (M.K.); (R.R.); (T.H.A.L.); (M.P.-E.)
| | - Emily Marcotte
- McGill University Ocular Pathology and Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Raheem Remtulla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (M.K.); (R.R.); (T.H.A.L.); (M.P.-E.)
| | - Tsz Hin Alexander Lau
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (M.K.); (R.R.); (T.H.A.L.); (M.P.-E.)
| | - Manuel Paez-Escamilla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (M.K.); (R.R.); (T.H.A.L.); (M.P.-E.)
| | - Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada;
| | - Miguel N. Burnier
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; (M.K.); (R.R.); (T.H.A.L.); (M.P.-E.)
- McGill University Ocular Pathology and Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Lucarini G, Molinelli E, Licini C, Rizzetto G, Radi G, Goteri G, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Offidani A, Simonetti O. Tetraspanin CD9 Expression Predicts Sentinel Node Status in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4775. [PMID: 35563166 PMCID: PMC9103426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD9 is considered a metastasis suppressor in many cancers, however its role is highly debated. Currently, little is known about CD9 prognostic value in cutaneous melanoma. Our aim was to analyse CD9 expression in melanocytic nevi and primary cutaneous melanomas through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to determine its correlation with invasiveness and metastatic potential. CD9 displayed homogeneous staining in all melanocytic nevi. In contrast, it showed a complete loss of reactivity in all thin melanomas. Interestingly, CD9 was re-expressed in 46% of intermediate and thick melanomas in small tumor clusters predominantly located at sites of invasion near or inside the blood or lymphatic vessels. The most notable finding is that all CD9 stained melanomas presented sentinel node positivity. Additionally, a direct association between CD9 expression and presence of distant metastasis was reported. Finally, we confirm that CD9 expression is consistent with an early protective role against tumorigenesis, however, our data endorse in melanoma a specific function of CD9 in vascular dissemination during late tumor progression. The presence of CD9 hotspots could be essential for melanoma cell invasion in lymphatic and endothelial vessels. CD9 could be a valid prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari-Istologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.L.); (C.L.); (M.M.-B.)
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (G.R.); (G.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Caterina Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari-Istologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.L.); (C.L.); (M.M.-B.)
| | - Giulio Rizzetto
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (G.R.); (G.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Giulia Radi
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (G.R.); (G.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Gaia Goteri
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Ospedali Riuniti, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari-Istologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.L.); (C.L.); (M.M.-B.)
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (G.R.); (G.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Oriana Simonetti
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (G.R.); (G.R.); (O.S.)
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