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Ghitti E, Rolli E, Crotti E, Borin S. Flavonoids Are Intra- and Inter-Kingdom Modulator Signals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122479. [PMID: 36557733 PMCID: PMC9781135 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a broad class of secondary metabolites with multifaceted functionalities for plant homeostasis and are involved in facing both biotic and abiotic stresses to sustain plant growth and health. Furthermore, they were discovered as mediators of plant networking with the surrounding environment, showing a surprising ability to perform as signaling compounds for a multitrophic inter-kingdom level of communication that influences the plant host at the phytobiome scale. Flavonoids orchestrate plant-neighboring plant allelopathic interactions, recruit beneficial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, counteract pathogen outbreak, influence soil microbiome and affect plant physiology to improve its resilience to fluctuating environmental conditions. This review focuses on the diversified spectrum of flavonoid functions in plants under a variety of stresses in the modulation of plant morphogenesis in response to environmental clues, as well as their role as inter-kingdom signaling molecules with micro- and macroorganisms. Regarding the latter, the review addresses flavonoids as key phytochemicals in the human diet, considering their abundance in fruits and edible plants. Recent evidence highlights their role as nutraceuticals, probiotics and as promising new drugs for the treatment of several pathologies.
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Riddick EW. Volatile and Non-Volatile Organic Compounds Stimulate Oviposition by Aphidophagous Predators. INSECTS 2020; 11:E683. [PMID: 33050465 PMCID: PMC7599863 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-VOCs stimulate oviposition by aphidophagous predators is scattered throughout the literature. The objectives of this review are to (1) compile records indicating that VOCs and non-VOCs are responsible for oviposition stimulation, (2) calculate an egg production ratio (EPR) for stimulated predators, and (3) determine if EPR is correlated with vapor pressure and molecular weight of active compounds. METHODS The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), National Agricultural Library, online digital catalog system was used to retrieve abstracts, then the full text of manuscripts on oviposition stimulants for predators. Oviposition-stimulating VOCs and non-VOCS were tabulated with molecular weights and vapor pressure estimates. EPRs were calculated for stimulated coccinellids, syrphids, and chrysopids. RESULTS Both VOCs and non-VOCs stimulated oviposition behavior by coccinellids and syrphids, but not chrysopids. EPR was greatest for syrphids. Two VOCs, (E)-β-farnesene and 3-methyl-2-butenal, stimulated very high EPR values by the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus. Regardless of predator taxa, EPR was negatively and positively correlated with molecular weight and vapor pressure, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Syrphids (rather than coccinellids or chrysopids) produce more eggs in response to VOCs. Organic compounds with low-to-moderate molecular weights and moderate-to-high vapor pressures might be most effective oviposition stimulants for aphidophagous predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Riddick
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Stoneville, MS 39759, USA
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Ebrahimifar J, Shishehbor P, Rasekh A, Hemmati SA, Riddick EW. Effects of Three Artificial Diets on Life History Parameters of the Ladybird Beetle Stethorus gilvifrons, a Predator of Tetranychid Mites. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090579. [PMID: 32882791 PMCID: PMC7563108 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant) is an important natural enemy of tetranychid mites and functions as a biological control of these plant pests. The development, survival and reproduction of S. gilvifrons were studied when fed on three artificial diets. The components of the artificial diet that S. gilvifrons could be reared successfully on for one generation with no use of tetranychid mites were examined. METHODS Artificial diets consisted of sucrose, honey, royal jelly, agar, yeast, date palm pollen supplemented in different diets with hen's egg yolk (AD1, as basic diet), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs (AD2), or E. kuehniella eggs and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (AD3). RESULTS Adults and larvae of Stethorusgilvifrons fed on AD1 had a shorter immature development and preoviposition periods than those fed on AD2 and AD3. The total number of deposited eggs was significantly higher for the females fed on AD3 than on the other diets. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of S. gilvifrons was highest on AD3, followed by AD2, and AD1. CONCLUSION Stethorus gilvifrons performed best on AD3, indicating the potential of this artificial diet for the mass rearing of this important predatory ladybird beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Ebrahimifar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran; (J.E.); (P.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Parviz Shishehbor
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran; (J.E.); (P.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Arash Rasekh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran; (J.E.); (P.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Seyed Ali Hemmati
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran; (J.E.); (P.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric W. Riddick
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
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Effect of Naringenin and Its Derivatives on the Probing Behavior of Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143185. [PMID: 32668610 PMCID: PMC7397070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substances that alter insect behavior have attracted a lot of attention as potential crop protection agents. Naringenin (5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone) is a naturally occurring bioactive flavanone. We evaluated the influence of naringenin on aphid activities during individual phases of probing and feeding and the effect of structural modifications of naringenin on its activity towards aphids. We monitored the probing behavior of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique. The chemical modifications were the substitution of hydrogen atoms with methyl, ethyl or pentyl groups and the replacement of the carbonyl group in naringenin and its derivatives with an oxime moiety. Depending on the substituents, the activity of naringenin-derived compounds varied in potency and mode of action. Naringenin was an attractant of moderate activity, which enhanced sap ingestion. The naringenin derivative with two methyl groups—7,4′-di-O-methylnaringenin—was a deterrent, which hindered aphid probing in non-phloem tissues. Naringenin oxime derivatives with methyl substituents—7,4′-di-O-methylnaringenin oxime, 7-O-methylnaringenin oxime, and 5,7,4′-tri-O-methylnaringenin oxime—and the derivative with a pentyl substituent—7-O-pentylnaringenin oxime—were strong attractants which stimulated aphid probing in non-phloem tissues and the ingestion of phloem sap.
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Hay WT, Behle RW, Berhow MA, Miller AC, Selling GW. Biopesticide synergy when combining plant flavonoids and entomopathogenic baculovirus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6806. [PMID: 32321975 PMCID: PMC7176681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cotton, and cabbage) were treated with the biopesticide AfMNPV baculovirus in a dosage response assay. Treated soybean had, on average, a 6-fold increase in virus activity compared with the other crops. Leaf trichomes on soybeans were not found to be responsible for the observed increase of insecticidal activity. Three flavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol) were uniquely found only in the soybean crop, and were not detected in cotton, cabbage, or green bean plant matter. The individual flavonoid compounds did not cause T ni. mortality in no-virus assays when incorporated into artificial insect diet. The combination of the three flavonoid compounds at leaf level concentrations significantly increased baculovirus activity in diet incorporation assays. When the daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were added to artificial diet, at 3.5–6.5 × leaf level concentrations, virus activity increased 1.5, 2.3, and 4.2-fold for each respective flavonoid. The soybean flavonoid compounds were found to synergistically improve baculovirus activity against T. ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hay
- Plant Polymer Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N, University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Robert W Behle
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N, University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Mark A Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N, University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Andie C Miller
- Bradley University, Department of Biology, 1501W. Bradley Ave Olin Hall 101, Peoria, IL, 61625, USA
| | - Gordon W Selling
- Plant Polymer Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N, University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
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Riddick EW, Wu Z, Eller FJ, Berhow MA. Potential of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid as an Oviposition Stimulant for Mass-Reared Ladybird Beetles. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5368162. [PMID: 30822780 PMCID: PMC6403478 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of inexpensive, readily available bioflavonoids, and their degradation products that boost the reproductive potential of mass-reared predators is the overarching goal of this research. We tested the hypothesis that 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), an inexpensive degradation product of morin (a flavonol bioflavonoid), stimulates oviposition by the ladybird beetle Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer). We also tested the hypothesis that C. maculata females must touch or taste DHBA to stimulate oviposition. We setup bioassays in communal cages (housing 10 females) and solitary cages (housing 1 female). In communal cages, nearly all egg clutches were found in or near the chemical dish with DHBA only. Provisioning cages with a tissue substrate reduced oviposition in the chemical dish. Regardless of oviposition site, egg number per clutch did not increase in communal cages or solitary cages with DHBA only. Affixing DHBA to the base of the chemical dish, then covering it with a nylon screen, reduced oviposition. This study suggests that females must touch or taste DHBA to stimulate oviposition. The physiological mechanism involved in oviposition stimulation requires further study. DHBA could potentially serve as a weak oviposition stimulant for predatory ladybird beetles in some mass-rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Riddick
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville MS
| | - Z Wu
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville MS
| | - F J Eller
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria IL
| | - M A Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria IL
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Riddick EW, Dindo ML, Grodowitz MJ, Cottrell TE. Oviposition Strategies in Beneficial Insects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 10:1179543318787160. [PMID: 30090020 PMCID: PMC6077898 DOI: 10.1177/1179543318787160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND SCOPE: The aim of this special collection is to highlight the importance of reproduction (ie, oviposition) in the life history, population dynamics, survival, and fitness of beneficial insects, broadly defined. Specific areas of interest include the (1) identification of natural products to boost oviposition; (2) importance of chemical cues in oviposition site selection; (3) influence of host plant defenses on oviposition success; (4) reproductive physiology and the frequency of egg laying; (5) trade-offs between maternal size and egg size; (6) foraging behavior, host selection, and oviposition in parasitoids; and (7) oviposition decisions in the face of intraguild predators.
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Riddick EW, Wu Z, Eller FJ, Berhow MA. Utilization of Quercetin as an Oviposition Stimulant by Lab-Cultured Coleomegillamaculata in the Presence of Conspecifics and a Tissue Substrate. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030077. [PMID: 29966274 PMCID: PMC6163289 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The discovery of natural products to improve the reproductive performance of mass-reared predators is an important aim for successful augmentative biological control. We tested the hypothesis that quercetin (a bioflavonoid) stimulates oviposition by the ladybird beetle Coleomegillamaculata in the presence of conspecifics and a tissue substrate. Methods: We conducted bioassays in solitary cages (housing one female) and communal cages (housing 10 females) to estimate daily oviposition site preferences, egg production in response to quercetin in the presence or absence of a tissue paper substrate, and female “resting” positions. Results: Females preferentially oviposited within 1–2 cm of quercetin powder, held in a tiny dish, at the base of cages. When given a choice, females oviposited in the dish with quercetin over a tissue paper substrate. In one of two experiments, they produced more egg clutches, regardless of oviposition site, when the quercetin and tissue were in close juxtaposition. Females “rested” on the tissue in the presence or absence of quercetin. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that quercetin can be utilized as an oviposition stimulant by C. maculata in a rearing system. Future research should determine if quercetin stimulates oviposition in other ladybird beetle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Riddick
- National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Zhixin Wu
- National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Fred J Eller
- Functional Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Mark A Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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