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Du JS, Hsu SH, Wang SN. The Current and Prospective Adjuvant Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1422. [PMID: 38611100 PMCID: PMC11011082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and is highly invasive and easily recurs. For HCC, chemotherapy shows limited effect. The gold standard for HCC treatment includes curative surgical resection or liver transplantation. However, the recurrence rate at 5 years after liver resection is estimated at approximately 70% and even at 5 years after liver transplantation, it is 20%. Therefore, improving survival outcomes after curative surgical resection of liver cancer is crucial. This review highlights the importance of identifying risk factors for HCC recurrence following radical surgical resection and adjuvant therapy options that may reduce the recurrence risk and improve overall survival, including local adjuvant therapy (e.g., transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiotherapy), adjuvant systemic therapy (e.g., small molecule targeted therapy and immunotherapy), and other adjuvant therapies (e.g., chemotherapy). However, further research is needed to refine the use of these therapies and optimize their effectiveness in preventing HCC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Shiun Du
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Nien Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Mu L, Qi L, Long H, Huang J, Zhong Z, Shi X, Chen C, Ye Q. Photothermal Fibrous Chitosan/Polydopamine Sponge for Intraoperative Hemostasis and Prevention of Tumor Recurrence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304053. [PMID: 38029340 PMCID: PMC10797464 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatectomy, a surgical procedure for liver cancer, is often plagued by high recurrence rates worldwide. The recurrence of liver cancer is primarily attributed to microlesions in the liver, changes in the immune microenvironment, and circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream. To address this issue, a novel intervention method that combines intraoperative hemostasis with mild photothermal therapy is proposed, which has the potential to ablate microlesions and improve the immune microenvironment simultaneously. Specifically, the integrated strategy is realized based on the fibrous chitosan/polydopamine sponge (CPDS), which is constructed from shearing-flow-induced oriented hybrid chitosan fibers and subsequent self-assembly of polydopamine. The CPDS demonstrates high elasticity, excellent water absorption, and photothermal conversion performance. The results confirm the efficient hemostatic properties of the fibrous CPDS in various bleeding models. Notably, in subcutaneous and orthotopic postoperative recurrence and metastasis models of hepatocellular carcinoma, the fibrous CPDS significantly inhibits local tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. Moreover, the combination with lenvatinib can substantially enhance the antitumor effect. This comprehensive treatment strategy offers new insights into hepatectomy of liver cancer, representing a promising approach for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Mu
- National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ ProcurementHubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationHubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological LiverHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityInstitute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Luhe Qi
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and EnergyHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers‐Based Medical MaterialsHubei Biomass‐Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key LaboratoryWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Haitao Long
- National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ ProcurementHubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationHubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological LiverHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityInstitute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and EnergyHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers‐Based Medical MaterialsHubei Biomass‐Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key LaboratoryWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ ProcurementHubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationHubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological LiverHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityInstitute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and EnergyHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers‐Based Medical MaterialsHubei Biomass‐Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key LaboratoryWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and EnergyHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers‐Based Medical MaterialsHubei Biomass‐Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key LaboratoryWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Qifa Ye
- National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ ProcurementHubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationHubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological LiverHubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityInstitute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
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Dong W, Zou M, Sheng J, Zhou W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Qian Y, Yu H, Lu T, Pan J, Zhu Y, Qu S, Yang Z, Lin Q, Zhao L, Cong W, Xu B, Zhang C, Liu H, Dong H. ACTB may serve as a predictive marker for the efficacy of lenvatinib in patients with HBV-related early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma following partial hepatectomy: a retrospective cohort study. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2479-2499. [PMID: 38196518 PMCID: PMC10772687 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of effective biomarkers for the treatment of postoperative recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) persists despite lenvatinib therapy. This study aims to identify beta-actin (ACTB) as a predictive biomarker for lenvatinib that can facilitate individualized treatment for HCC. Methods This retrospective study included a subset of patients with HCC who underwent partial hepatectomy, with some receiving postoperative lenvatinib treatment and others not receiving lenvatinib treatment. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis of patients who underwent treatment with or without lenvatinib following HCC partial hepatectomy was performed. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the levels of ACTB expression in HCC samples obtained from matched patients (n=225) enrolled in this study. The X-Tile was employed to determine the optimal cut-off point of ACTB levels for predicting time to recurrence (TTR). To assess the correlation between ACTB levels and lenvatinib efficacy, a subgroup analysis of TTR was conducted. A Cox regression model with an interaction term was utilized to assess the predictive significance of the model. Subsequently, a nomogram was developed and its discriminative ability and predictive accuracy were assessed using the concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve. For the investigation of the ACTB expression, HCC and para-tumoral normal tissues were employed. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was utilized to validate the correlation between ACTB levels and lenvatinib responsiveness. Results After PSM, a total of 76 patients who underwent postoperative lenvatinib treatment were included in the analysis, with a median TTR of 24.35 months. Early-stage HCC patients with lower levels of ACTB exhibited a more favorable response to lenvatinib therapy compared to those with higher levels. The reduced expression of ACTB was indicative of the benefits of lenvatinib, as opposed to higher levels {hazard ratio (HR) =0.243 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.096-0.619], P<0.001, P value for interaction =0.014}. In approximately 81.8% of cases involving HCC patients, there was an observed increase in the expression of ACTB. Multivariate analysis of the lenvatinib cohort revealed Child-Pugh [HR =5.416 (95% CI: 1.390-21.104), P=0.015], Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage [HR =2.508 (95% CI: 1.116-5.639), P=0.026], and ACTB [HR =5.879 (95% CI: 2.424-14.259), P<0.001] score as independent factors for TTR, and all were included in the nomogram. The survival probability based on the calibration curve showed that the prediction of the nomogram was in good agreement with the actual observation. The C-index of the nomogram for predicting survival was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71-0.84). Moreover, the PDXs derived from tumors exhibiting low levels of ACTB expression demonstrated a heightened sensitivity to lenvatinib treatment. Conclusions In patients with tumors treated with lenvatinib, low ACTB expression can predict a lower risk of recurrence. The validation of this potential biomarker in independent cohorts is necessary prior to its implementation for precision treatment stratification in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for early-stage HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Zou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- The Fourth Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jutang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Youwen Qian
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Deqing County People’s Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- The Second Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghao Zhao
- The Fourth Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yoon JH, Choi SK. Management of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and strategies for optimal outcomes. JOURNAL OF LIVER CANCER 2023; 23:300-315. [PMID: 37734717 PMCID: PMC10565545 DOI: 10.17998/jlc.2023.08.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a poor prognosis, management of early-stage HCC is often successful with highly efficacious treatment modalities such as liver transplantation, surgical resection, and radiofrequency ablation. However, unfavorable clinical outcomes have been observed under certain circumstances, even after efficient treatment. Factors that predict unsuitable results after treatment include tumor markers, inflammatory markers, imaging findings reflecting tumor biology, specific outcome indicators for each treatment modality, liver functional reserve, and the technical feasibility of the treatment modalities. Various strategies may overcome these challenges, including the application of reinforced treatment indication criteria with predictive markers reflecting tumor biology, compensation for technical issues with up-to-date technologies, modification of treatment modalities, downstaging with locoregional therapies (such as transarterial chemotherapy or radiotherapy), and recently introduced combination immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the challenges to achieving optimal outcomes in the management of early-stage HCC and suggest strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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