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Basile MS, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The Role of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081319. [PMID: 35893056 PMCID: PMC9394409 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations and course. It has been shown that different immune checkpoints, including Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), can be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. CTLA-4 is a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance and represents a key inhibitor of autoimmunity. In this scopingreview, we resume the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of CTLA-4 in MS with different approaches. While some of these studies assessed the expression levels of CTLA-4 on T cells by comparing MS patients with healthy controls, others focused on the evaluation of the effects of common MS therapies on CTLA-4 modulation or on the study of the CTLA-4 blockade or deficiency in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Moreover, other studies in this field aimed to discover if the CTLA-4 gene might be involved in the predisposition to MS, whereas others evaluated the effects of treatment with CTLA4-Ig in MS. Although these results are of great interest, they are often conflicting. Therefore, further studies are needed to reveal the exact mechanisms underlying the action of a crucial immune checkpoint such as CTLA-4 in MS to identify novel immunotherapeutic strategies for MS patients.
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Hosseini A, Gharibi T, Marofi F, Babaloo Z, Baradaran B. CTLA-4: From mechanism to autoimmune therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106221. [PMID: 32007707 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7.1 and B7.2, the expression and biological function of CTLA-4 is important for the negative regulation of T cell responses. Therefore, elimination of CTLA-4 can result in the breakdown of immune tolerance and the development of several diseases such as autoimmunity. Inhibitory signals of CTLA-4 suppress T cell responses and protect against autoimmune diseases in many ways. In this review, we summarize the structure, expression and signaling pathway of CTLA-4. We also highlight how CTLA-4 defends against potentially self-reactive T cells. Finally, we discuss how the CTLA-4 regulates a number of autoimmune diseases that indicate manipulation of this inhibitory molecule is a promise as a strategy for the immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Tizaoui K. Multiple sclerosis genetics: Results from meta-analyses of candidate-gene association studies. Cytokine 2018; 106:154-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cohen JF, Korevaar DA, Wang J, Leeflang MM, Bossuyt PM. Meta-epidemiologic study showed frequent time trends in summary estimates from meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2016; 77:60-67. [PMID: 27212137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate changes over time in summary estimates from meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We included 48 meta-analyses from 35 MEDLINE-indexed systematic reviews published between September 2011 and January 2012 (743 diagnostic accuracy studies; 344,015 participants). Within each meta-analysis, we ranked studies by publication date. We applied random-effects cumulative meta-analysis to follow how summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity evolved over time. Time trends were assessed by fitting a weighted linear regression model of the summary accuracy estimate against rank of publication. RESULTS The median of the 48 slopes was -0.02 (-0.08 to 0.03) for sensitivity and -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.03) for specificity. Twelve of 96 (12.5%) time trends in sensitivity or specificity were statistically significant. We found a significant time trend in at least one accuracy measure for 11 of the 48 (23%) meta-analyses. CONCLUSION Time trends in summary estimates are relatively frequent in meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies. Results from early meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie F Cohen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé), Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, 53, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Daniël A Korevaar
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska M Leeflang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick M Bossuyt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu J, Zhang HX. CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility of multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis study including 12,916 cases and 15,455 controls. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:153-63. [PMID: 24665874 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.880703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a cell surface molecule involved in the regulation of T cells. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CTLA-4 gene are known to be associated with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to evaluate the association between CTLA-4 and the risk of MS. Comprehensive meta-analysis was applied to case-control studies of the association between MS and CTLA-4 to assess the joint evidence for the association, the influence of individual studies, and evidence for publication bias. The authors searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies to September 2013. In all, the allele or genotype analysis showed no significant association between + 49A/G, - 318C/T, or CT60A/G and MS. And the subgroups of the three polymorphisms divided into Americas, Europe, and Asia showed no significant association with MS. The sensitivity analysis or publication bias analysis showed no significance. In conclusion, this comprehensive meta-analysis suggested that + 49A/G, - 318C/T, or CT60A/G polymorphism, either in total analysis or in subgroup analyses, has no significant association with MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Chuang WY, Ströbel P, Bohlender-Willke AL, Rieckmann P, Nix W, Schalke B, Gold R, Opitz A, Klinker E, Inoue M, Müller-Hermelink HK, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Bugert P, Willcox N, Marx A. Late-onset myasthenia gravis - CTLA4(low) genotype association and low-for-age thymic output of naïve T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 52:122-9. [PMID: 24373506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset myasthenia gravis (LOMG) has become the largest MG subgroup, but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain mysterious. Among the few etiological clues are the almost unique serologic parallels between LOMG and thymoma-associated MG (TAMG), notably autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors, titin, ryanodine receptor, type I interferons or IL-12. This is why we checked LOMG patients for two further peculiar features of TAMG - its associations with the CTLA4(high/gain-of-function) +49A/A genotype and with increased thymic export of naïve T cells into the blood, possibly after defective negative selection in AIRE-deficient thymomas. We analyzed genomic DNA from 116 Caucasian LOMG patients for CTLA4 alleles by PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism, and blood mononuclear cells for recent thymic emigrants by quantitative PCR for T cell receptor excision circles. In sharp contrast with TAMG, we now find that: i) CTLA4(low) +49G(+) genotypes were more frequent (p = 0.0029) among the 69 LOMG patients with age at onset ≥60 years compared with 172 healthy controls; ii) thymic export of naïve T cells from the non-neoplastic thymuses of 36 LOMG patients was lower (p = 0.0058) at diagnosis than in 77 age-matched controls. These new findings are important because they suggest distinct initiating mechanisms in TAMG and LOMG and hint at aberrant immuno-regulation in the periphery in LOMG. We therefore propose alternate defects in central thymic or peripheral tolerance induction in TAMG and LOMG converging on similar final outcomes. In addition, our data support a 60-year-threshold for onset of 'true LOMG' and an LOMG/early-onset MG overlapping group of patients between 40 and 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Chuang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Bohlender-Willke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Peter Rieckmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Wilfred Nix
- Department of Neurology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erdwine Klinker
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Masayoshi Inoue
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Güher Saruhan-Direskeneli
- Department of Physiology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Temel Bilimler, 34093 CAPA-Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Peter Bugert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nick Willcox
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, WIMM, Headington OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany.
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Tamandani DMK, Hashemi M, Shafiepour S. Analysis of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and MMP-9 genes' methylation and their expression profiles with risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:144-9. [PMID: 24019613 PMCID: PMC3758718 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of promoter methylation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTLA-4 and MMP-9 promoter methylation were investigated using a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) in blood samples taken from 80 NAFLD individuals and 95 healthy controls. The expression levels of CTLA-4 and MMP-9 were also assessed in 10 blood and 9 liver tissues mRNA samples from NAFLD patients. These cases were compared to the blood (n = 10) samples of healthy controls with real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: No significant relationship was found for methylation of CTLA-4 and MMP-9 between cases and controls. The relative expression of CTLA-4 and MMP-9 mRNA in NAFLD was not significantly different compared to healthy control samples. CONCLUSION: For the first time, our outcomes indicate that the methylation status of CTLA-4 and MMP-9 genes has no significant function on the process of NAFLD.
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Gyu Song G, Ho Lee Y. CTLA-4 +49 A/G and −318 C/T polymorphisms and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:409-22. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.803114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wang JJ, Shi YP, Yue H, Chun W, Zou LP. CTLA-4 exon 1 +49A/G polymorphism is associated with renal involvement in pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:2059-2064. [PMID: 22700162 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a multisystemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and CD28 have been reported to be important candidate genes for conferring susceptibility to autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated the correlation of CTLA-4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms with HSP in children with and without renal involvement. METHODS The CTLA-4 exon 1 +49A/G, promoter -318C/T and CD28 IVS3 +17T/C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 110 children with HSP and 90 ethnically matched healthy controls through restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS The CTLA-4 (+49) GG genotype and G allele (GG + AG genotype) were more common in HSP patients with renal involvement (n = 52) than in HSP patients without renal involvement (n = 58) (P = 0.019 and 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of CTLA-4 (+49 A/G), (-318C/T) and CD28 IVS3 (+17 /T/C) polymorphisms between HSP patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the CTLA-4 +49 GG genotype and G allele may contribute to increased risk for the development of renal damage in HSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an University of Medicine, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Chun
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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Grigorian A, Mkhikian H, Li CF, Newton BL, Zhou RW, Demetriou M. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis via environmental and genetic dysregulation of N-glycosylation. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:415-24. [PMID: 22488447 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result from complex and poorly understood interactions of genetic and environmental factors. A central role for T cells in MS is supported by mouse models, association of the major histocompatibility complex region, and association of critical T cell growth regulator genes such as interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2RA) and interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7RA). Multiple environmental factors (vitamin D(3) deficiency and metabolism) converge with multiple genetic variants (IL-7RA, IL-2RA, MGAT1, and CTLA-4) to dysregulate Golgi N-glycosylation in MS, resulting in T cell hyperactivity, loss of self-tolerance and in mice, a spontaneous MS-like disease with neurodegeneration. Here, we review the genetic and biological interactions that regulate MS pathogenesis through dysregulation of N-glycosylation and how this may enable individualized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Grigorian
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Grigorian A, Mkhikian H, Demetriou M. Interleukin-2, Interleukin-7, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and N-glycosylation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:49-57. [PMID: 22288682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation and self-tolerance are tightly regulated to provide effective host defense against foreign pathogens while deflecting inappropriate autoimmune responses. Golgi Asn (N)-linked protein glycosylation coregulates homeostatic set points for T cell growth, differentiation, and self-tolerance to influence risk of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Human autoimmunity is a complex trait that develops from intricate and poorly understood interactions between an individual's genetics and their environmental exposures. Recent evidence from our group suggests that in MS, additive and/or epistatic interactions between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors combine to dysregulate a common biochemical pathway, namely Golgi N-glycosylation. Here, we review the multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling N-glycan branching in T cells and autoimmunity, focusing on recent data implicating a critical role for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Grigorian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Genetics and the environment converge to dysregulate N-glycosylation in multiple sclerosis. Nat Commun 2011; 2:334. [PMID: 21629267 PMCID: PMC3133923 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How environmental factors combine with genetic risk at the molecular level to promote complex trait diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely unknown. In mice, N-glycan branching by the Golgi enzymes Mgat1 and/or Mgat5 prevents T cell hyperactivity, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) endocytosis, spontaneous inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration, the latter pathologies characteristic of MS. Here we show that MS risk modulators converge to alter N-glycosylation and/or CTLA-4 surface retention conditional on metabolism and vitamin D3, including genetic variants in interleukin-7 receptor-α (IL7RA*C), interleukin-2 receptor-α (IL2RA*T), MGAT1 (IVAVT−T) and CTLA-4 (Thr17Ala). Downregulation of Mgat1 by IL7RA*C and IL2RA*T is opposed by MGAT1 (IVAVT−T) and vitamin D3, optimizing branching and mitigating MS risk when combined with enhanced CTLA-4 N-glycosylation by CTLA-4 Thr17. Our data suggest a molecular mechanism in MS whereby multiple environmental and genetic inputs lead to dysregulation of a final common pathway, namely N-glycosylation. Complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis have both genetic and environmental components. This study demonstrates that variants of genes implicated in multiple sclerosis, and alterations in cellular metabolism and vitamin D3 levels, alter N-glycosylation, a post-translational modification causal of the disease in mice.
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Čizmarević NS, Gašparović I, Peterlin B, Sepčić J, Rudolf G, Kapović M, Lavtar P, Ristić S. CTLA-4 +49 A/G gene polymorphism in Croatian and Slovenian multiple sclerosis patients. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:419-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Evsyukova I, Somarelli JA, Gregory SG, Garcia-Blanco MA. Alternative splicing in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. RNA Biol 2010; 7:462-73. [PMID: 20639696 DOI: 10.4161/rna.7.4.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a general mechanism for regulating gene expression that affects the RNA products of more than 90% of human genes. Not surprisingly, alternative splicing is observed among gene products of metazoan immune systems, which have evolved to efficiently recognize pathogens and discriminate between "self" and "non-self", and thus need to be both diverse and flexible. In this review we focus on the specific interface between alternative splicing and autoimmune diseases, which result from a malfunctioning of the immune system and are characterized by the inappropriate reaction to self-antigens. Despite the widespread recognition of alternative splicing as one of the major regulators of gene expression, the connections between alternative splicing and autoimmunity have not been apparent. We summarize recent findings connecting splicing and autoimmune disease, and attempt to find common patterns of splicing regulation that may advance our understanding of autoimmune diseases and open new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Evsyukova
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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15
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Generalized least squares for assessing trends in cumulative meta-analysis with applications in genetic epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2009; 62:1037-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Wang JJ, Jiang LQ, He B, Shi KL, Li JW, Zou LP. The association of CTLA-4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms with idiopathic ischemic stroke in the paediatric population. Int J Immunogenet 2009; 36:113-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2009.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Karabon L, Kosmaczewska A, Bilinska M, Pawlak E, Ciszak L, Jedynak A, Jonkisz A, Noga L, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Koszewicz M, Frydecka I. The CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms are associated with CTLA-4 protein expression levels in multiple sclerosis patients and with susceptibility to disease. Immunology 2009; 128:e787-96. [PMID: 19740340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an important molecule in the down-regulation of T-cell activation. A study was undertaken to evaluate the association of the CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms -319C/T, +49A/G, (AT)(n), CT60A/G and Jo31G/T with the levels of membrane CTLA-4 (mCTLA-4) and cytoplasmic CTLA-4 (cCTLA-4) in CD4(+) T lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and with susceptibility to MS, and the course of the disease. It was found that the Jo31GG and CT60GG genotypes were associated with decreased mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total CTLA-4 (mCTLA-4 + cCTLA-4) molecules in CD4(+) T cells from both relapsing-remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) MS patients compared with others. Consequently, possessing the Jo31G allele and/or the CT60G allele were associated with susceptibility to MS. The percentages of cells expressing mCTLA-4 and cCTLA-4 in RR patients were higher in carriers of the alleles non-predisposing to MS (namely CT60A and Jo31T), but the percentages of corresponding cells were unexpectedly significantly lower in SP patients than in RR patients. Increased risk of paresthesia and pyramidal signs as a first manifestation of disease, and earlier transition to the SP form in those patients, was also noted. It is hypothesized that the decreasing frequencies of cells expressing immunosuppressive mCTLA-4 and cCTLA-4 in carriers of alleles non-predisposing to MS (i.e. CT60A and Jo31T) may lead to inadequate down-regulation of ongoing T-cell responses in these patients and, as a consequence, earlier progression of disease from the RR form to the SP form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Karabon
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Genomic regulation of CTLA4 and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:108-15. [PMID: 18691768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4) is a critical regulator of T-cell activation and it is an important therapeutic target for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we analyzed the genomic regulation of CTLA4 gene expression in order to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect its expression and splicing, and to assess their association with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We analyzed 152 healthy subjects and 146 patients with MS, of which 52 controls and 51 patients were used for gene expression analysis. We genotyped 17 SNPs in the CTLA4 gene using the SNaPshot Multiplex Kit, and in addition gene expression of the soluble (sCTLA4) and full length (flCTLA4) isoforms was quantified by real-time PCR, while protein levels of sCTLA4 were measured by ELISA. We found that the SNPs at -1577, +6230, +10242, +10717 and +12310 influence CTLA4 expression and the combination of the -1577 GG and +6230 GG genotypes provokes the strongest decrease in CTLA4 gene expression. We found that the SNP at -658 only acted as a regulatory SNP in patients with MS, suggesting the existence of epigenetic changes due to this disease. We also identified a decrease in CTLA4 gene expression levels in patients receiving chemotherapy, although no association was observed between MS and any of the polymorphisms studied. In conclusion, we have identified several SNPs in the CTLA4 gene and studied their influence on its genetic regulation. The involvement of CTLA4 in the pathogenesis of MS may be subtle and related to the functional changes in its pathway rather than predisposing genetic polymorphisms.
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Bye L, Modi N, Stanford MR, Kondeatis E, Vaughan R, Fortune F, Kanawati C, Ben-Chetrit E, Ghabra M, Murray PI, Wallace GR. CTLA-4 polymorphisms are not associated with ocular inflammatory disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:49-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Svejgaard A. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:275-86. [PMID: 18461312 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries in the 1970s of strong associations between various diseases and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) factors were a revolution within genetic epidemiology in the last century by demonstrating for the first time how genetic markers can help unravel the genetics of disorders with complex genetic backgrounds. HLA controls immune response genes and HLA associations indicate the involvement of autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) was one of the first conditions proven to be HLA associated involving primarily HLA class II factors. We review how HLA studies give fundamental information on the genetics of the susceptibility to MS, on the importance of linkage disequilibrium in association studies, and on the pathogenesis of MS. The HLA-DRB1*1501 molecule may explain about 50% of MS cases and its role in the pathogenesis is supported by studies of transgenic mice. Studies of polymorphic non-HLA genetic markers are discussed based on linkage studies and candidate gene approaches including complete genome scans. No other markers have so far rivaled the importance of HLA in the genetic susceptibility to MS. Recently, large international collaborations provided strong evidence for the involvement of polymorphism of two cytokine receptor genes in the pathogenesis of MS: the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain gene (IL7RA) on chromosome 5p13 and the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain gene (IL2RA (=CD25)) on chromosome 10p15. It is estimated that the C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6897932, within the alternative spliced exon 6 of IL7RA is involved in about 30% of MS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Svejgaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Łuszczek W, Majorczyk E, Nockowski P, Pluciński P, Jasek M, Nowak I, Wiśniewski A, Kuśnierczyk P. Distribution of the CTLA-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms CT60G>A and +49A>G in psoriasis vulgaris patients and control individuals from a Polish Caucasian population. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 35:51-5. [PMID: 18093182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a multifactorial disease with an autoimmune component, and T lymphocytes seem to be involved in its aetiology. CTLA-4 molecule is an important down-regulator of T-lymphocyte activation, and several polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene were found to be associated with some autoimmune diseases. We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA-4 gene, CT60A>G and +49A>G, are associated with psoriasis vulgaris. Alleles of these two SNPs were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Both the CT60G>A and the +49A>G alleles and genotypes were distributed similarly in patients and controls. Although the two SNPs studied here in Poles were in linkage disequilibrium, all four possible two-locus haplotypes were found, one of them rare; of the remaining three, the haplotype +49G, CT60G was significantly (P = 0.019, OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.37-0.91) less frequent in the patient group with disease onset between the ages of 21 and 40 years than in controls and the other patient groups, whereas the frequencies of the other haplotypes were similar in patients and controls. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on CTLA-4 CT60 allele frequencies in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Łuszczek
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Stuart R, Lovett-Racke AE, Frohman EM, Hawker K, Racke MK. Genetic analysis of the exon 1 position 49 CD152 dimorphism in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 191:45-50. [PMID: 17920697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have examined whether a dimorphism in the CD152 costimulatory molecule may influence the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). A sample of 108 patients with a diagnosis of relapsing remitting (RRMS), 28 with secondary progressive (SPMS), 23 with primary progressive (PPMS) and 63 people with no prior history of neurological conditions were selected from the MS clinic at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Peripheral blood was separated with gradient extraction for leukocytes and genomic DNA extracted for CD152 A/G dimorphism analysis. A 163 bp PCR product in exon 1 including the position 49 A/G dimorphism was examined via single strand conformation polymophism (SSCP). Patient haplotype frequencies were compared between cases and controls and Pearson Chi-Square test performed to demonstrate statistical differences between MS groups and controls. Our results, similar to several recent studies, suggest that there is no statistical association with the risk of developing MS and no increased frequency in A or G at position 49 of exon 1 of CD152. Demonstration of prolonged proliferation in patient samples containing the GG genotypes and altered CD152 surface expression was also not demonstrated suggesting that the CD152 exon 1 position 49 A/G dimorphism does not contribute significantly to the development of MS in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Stuart
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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