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Thompson MD, Reiner-Link D, Berghella A, Rana BK, Rovati GE, Capra V, Gorvin CM, Hauser AS. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39119983 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Najafi H, Hosseini SM, Tavallaie M, Soltani BM. A Predicted Molecular Model for Development of Human Intelligence. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jean-Gilles L, Braitch M, Latif ML, Aram J, Fahey AJ, Edwards LJ, Robins RA, Tanasescu R, Tighe PJ, Gran B, Showe LC, Alexander SP, Chapman V, Kendall DA, Constantinescu CS. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in immune cells. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:63-74. [PMID: 25704169 PMCID: PMC4669958 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate the regulation of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 on immune cells by pro‐inflammatory cytokines and its potential relevance to the inflammatory neurological disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). CB1 and CB2 signalling may be anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective in neuroinflammatory diseases. Cannabinoids can suppress inflammatory cytokines but the effects of these cytokines on CB1 and CB2 expression and function are unknown. Methods Immune cells from peripheral blood were obtained from healthy volunteers and patients with MS. Expression of CB1 and CB2mRNA in whole blood cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and T cells was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Expression of CB1 and CB2 protein was determined by flow cytometry. CB1 and CB2 signalling in PBMC was determined by Western blotting for Erk1/2. Results Pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α (the latter likely NF‐κB dependently) can upregulate CB1 and CB2 on human whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We also demonstrate upregulation of CB1 and CB2 and increased IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α mRNA in blood of patients with MS compared with controls. Conclusion The levels of CB1 and CB2 can be upregulated by inflammatory cytokines, which can explain their increase in inflammatory conditions including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jean-Gilles
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. Braitch
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. L. Latif
- Division of Neuroscience; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - J. Aram
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - A. J. Fahey
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - L. J. Edwards
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - R. A. Robins
- Division of Immunity; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - R. Tanasescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Department of Neurology; Colentina Hospital; University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila; Bucharest Romania
| | - P. J. Tighe
- Division of Immunity; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - B. Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | | | - S. P. Alexander
- Division of Neuroscience; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - V. Chapman
- Division of Neuroscience; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - D. A. Kendall
- Division of Neuroscience; School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - C. S. Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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Thompson MD, Cole DEC, Capra V, Siminovitch KA, Rovati GE, Burnham WM, Rana BK. Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:189-242. [PMID: 25150871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variants on physiological phenotypes related to drug response and disease, while pharmacogenomics takes a genome-wide approach to advancing this knowledge. Both play an important role in identifying responders and nonresponders to medication, avoiding adverse drug reactions, and optimizing drug dose for the individual. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the primary target of therapeutic drugs and have been the focus of these studies. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the inventory of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion or deletions that have potential to alter GPCR expression of function. In vivo and in vitro studies have determined functional roles for many GPCR variants, but genetic association studies that define the physiological impact of the majority of these common variants are still limited. Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic data available, GPCR variants have not been included in drug labeling and are only occasionally considered in optimizing clinical use of GPCR-targeted agents. In this chapter, pharmacogenetic and genomic studies on GPCR variants are reviewed with respect to a subset of GPCR systems, including the adrenergic, calcium sensing, cysteinyl leukotriene, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the de-orphanized receptors such as GPR55. The nature of the disruption to receptor function is discussed with respect to regulation of gene expression, expression on the cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (altered ligand binding, G protein coupling, constitutive activity). The large body of experimental data generated on structure and function relationships and receptor-ligand interactions are being harnessed for the in silico functional prediction of naturally occurring GPCR variants. We provide information on online resources dedicated to GPCRs and present applications of publically available computational tools for pharmacogenetic studies of GPCRs. As the breadth of GPCR pharmacogenomic data becomes clearer, the opportunity for routine assessment of GPCR variants to predict disease risk, drug response, and potential adverse drug effects will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Vasileiou I, Fotopoulou G, Matzourani M, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid receptors' polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:363-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.754426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Sgro S, Leonard CM. Cannabinoid Receptor Gene Variations in Drug Addiction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gensicke H, Leppert D, Yaldizli Ö, Lindberg RLP, Mehling M, Kappos L, Kuhle J. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant immunoglobulins for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:11-37. [PMID: 22171583 DOI: 10.2165/11596920-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease leading to demyelination and axonal damage in the CNS. Autoimmunity plays a central role in MS pathogenesis. Per definition, monoclonal antibodies are recombinant biological compounds with a well defined target, thus carrying the promise of targeting pathogenic cells or molecules with high specificity, avoiding undesired off-target effects. Natalizumab was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the treatment of MS. Several other monoclonal antibodies are in development and have demonstrated promising efficacy in phase II studies. They can be categorized according to their mode of action into compounds targeting (i) leukocyte migration into the CNS (natalizumab); (ii) cytolytic antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, alemtuzumab); or (iii) antibodies and recombinant proteins targeting cytokines and chemokines and their receptors (daclizumab, ustekinumab, atacicept, tabalumab [Ly-2127399], secukinumab [AIN457]). In this review, we discuss the specific molecular targets, clinical efficacy and safety of these compounds and discuss criteria to anticipate the position of monoclonal antibodies in the diversifying armamentarium of MS therapy in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gensicke
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Rossi S, Buttari F, Studer V, Motta C, Gravina P, Castelli M, Mantovani V, De Chiara V, Musella A, Fiore S, Masini S, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M, Bernardini S, Centonze D. The (AAT)n repeat of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor gene influences disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010; 17:281-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458510388680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) exacerbates disease course in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, suggesting that CB1Rs might play a role in the neurodegenerative damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: To see whether CNR1 gene polymorphism could influence disease progression in relapsing–remitting MS. Methods: The genotype of 350 patients for the number of AAT repeats was characterized and correlation studies were performed with measures of disease severity and progression. Results: MS patients with the homozygous genotype for long AAT repeats in the CNR1 gene had more severe disease and higher risk of progression. These subjects had significantly higher scores on both the progression index and the MS severity scale. Furthermore, the percentage of patients with MS functional composite score progression or Bayesian Risk Estimate for MS (BREMS) score ≥2 (considered at very high risk of secondary progression) was significantly higher in the AAT long group than in the short group, while the frequency of patients with BREMS score ≤−0.63 (very likely to remain progression-free) was not significantly different between the two groups, although lower in the long group. Finally, the frequency of patients prescribed a second-line treatment was significantly higher among subjects of the AAT long group, providing a further, indirect indication of higher disease severity. Conclusions: The results of the present investigation point to CB1R as an important modulator of disease severity in relapsing MS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Valeria Studer
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Paolo Gravina
- Dipartimento Medicina di Laboratorio, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Maura Castelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Vilma Mantovani
- Centro Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Italy
| | - Valentina De Chiara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Stefania Fiore
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Silvia Masini
- Medicina Trasfusionale, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Teramo, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Dipartimento Medicina di Laboratorio, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Italy
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Ramil E, Sánchez AJ, González-Pérez P, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Gómez-Lozano N, Ortiz P, Arroyo R, De las Heras V, Vilches C, García-Merino A. The cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1) and multiple sclerosis: an association study in two case-control groups from Spain. Mult Scler 2009; 16:139-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458509355071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different studies point to the implication of the endocannabinoid system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and animal models of MS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible association of MS with polymorphic markers at the CNR1 gene, encoding the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor. We have performed a genetic analysis of an AAT repeat microsatellite localized in the downstream region of the CNR1 gene, in two case—control groups of MS patients and healthy controls (HC) from Spain (Madrid and Bilbao). MS patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) had more commonly long ((AAT) ≥13) alleles and genotypes with a significant difference for genotype 7/8 in Madrid (p = 0.043) and in the sum of both groups (p = 0.016); short alleles were less frequently found in PPMS with a significant difference for allele 5 in the analysis of both groups together (p = 0.039). In patients with relapsing MS, no consistent differences in allele and genotype distribution were found. Disease severity and progression was unrelated to AAT repeat variations. In conclusion, long (AAT) ≥13 CNR1 genotypes could behave as risk factors for PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ramil
- Neuroinmunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - AJ Sánchez
- Neuroinmunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - P. González-Pérez
- Neuroinmunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - N. Gómez-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - P. Ortiz
- Neuroinmunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - R. Arroyo
- MS Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C. Vilches
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - A. García-Merino
- Neuroinmunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies suggest that there is a considerable genetic contribution to individual episodic memory performance. Identifying genes which impact recollection may further elucidate an emerging biology and pave the way towards novel cognitive interventions. To date, several candidate genes have been explored and a few seem to have modest but measurable effects. METHODS Here we review the biology of memory with particular focus on episodic memory, critically appraise the published evidence supporting the role of several candidate genes, and make suggestions for future pathways of research. RESULTS We found moderate evidence for several candidate genes implicated in episodic memory formation, with converging lines of neurobiologic evidence especially strong for only a select few. Perhaps unexpectedly, little work has been done on other aspects of memory, including the semantic and autobiographical systems. CONCLUSIONS Larger studies utilizing more elaborate methodologies to measure the spectrum of episodic memory are required to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koppel
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22:321-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32832cf9cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Onaivi ES. Cannabinoid receptors in brain: pharmacogenetics, neuropharmacology, neurotoxicology, and potential therapeutic applications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:335-69. [PMID: 19897083 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been achieved in cannabinoid research. A major breakthrough in marijuana-cannabinoid research has been the discovery of a previously unknown but elaborate endogenous endocannabinoid system (ECS), complete with endocannabinoids and enzymes for their biosynthesis and degradation with genes encoding two distinct cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors (CBRs) that are activated by endocannabinoids, cannabinoids, and marijuana use. Physical and genetic localization of the CBR genes CNR1 and CNR2 have been mapped to chromosome 6 and 1, respectively. A number of variations in CBR genes have been associated with human disorders including osteoporosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug dependency, obesity, and depression. Other family of lipid receptors including vanilloid (VR1) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors appear to be related to the CBRs at the phylogenetic level. The ubiquitous abundance and differential distribution of the ECS in the human body and brain along with the coupling to many signal transduction pathways may explain the effects in most biological system and the myriad behavioral effects associated with smoking marijuana. The neuropharmacological and neuroprotective features of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoid associated neurogenesis have revealed roles for the use of cannabinoids in neurodegenerative pathologies with less neurotoxicity. The remarkable progress in understanding the biological actions of marijuana and cannabinoids have provided much richer results than previously appreciated cannabinoid genomics and raised a number of critical issues on the molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid induced behavioral and biochemical alterations. These advances will allow specific therapeutic targeting of the different components of the ECS in health and disease. This review focuses on these recent advances in cannabinoid genomics and the surprising new fundamental roles that the ECS plays in the retrograde signaling associated with cannabinoid inhibition of neurotransmitter release to the genetic basis of the effects of marijuana use and pharmacotherpeutic applications and limitations. Much evidence is provided for the complex CNR1 and CNR2 gene structures and their associated regulatory elements. Thus, understanding the ECS in the human body and brain will contribute to elucidating this natural regulatory mechanism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, USA
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