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Johansson E, Alfredsson L, Strid P, Kockum I, Olsson T, Hedström AK. Head trauma results in manyfold increased risk of multiple sclerosis in genetically susceptible individuals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:554-560. [PMID: 38212058 PMCID: PMC11103305 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large register-based studies have reported an association between head trauma and increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to investigate possible interactions between head trauma and MS-associated HLA genes in relation to MS risk. METHODS We used a Swedish population-based case-control study (2807 incident cases, 5950 matched controls with HLA genotypes available for 2057 cases, 2887 controls). Subjects with and without a history of self-reported head trauma were compared regarding MS risk, by calculating ORs with 95% CIs using logistic regression models. Additive interaction between head trauma, HLA-DRB1*1501 and absence of HLA-A*0201, was assessed by calculating the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction. RESULTS A history of head trauma was associated with a 30% increased risk of subsequently developing MS (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.53), with a trend showing increased risk of MS with increasing number of head impacts (p=0.03). We observed synergistic effects between recent head trauma and HLA-DRB1*15:01 as well as absence of HLA*02:01 in relation to MS risk (each AP 0.40, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7). Recent head trauma in individuals with both genetic risk factors rendered an 18-fold increased risk of MS, compared with those with neither the genetic risk factors nor a history of head trauma (OR 17.7, 95% CI 7.13 to 44.1). CONCLUSIONS Our findings align with previous observations of a dose-dependent association between head trauma and increased risk of MS and add a novel aspect of this association by revealing synergistic effects between recent head trauma and MS-associated HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Strid
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Laaksonen J, Ponkilainen V, Kuitunen I, Möttönen J, Mattila VM. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and early age multiple sclerosis in Finland: A nationwide register-based cohort study. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3478. [PMID: 38622897 PMCID: PMC11019240 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the link between pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) and early-onset multiple sclerosis in Finland. METHODS Conducted nationwide register study (1998-2018) with 28,750 pTBI patients (< 18) and 38,399 pediatric references with extremity fractures. Multiple sclerosis diagnoses from Finnish Social Insurance Institution. Employed Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression for probability assessment, results presented with 95% CI. RESULTS Of 66 post-traumatic multiple sclerosis cases, 30 (0.10%) had pTBI, and 36 (0.09%) were in the reference group. Cumulative incidence rates (CIR) in the first 10 years were 46.5 per 100,000 (pTBI) and 33.1 per 100,000 (reference). Hazard ratio (HR) for pTBI was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.56-1.48).Stratified by gender, women's CIR was 197.9 per 100,000 (pTBI) and 167.0 per 100,000 (reference) after 15 years. For men, CIR was 44.6 per 100,000 (pTBI) and 34.7 per 100,000 (reference). In the initial 3 years, HR for female pTBI was 1.75 (95% CI: 0.05-6.32), and between years 3 and 20, it was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.51-1.67). For male patients, HR was 1.74 (95% CI: 0.69-4.39). SIGNIFICANCE We did not find evidence of an association between pTBI and early-onset multiple sclerosis 20 years post-initial trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ville Ponkilainen
- Department of SurgeryHospital Nova of Central FinlandJyväskyläFinland
| | - Ilari Kuitunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of PediatricsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of PediatricsKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Julius Möttönen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of PediatricsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Ville M. Mattila
- School of MedicineUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
- Department of Orthopedics and TraumatologyTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Coxa Hospital for Joint ReplacementTampereFinland
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Machnik G, Bułdak Ł, Zapletal-Pudełko K, Grabarek BO, Staszkiewicz R, Sobański D, Okopień B. The impact of wound-healing assay, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation and siRNA-mediated FURIN gene silencing on endogenous retroviral ERVW-1 expression level in U87-MG astrocytoma cells. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:113-124. [PMID: 38403160 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ubiquitous genomic sequences. Normally dormant HERVs, undergo reactivation by environmental factors. This deregulation of HERVs' transcriptional equilibrium correlates with medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we sought to explore whether exposing the U-87 MG astrocytoma cells to traumatic injury deregulates the expression of HERV-W family member ERVW-1 encoding syncytin-1. We also examined the expression of FURIN gene that is crucial in syncytin-1 synthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Scratch assay was used as a model of cells injury in U-87 MG cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB) and migration assay using Boyden chamber were used. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used for cell stimulation and gene expression inhibition, respectively. RESULTS Results revealed reduced ERVW-1 expression in cells exposed to injury (p < 0.05) while GFAP gene - a marker of active astrocytes, was upregulated (p < 0.01). These findings were confirmed by both WB and RT-qPCR. Expression of FURIN gene was not altered after injury, but cell stimulation by PMA strongly increased FURIN expression, simultaneously downregulating ERVW-1 (p < 0.01). SiRNA-mediated expression inhibition of ERVW-1 and FURIN influenced the mRNA level for SLC1A5 (ASCT2) - primary syncytin-1 receptor, that was significantly lower. FURIN inhibition by siRNA caused strong upregulation of ERVW-1 expression (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results showed that mechanical impact affects the expression of endogenous retroviruses in U-87 MG astrocytoma cells by scratch assay. Regulation of FURIN, a crucial enzyme in ERVW-1 turnover may support the therapy of some neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Zapletal-Pudełko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital sw. Rafala in Cracow, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Nozari A, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Co-administration of Nanowired Oxiracetam and Neprilysin with Monoclonal Antibodies to Amyloid Beta Peptide and p-Tau Thwarted Exacerbation of Brain Pathology in Concussive Head Injury at Hot Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:271-313. [PMID: 37480464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental temperature adversely affects the outcome of concussive head injury (CHI)-induced brain pathology. Studies from our laboratory showed that animals reared at either cold environment or at hot environment exacerbate brain pathology following CHI. Our previous experiments showed that nanowired delivery of oxiracetam significantly attenuated CHI-induced brain pathology and associated neurovascular changes. Military personnel are the most susceptible to CHI caused by explosion, blasts, missile or blunt head trauma leading to lifetime functional and cognitive impairments affecting the quality of life. Severe CHI leads to instant death and/or lifetime paralysis. Military personnel engaged in combat operations are often subjected to extreme high or low environmental temperature zones across the globe. Thus, further exploration of novel therapeutic agents at cold or hot ambient temperatures following CHI are the need of the hour. CHI is also a major risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease by enhancing amyloid beta peptide deposits in the brain. In this review, effect of hot environment on CHI-induced brain pathology is discussed. In addition, whether nanodelivery of oxiracetam together with neprilysin and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to amyloid beta peptide and p-tau could lead to superior neuroprotection in CHI is explored. Our results show that co-administration of oxiracetam with neprilysin and mAb to AβP and p-tau significantly induced superior neuroprotection following CHI in hot environment, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Shijiazhuang Pharma Group NBP Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Eyolfson E, Carr T, Fraunberger E, Khan A, Clark I, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries in mice cause age- and sex-specific alterations in dendritic spine density. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114172. [PMID: 35863503 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) plague the human population and their prevalence is increasing annually. More so, repeated mTBIs (RmTBI) are known to manifest and compound neurological deficits in vulnerable populations. Age at injury and sex are two important factors influencing RmTBI pathophysiology, but we continue to know little about the specific effects of RmTBI in youth and females. In this study, we directly quantified the effects of RmTBI on adolescent and adult, male and female mice, with a closed-head lateral impact model. We report age- and sex-specific neurobehavioural deficits in motor function and working memory, microglia responses to injury, and the subsequent changes in dendritic spine density in select brain regions. Specifically, RmTBI caused increased footslips in adult male mice as assessed in a beam walk assay and significantly reduced the time spent with a novel object in adolescent male and female mice. RmTBIs caused a significant reduction in microglia density in male mice in the motor cortex, but not female mice. Finally, RmTBI significantly reduced dendritic spine density in the agranular insular cortex (a region of the prefrontal cortex in mice) and increased dendritic spine density in the adolescent male motor cortex. Together, the data provided in this study sheds new light on the heterogeneity in RmTBI-induced behavioural, glial, and neuronal architecture changes dependent on age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Thomas Carr
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Erik Fraunberger
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Isabel Clark
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Reid G, Dhir R, Bron PA. Fixing Functional GI Disorders Using Microbes: Easier Said Than Done. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:804179. [PMID: 35360061 PMCID: PMC8963371 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.804179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gregor Reid,
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Zarghami A, Li Y, Claflin SB, van der Mei I, Taylor BV. Role of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1389-1408. [PMID: 34494502 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1978843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), either acting alone or by interacting with other environmental or genetic factors. This cumulative exposure to external risk factors is highly complex and highly variable between individuals. AREAS COVERED We narratively review the current evidence on the role of environment-specific risk factors in MS onset and progression, as well as the effect of gene-environment interactions and the timing of exposure We have reviewed the latest literature, by Ovid Medline, retrieving the most recently published systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses and more recent studies not previously included in meta-analyses or systematic reviews. EXPERT OPINION There is some good evidence supporting the impact of some environmental risk factors in increasing the risk of developing MS. Tobacco smoking, low vitamin D levels and/or low sun exposure, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) seropositivity and a history of infectious mononucleosis may increase the risk of developing MS. Additionally, there is some evidence that gene-smoking, gene-EBV, and smoking-EBV interactions additively affect the risk of MS onset. However, the evidence for a role of other environmental factors in MS progression is limited. Finally, there is some evidence that tobacco smoking, insufficient vitamin D levels and/or sun exposure have impacts on MS phenotypes and various markers of disease activity including relapse, disability progression and MRI findings. Clearly the effect of environmental factors on MS disease course is an area that requires significantly more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zarghami
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ying Li
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Suzi B Claflin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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