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Gu L, Wang MC, Li F. The correlation between economic fluctuation, workforce employment and health expenditure in the BRICS countries. Front Public Health 2022; 10:933728. [PMID: 36159239 PMCID: PMC9501692 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.933728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we use the Fourier ARDL method (data from 2000 to 2019) to examine whether there is a correlation between economic fluctuation, health expenditure, and employment rate among BRICS countries. Fourier ARDL's model, the same as Bootstrap ARDL model, is to test the long-term cointegration relationship of variables; when there is cointegration, it will test whether there is a causal relationship. When there is no cointegration, short-term Granger causality between variables is tested. Our study shows that, in the long-term, whether South Africa takes economic fluctuation, employment rate or health expenditure as the dependent variable, there is a cointegration relationship with the other two independent variables, but the causal relationship is not significant. In short-term Granger causality tests, the effects of economic fluctuation in Brazil, China, and South Africa on health expenditure lag significantly by one period. Economic fluctuation in Brazil, India and China had a negative effect on employment rate, while South Africa had a positive effect. Health expenditure in Russia and India has a negative effect on employment rate, while China has a positive effect. Employment rates in China and South Africa have a significant positive effect on economic fluctuation, while Russia has a negative effect. India's employment rate has a negative effect on health expenditure, while South Africa's has a positive effect. In short-term causality tests, different countries will exhibit different phenomena. Except for economic fluctuation, where health spending is positive, everything else is negatively correlated, and all of them are positive in South Africa. Finally, we make policy recommendations for the BRICS countries on economic fluctuation, employment rates, and health expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Gu
- School of Accounting, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Lingyan Gu
| | - Mei-Chih Wang
- Department of Insurance and Finance, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan,Mei-Chih Wang
| | - Fangjhy Li
- Department of Finance, School of Finance, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China
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Pónusz R, Endrei D, Kovács D, Pónusz E, Kis Kelemen B, Elmer D, Németh N, Vereczkei A, Boncz I. The development of one-day surgical care in Hungary between 2010 and 2019. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:798. [PMID: 35725602 PMCID: PMC9210767 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constant increase in the utilization of one-day surgical care could be identified since more than a decade in most of European countries. Initially, according to the international rankings, the exploitation of one-day surgery in Hungary was not really significant. In 2010, the Hungarian policy makers intended to increase one-day surgical care as a priority strategy. The aim of our study was to analyze the evolution of the Hungarian one-day surgical care during the last decade in DRG- based performance financing system in Hungary. METHODS The dataset of the research was provided by the National Health Insurance Fund Administration of Hungary. The most important indicators related to the one-day surgical care were compared to inpatient care (market share, number of cases, and DRG cost-weights). To discover the impact of one-day surgical care to the utilization of inpatient treatment, the number of hospitalized days was also analyzed. RESULTS Between 2010 and 2019, the market share of one-day surgical cases increased from 42, to 80%. Simultaneously the constant increase of one-day surgical cases, the number of hospitalized days were decreased in inpatient care by 17%. The value of Case Mix Index has also increased, approximately by 140%, which could confirm that more complex interventions are being conducted in one-day surgical care as well. CONCLUSIONS Due to the comprehensive health policy strategy related to the dissemination of one-day surgical care in Hungary, several important performance indicators were improved between 2010 and 2019. Given that Hungary belongs to the low- and middle-income countries, the results of the study could be considerable even in an international comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Pónusz
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary. .,Real World & Big Data Health-Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Endrei
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,Real World & Big Data Health-Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary
| | - Dalma Kovács
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Ifjúság street 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Evelin Pónusz
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary
| | - Bence Kis Kelemen
- Department of International and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Pécs, 48 square 1, Pécs, 7622, Hungary
| | - Diána Elmer
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,Real World & Big Data Health-Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary
| | - Noémi Németh
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,Real World & Big Data Health-Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary
| | - András Vereczkei
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság street 13, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Imre Boncz
- Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,Real World & Big Data Health-Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty street 3, Pécs, 7621, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Ifjúság street 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
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Luo D, Deng J, Becker ER. Urban-rural differences in healthcare utilization among beneficiaries in China's new cooperative medical scheme. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1519. [PMID: 34362340 PMCID: PMC8348873 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) is a voluntary social health insurance program launched in 2002 for rural Chinese residents where 80% of people were without health insurance of any kind. Over time, several concerns about this program have been raised related to healthcare utilization disparities for NCMS participants in urban versus rural regions. Our study uses 2015 national survey data to evaluate the extent of these urban and rural disparities among NCMS beneficiaries. METHODS Data for our study are based on the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) for 2015. Our 12,190-patient sample are urban and rural patients insured by NCMS. We use logistic regression analyses to compare the extent of disparities for urban and rural residence of NCMS beneficiaries in (1) whether individuals received any inpatient or outpatient care during 2015 and (2) for those individuals that did receive care, the extent of the variation in the number of inpatient and outpatient visits among each group. RESULTS Our regression results reveal that for urban and rural NCMS patients in 2015, there were no significant differences in inpatient or outpatient utilization for either of the dependent variables - 1) whether or not the patient had a visit during the last year, or 2) for those that had a visit, the number of visits they had. Patient characteristics: age, sex, employment, health status, chronic conditions, and per capita annual expenditures - all had significant impacts on whether or not there was an inpatient or outpatient visit but less influence on the number of inpatient or outpatient visits. CONCLUSIONS For both access to inpatient and outpatient facilities and the level of utilization of these facilities, our results reveal that both urban and rural NCMS patients have similar levels of resource utilization. These results from 2015 indicate that utilization angst about urban and rural disparities in NCMS patients do not appear to be a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Luo
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jing Deng
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Edmund R Becker
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Alarcon-Ruiz CA, Melendez-Torres G, Torres-Puente R, Ambrosio-Melgarejo J, Romero-Cabrera AB, Navarro-Flores A, Albitres-Flores L, Lindo-Cavero A, Huarcaya-Victoria J. Development of a framework for the implementation of synchronous e-mental health: a protocol for a realist synthesis of systematic reviews. F1000Res 2020; 9:1282. [PMID: 34540205 PMCID: PMC8424460 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27150.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been necessary to deliver mental health care using technologies (e-mental health). But there have been difficulties in its application. Quantitative systematic reviews such as meta-analysis doesn't allow us to fully identify and properly describe this subject. Thus, our study has two main objectives: a) "to determine what evidence is available for synchronous e-mental health implementation"; and b) "to develop a framework informed by a realist analysis for the implementation of synchronous e-mental health". Methods: We will search MEDLINE, EBM Reviews, PsycINFO, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science databases from 1st January 2015 to September 2020, with no language restriction. A systematic review with a narrative description and a realist synthesis will be conducted. Primary studies relating to adults with common mental health problems using any type of mobile mental health intervention that includes a synchronic component and communication with a mental health professional will be included. For the analysis, we will make a realist synthesis of the systematic reviews, using a grounded theory approach with an emergent approach to synthesize the information, prioritizing the systematic reviews with a lower risk of bias in the AMSTAR-2 tool. The realist synthesis will be based on the interpretation, integration, and inference of the evaluated elements and the generation of hypotheses to better understand the implementation process of synchronous e-mental health. Finally, we will present the overall assessment in a Summary of Qualitative Findings table. Conclusion: Our results will allow a better understanding of the facilitator and limitations in implementing e-mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Universidad César Vallejo, Escuela de Medicina, Trujillo, Peru
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
| | | | - G.J. Melendez-Torres
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alba Navarro-Flores
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Leonardo Albitres-Flores
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | | | - Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
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