Expectations for future care provision in a population-based cohort of baby-boomers

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Over 2000 baby-boomers were asked who they expect will provide their social care, should they need it in the future.

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3 in 4 people with a living child expect them to meet any future care needs.

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1 in 5 expect their needs to be met by a friend or by formal care services, rising to 3 in 4 people without a child.

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Low mid-life social contact is linked with greater expectation of formal care.

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Chronic conditions and functional limitations are not related to expectations.

Objective

We describe sources expected to provide for future care needs among baby-boomers in their late sixties and examine how expectations vary according to earlier health and social experiences. We hypothesised that greater integration in social relationships across adulthood is associated with greater expectation of informal care, and that greater morbidity over a longer time period is associated with greater expectation of formal care.

Method

The MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a population-based birth cohort study set in mainland Britain, provided data on care expectations for 2135 participants aged 68–69. The outcome was who, besides the partner or spouse, is expected to provide for the future care needs, coded as adult children, other relatives, friends/neighbours, paid/professional care, or no one. Adult children were taken as the reference category and the latter two categories were combined as ‘formal care’ in the multiple regression analysis.

Results

91% had an adult child, of whom 74% expected them to provide care if needed, and 11% expected formal care. The latter rose to 33% of those with no adult children. Geographical distance to adult children (over 25 miles) was strongly correlated with expectations but, independently of this, lack of someone to help in a crisis from midlife onwards and low social contact were associated with expecting formal care. Expectations did not differ by number of chronic conditions, functional limitations or longstanding illness from age 60 + .

Conclusion

Those lacking social relationships in midlife onwards and those living further from adult children are more likely to expect formal help with their future care needs. As personal care needs are projected to rise with population ageing and families are increasingly expected to provide for these needs, initiatives to remove barriers to smaller distances between ageing parents and their children and to support and maintain high-quality family relationships across the life course should be considered.

Stated preferences for long-term care: a literature review

Person-centred provision of long-term care (LTC) requires information on how individuals value respective LTC services. The literature on LTC preferences has not been comprehensively reviewed, existing summaries are contradictory. An explorative, scoping review was conducted to provide a thorough methodological description and results synthesis of studies that empirically investigated LTC preference outcomes based on respondents’ statements. A wide search strategy, with 18 key terms relating to ‘LTC’ and 31 to ‘preferences’, was developed. Database searches in PubMed, Ovid and ScienceDirect were conducted in February 2016. The 59 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were grouped and methodically described based on preference elicitation techniques and methods. Despite substantial methodological heterogeneity between studies, certain findings consistently emerged for the investigated LTC preference outcomes. The large majority of respondents preferred to receive LTC in their known physical and social environment when care needs were moderate, but residential care when care needs were extensive. Preferences were found to depend on a variety of personal, environmental, social and cultural aspects. Dependent individuals aspired to preserve their personal and social identity, self-image, independence, autonomy, control and dignity, which suggests that LTC preferences are a function of the perceived ability of a specific LTC arrangement to satisfy peoples’ basic physiological and mental/social needs. Research on LTC preferences would greatly profit from a standardisation of respective concepts and methods.

Self-care behaviour for minor symptoms: can Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use help us to understand it?

Objective

To explore whether Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use can aid understanding of self-care behaviour and inform development of interventions to promote self-care for minor illness.

Method

Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 Scottish participants about their experience and management of minor symptoms normally associated with analgesic use. Synthesised data from the interviews were mapped onto the Behavioral Model.

Key findings

All factors identified as influencing decisions about how to manage the symptoms discussed, mapped onto at least one domain of Andersen's model. Individual characteristics including beliefs, need factors and available resources were associated with health behaviour, including self-care. Outcomes such as perceived health status and consumer satisfaction from previous experience of managing symptoms also appeared to feed back into health behaviour.

Conclusions

The Behavioral Model seems relevant to self-care as well as formal health services. Additional work is needed to explore applicability of the Behavioral Model to different types of symptoms, different modalities of self-care and in countries with different health care systems. Future quantitative studies should establish the relative importance of factors influencing the actions people take to manage minor symptoms to inform future interventions aimed at optimising self-care behaviour.

Patterns of self-referral in men with symptoms of prostate disease

OBJECTIVE

Analysis of health statistics reveals that, although men have a shorter life expectancy and a higher mortality rate than women, they have less contact with their GP. This study investigates men's experiences of prostate disease, with a particular focus on how they made the decision to seek medical help.

METHOD

Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 men aged 51-75 with prostate disease who had recently contacted their GP. These were audiotaped, transcribed and subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis.

RESULTS

Analysis revealed that their referral behaviours were profoundly influenced by a need to live up to traditional images of masculinity. Far from being uncaring, men were extremely anxious about their health and fears about the effects of illness and treatment emerged as major influences on their decision to seek help. Their delay in approaching their GP was due to their beliefs about symptoms as markers of serious disease, their ability to hide symptoms from others and their attitude towards male GPs who were often seen as having negative attitudes towards male patients.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identifies some reasons why men with prostate disease may fail to seek medical care and has implications for increasing referral rates for men.

Predictors of Family Physician Use Among Older Residents of Ontario and An Analysis of the Andersen-Newman Behavior Model

Les données sur l'utilisation des médecins de famille par les personnes âgées (65 ans et plus) de l'Enquête sur la santé en Ontario (1990) nous ont permis d'examiner les variables prédictives de leur utilisation selon les groupes d'âge et le sexe. À l'instar des études antérieures, les variables prédictives les plus importantes étaient le nombre de problèmes de santé et la perception de l'état de santé. Toutefois, en dépit des efforts en vue d'améliorer la force prédictive du modèle de comportement Andersen-Newman, ces variables n'ont expliqué que 29 pour cent de la variation de l'utilisation des médecins de famille lorsque le modèle a été appliqué aux personnes âgées interrogées dans le cadre de cette enquête. En outre, le niveau de variation expliqué est demeuré relativement bas lorsque des analyses ont été effectuées selon les groupes d'âge et le sexe. Bien que ce modèle de comportement soit le cadre conceptuel le plus fréquemment utilisé, la présente étude suggère qu'il n'est peut-être pas le plus approprié pour l'examen de l'utilisation des médecins de famille par les personnes âgées au Canada.

Home is where their health is: rethinking perspectives of informal and formal care by older rural Appalachian women who live alone

The purposes of this qualitative descriptive study were to describe the perceptions of rural, older Appalachian women who live alone regarding systems of informal and formal care and to understand if traditional cultural norms influence attitudes and decisions to access these two systems. Older Appalachian women in this study defined themselves and their health in terms of their homes and as women who care for themselves informally and value independence and privacy. Five major themes emerged from the data for informal care, and three related to formal care or use of it. The findings support a reconceptualization of informal and formal care and point out reasons why these women chose to use or not use these two systems of care. Furthermore, they reveal how changes in the formal care system could support health promotion and prevention strategies grounded in everyday ways of maintaining health within the context of home.