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Pearce DA, Baynam G. Erasing stigma around rare diseases. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1092. [PMID: 38823408 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Pearce
- Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, SD, USA; International Rare Disease Research Consortium, Paris, France.
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Rare Care Centre, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; International Rare Disease Research Consortium, Paris, France
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Graham T, Sooriah S, Chang YS, Hashimdeen S, Meydan T, Grocott P. Translating patient needs into medical device development: co-design of a photoprotection visor for Xeroderma Pigmentosum using qualitative interviews. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:64. [PMID: 38351060 PMCID: PMC10865654 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-03002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) have a heightened sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and are advised to wear photoprotective clothing including a visor covering the face and neck. Photoprotective visors are homemade and predominately worn by children with decreasing frequency as age increases. To improve upon the current design and efficacy we were tasked with developing a prototype visor to meet patients' needs. METHODS Adopting a codesign methodology, patients' experiences of wearing a visor and patient and carer views of emerging prototypes were explored during interviews. A thematic analysis was conducted in parallel with data collection and themes were interpreted into design cues; desirable attributes of a visor that would counteract the negative user experiences and meet the requirements described by patients and carers. The design cues guided the iterative development of prototypes by academic engineers. RESULTS Twenty-four interviews were conducted with patients and carers. Thematic analysis resulted in the following five themes: Being safe from UVR exposure; self-consciousness; temperature effects; acoustic difficulties; and material properties. The following design cues were developed from the themes respectively; materials and design with high UVR protection; ability to customise with own headwear; ventilation to reduce steaming up; acoustic functionality to enable hearing and speech; foldable, portable, and easy to put on and take off. CONCLUSIONS It is important to understand people's experiences of using medical devices to improve their safety, efficiency and user satisfaction. The user experience themes and design cues, informed the iterative development of low fidelity visor prototypes as part of a codesign process. These design cues and responses to the prototypes are guiding commercial manufacturing and regulatory approval. The visor can then be prescribed to patients, providing an equitable service of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Graham
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Kings College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK.
| | - Sangeeta Sooriah
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Kings College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
- Healthwatch Camden, 85-87 Bayham Street, London, NW1 0AG, UK
| | - Yan-Shing Chang
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Kings College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Shaikh Hashimdeen
- University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Centre for Advanced Batch Manufacture (CBM), Waterfront, Innovation Quarter Campus, Heol Ynys, Kings Road, Swansea, SA1 8EW, UK
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Turgut Meydan
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Patricia Grocott
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Kings College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
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Walburn J, Foster L, Araújo-Soares V, Sarkany R, Weinman J, Sainsbury K, Morgan M. Acceptability and influence of a complex personalized intervention on changes in photoprotection behaviours among people with xeroderma pigmentosum. Br J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1113-1131. [PMID: 37414737 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rigorous photoprotection is the only means to prevent skin cancer in people with the rare condition of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We conducted a qualitative process evaluation of patient experiences and responses to a highly personalized, multi-component intervention, 'XPAND', designed to influence the psychosocial determinants of inadequate photoprotection among adults with XP. DESIGN Qualitative study of 15 patients following participation in a RCT. METHODS Semi-structured interviews explored acceptability, changes in photoprotection and attributions for behavioural changes. Analysis followed a framework approach. RESULTS Participants were overwhelmingly positive in their views of the quality and range of components of XPAND and the relevance to their personal photoprotection barriers. All participants reported improved adherence to at least one photoprotection activity and nearly two-thirds of participants noted improvements across multiple activities. Participants believed improvements in their photoprotection behaviours were influenced by different change mechanisms. Sunscreen application, was mainly facilitated by habit formation, prompted by text messages, whereas the wearing of a photoprotective face buff was influenced by strategies, learnt during one-to-one sessions, to overcome worry about looking different. Enhancement of general self-confidence and perceived support from XPAND described by participants facilitated change more broadly. CONCLUSIONS Exploration of responses to XPAND is required in the international XP population, followed by adaptation and evaluation to see if it could benefit other patient groups at higher risk of skin cancer. Implications for approaches to behaviour change include the acceptability of complex multidimensional interventions, the importance of dynamic personalization and the interactive nature of behaviour change mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vera Araújo-Soares
- Division of Prevention, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Current Utilization of Qualitative Methodologies in Dermatology: A Scoping Review. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100172. [PMID: 36891031 PMCID: PMC9986021 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to determine how qualitative methods are used in dermatology research and whether published manuscripts meet current standards for qualitative research. A scoping review of manuscripts published in English between January 1, 2016 and September 22, 2021 was conducted. A coding document was developed to collect information on authors, methodology, participants, research theme, and the presence of quality criteria as outlined by the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Manuscripts were included if they described original qualitative research about dermatologic conditions or topics of primary interest to dermatology. An adjacency search yielded 372 manuscripts, and after screening, 134 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies utilized interviews or focus groups, and researchers predominantly selected participants on the basis of disease status, including over 30 common and rare dermatologic conditions. Research themes frequently included patient experience of disease, development of patient-reported outcomes, and descriptions of provider and caregiver experiences. Although most authors explained their analysis and sampling strategy and included empirical data, few referenced qualitative data reporting standards. Missed opportunities for qualitative methods in dermatology include examination of health disparities, exploration of surgical and cosmetic dermatology experiences, and determination of the lived experience of and provider attitudes toward diverse patient populations.
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Munro M, Voight DM, Bryson BA, Bogart KR. Enacted Stigma Experiences and Identity Noticeability of LGBQ+ Women with Rare Diseases. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022:1-26. [PMID: 35452381 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2059971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ+) people and those with rare diseases (RDs) experience considerable enacted stigma due to their sexual identity and disability/RD status. The frequency, severity, and type of enacted stigma is often influenced by identity noticeability. Although research has shown the challenging impacts of compounded oppression on multiply marginalized individuals, there has been no empirical research to date on the experiences of LGBQ+ women with RDs. This mixed methods study used survey and interview methods to explore enacted stigma experiences and identity noticeability of 29 LGBQ+ women with RDs. We found that RD visibility had a significant positive correlation to RD stigma. Additionally, age had a significant negative correlation to RD stigma and RD visibility. Common concerns for participants included healthcare stigma, sexual identity erasure, RD and/or LGBQ+ community exclusion, and heteropatriarchal expectations and norms. Increased research and support are needed for LGBQ+ women with RDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Munro
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Danica M Voight
- School of Psychological Science, College of Liberal Arts, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Brooke A Bryson
- School of Psychological Science, College of Liberal Arts, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathleen R Bogart
- School of Psychological Science, College of Liberal Arts, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Sarkany R, Norton S, Canfield M, Morgan M, Foster L, Sainsbury K, Araujo-Soares V, Wulf HC, Weinman J, Walburn J. Identifying the psychosocial predictors of ultraviolet exposure to the face in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum: a study of the behavioural factors affecting clinical outcomes in this genetic disease. J Med Genet 2022; 59:1095-1103. [PMID: 35393336 PMCID: PMC9613853 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background For patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), the main means of preventing skin and eye cancers is extreme protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR), particularly for the face. We have recently developed a methodology for objectively measuring photoprotection behaviour (‘UVR dose to facial skin’) and have found that the degree of photoprotection varies greatly between patients with XP. We have previously identified factors affecting photoprotection behaviour in XP using a subjective measure of photoprotection. Here, we have used this objective methodology to identify the factors which determine photoprotection behaviour in XP. Methods We studied 29 psychological, social, demographic and clinical variables in 36 patients with XP. We have previously objectively measured UVR protection (by measuring the dose of UVR reaching the skin of the face over a 3-week period) in these patients. Here, we use linear mixed-effects model analysis to identify the factors which lead to the differences in degree of photoprotection observed in these patients. Results Psychosocial factors accounted for as much of the interindividual variation in photoprotection behaviour (29%) as demographic and clinical factors (24%). Psychosocial factors significantly associated with worse UVR protection included: automaticity of the behaviours, and a group of beliefs and perceptions about XP and photoprotection known to associate with poor treatment adherence in other diseases. Conclusions We have identified factors contributing to poor photoprotection in XP. Identifying these potentially reversible psychosocial features has enabled us to design an intervention to improve photoprotection in patients with XP, aiming to prevent skin and eye cancers in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sarkany
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martha Canfield
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Population Health Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Population Health Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Jiang S, Chia C. Media and Social Factors Influencing Stigma towards Eczema Patients: A Survey Study in Singapore. Health Promot J Austr 2022; 33 Suppl 1:327-333. [PMID: 35253950 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Eczema is a common skin health issue in Singapore. A salient challenge eczema patients are facing is the stigma towards them, which has been relatively unacknowledged. It is critical to reduce stigma towards eczema patients, and an essential step is to identify factors influencing stigmatizing behavior. METHODS With a general basis of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey (N=293) in the context of Singapore. The sample was recruited via the online panel of a survey company, Rakuten Insights. Our sample's age and education level generally fit with the population in Singapore. RESULTS Media exposure to eczema content did not influence stigmatizing behavior either directly or indirectly. However, personal connection with eczema patients reduced stigma indirectly, completely mediated by stigmatizing attitude towards eczema patients and health literacy. That is, personal connection with eczema patients had a negative relationship with stigmatizing attitude, which was positively associated with the intention of and actual stigmatizing behavior. On the other hand, personal connection increased health literacy, which in turn reduced stigmatizing intention and behavior. CONCLUSIONS We call for more future initiatives to fight against health stigma. Health promotion can take advantage of eczema patients' social network to educate the general public about the eczema issue to lower stigma. Public policy responses to prevent discrimination on the basis of skin health are also needed. Media organizations should use news media and social media to speak out against stigma towards eczema patients, and avoid using stigmatizing language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohai Jiang
- Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chia
- Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Munro M, Cook AM, Bogart KR. An inductive qualitative content analysis of stigma experienced by people with rare diseases. Psychol Health 2021; 37:948-963. [PMID: 33886382 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1912344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are more than 6,000 known rare diseases (RDs), which are often serious, chronic, and progressive conditions. Cumulatively, having a RD is actually common, impacting an estimated 300 million people worldwide. While the stigmatization of some specific RDs has been studied, examining stigma in a large sample of many RDs allows for a broader understanding of patterns. DESIGN We used inductive qualitative content analysis to analyze survey responses to an open-ended question about challenges of living with a RD among 384 people with 178 distinct RDs. RESULTS We identified eight codes which were organized under the following three themes: structurally enacted, interpersonally enacted, and felt stigma. People with RDs experience structurally enacted stigma in the forms of healthcare stigma, education/workplace stigma, and an overall lack of accessibility. They also face interpersonally enacted stigma, including insufficient social support, a lack of understanding from others, and capitalist norms of productivity and self-sufficiency. Additionally, they experience felt stigma related to shame and the pressure to pass as able-bodied. CONCLUSION Possible solutions to RD stigma include increased education about RDs for healthcare professionals, a societal shift towards prioritizing accessibility, strengthened legal protections for disabled people, and expanded disability justice-focused community organizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Munro
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abigail M Cook
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen R Bogart
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Sainsbury K, Walburn J, Foster L, Morgan M, Sarkany R, Weinman J, Araujo-Soares V. Improving photoprotection in adults with xeroderma pigmentosum: personalisation and tailoring in the 'XPAND' intervention. Health Psychol Behav Med 2020; 8:543-572. [PMID: 34040885 PMCID: PMC8114353 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1840379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individualised behaviour change interventions can result in greater effects than one-size-fits-all approaches. Factors linked to success include dynamic (vs. static) tailoring, and tailoring on behaviour, multiple theoretical variables, and participant characteristics. XP is a very rare (∼100 UK patients) genetic disease, involving an inability to repair ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced damage, resulting in skin cancers and eye damage from an early age, and mean life expectancy of 32-years. Management involves rigorous UVR photoprotection, which is often inadequate, and no interventions have been published. UK-based care is personalised and delivered by a multidisciplinary team at the National XP Service in London. Following an intensive, mixed-methods formative phase with patients diagnosed with XP (n-of-1, qualitative interviews, objective UVR measurement, cross-sectional survey) and relevant stakeholder consultation (clinical and patient/public teams), the 'XPAND' intervention was developed. This paper describes the comprehensive and novel tailoring and personalisation processes used to deliver the intervention. METHODS XPAND consists of core and personalised modules targeting cue-based (time of day, weather, symptoms), belief-based (motivation, priority), self-regulatory (effort, barriers, planning), and emotional (stress, self-consciousness, mental exhaustion) factors, social support, disclosure, habit, and willingness, using appropriately-matched BCTs. A-priori, phase I data and a baseline profiling questionnaire (data sources) were used to allocate modules to participants ('personalisation') and to adapt module content ('tailoring'). Iterative decisions about delivery were based on patient response to feedback, identification of additional barriers (e.g. reasons for varying protection across contexts), and emergence of new barriers as improvements in protection were attempted or achieved (e.g. appearance concerns). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic multi-level personalisation and tailoring based on mixed-methods in XPAND allowed for insights and decision-making not possible with cross-sectional quantitative or qualitative methods alone. Data collection and allocation/adaptation methods may be of use in other rare conditions where small patient numbers mean that within-participant, individual-level delivery is well-suited and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Sainsbury
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- XP NCG Service, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Sarkany
- XP NCG Service, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Walburn J, Sainsbury K, Foster L, Weinman J, Morgan M, Norton S, Canfield M, Chadwick P, Sarkany B, Araújo-Soares V. Why? What? How? Using an Intervention Mapping approach to develop a personalised intervention to improve adherence to photoprotection in patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Health Psychol Behav Med 2020; 8:475-500. [PMID: 34040882 PMCID: PMC8114411 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1819287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intervention Mapping (IM) is a systematic approach for developing theory-based interventions across a variety of contexts and settings. This paper describes the development of a complex intervention designed to reduce the dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the face of adults with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), by improving photoprotection. XP is a genetic condition that without extreme UVR photoprotection, leads to high risk of developing skin cancer. Methods: The IM protocol of 6 steps was applied, involving comprehensive mixed-methods formative research. Key stakeholders (XP clinical staff and Patient and Public Involvement Panel), were instrumental at every step. Behaviour change methods were informed by the IM taxonomy, therapeutic approaches (e.g. ACT, CBT) and coded according to the taxonomy of behaviour change techniques (version 1). Results: We designed a personalised modular intervention to target psychosocial determinants of photoprotective activities that influence the amount of UVR reaching the face. Content was developed to target determinants of motivation to protect and factors preventing the enactment of behaviours. Participants received personalised content addressing determinants/barriers most relevant to them, as well as core ‘behaviour-change’ material, considered important for all (e.g. SMART goals). Core and personalised content was delivered via 7 one-to-one sessions with a trained facilitator using a manual and purpose designed materials: Magazine; text messages; sunscreen application video; goal-setting tools (e.g. UVR dial and face protection guide); activity sheets. Novel features included use of ACT-based values to enhance intrinsic motivation, targeting of emotional barriers to photoprotection, addressing appearance concerns and facilitating habit formation. Conclusion: IM was an effective approach for complex intervention design. The structure (e.g. use of matrices) tethered the intervention tightly to theory and evidence-based approaches. The significant amount of time required needs to be considered and may hinder translation of IM into clinical and non-academic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martha Canfield
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bob Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vera Araújo-Soares
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Anderson R, Walburn J, Morgan M. Approaches to Photoprotection and Normalization in Highly Adherent Families of Children With Xeroderma Pigmentosum in the United Kingdom. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:1275-1286. [PMID: 30741094 DOI: 10.1177/1049732319826561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examine photoprotection for children with Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a rare genetic skin disease requiring rigorous photoprotection, to reduce risks of severe burning and skin cancers from exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We elicit the views and experiences of both children and their parents to inform the care and support provided. Qualitative semistructured interviews were undertaken with 12 child-parent dyads recruited from the National XP Specialist service in London. We employed a framework approach to analysis. This identified a high level of photoprotection based either on "protection" to facilitate normal activities or "avoidance" of outdoor activity with priority given to normality in the future. These approaches were shaped by perceptions of clinical risk, the emphasis given to a normal family life and families' circumstances and resources. The findings contribute to notions of normalization and coping with demanding care regimens and inform approaches to working with families.
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Walburn J, Sarkany RP. Quality of life in the photodermatoses: the hidden toll of photosensitivity. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1077. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London London U.K
| | - Robert P.E. Sarkany
- Photodermatology and National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Services St John's Institute of Dermatology Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust London U.K
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Walburn J, Anderson R, Morgan M. Forms, interactions, and responses to social support: A qualitative study of support and adherence to photoprotection amongst patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 25:89-106. [PMID: 31756279 PMCID: PMC7004138 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social support influences adherence to treatment in chronic illness, but there is uncertainty about its facilitators and constraints. This study explored the forms, processes, and responses associated with mobilization of informal support across three life contexts amongst patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), a condition requiring rigorous photoprotection to reduce cancer risks. DESIGN Qualitative interview study. METHODS A total of 25 adults with XP participated in semi-structured interviews conducted face to face. An inductive thematic analysis was applied using a framework approach. RESULTS Practical support, involving both assistance with recommended photoprotection and adjusting daily activities to reduce exposure, was the key form of support provided by family and friends. However, responses to this support differed with two groups identified based on the relative priority given to photoprotection in daily life and processes of disclosure. For 'positive responders', support aligned with their own priorities to photoprotect, conveyed feelings of being cared-for and was facilitated by talking openly. In contrast, for 'negative responders' support conflicted with their priority of living 'normally' and their limited disclosure hindered receipt of helpful support in personal, clinic, and work interactions. Fears of workplace stigma also reduced disclosure amongst participants open in other contexts. CONCLUSIONS Practical support conveyed psychosocial support with positive effects on adherence. This suggests the traditional separation into practical and emotional support is overly simplistic, with measures potentially missing important aspects. Interactional processes contribute to the effects of support, which can be addressed by targeting disclosure, stigma, and other barriers at individual and organizational levels. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Social support can be both a facilitator and a hindrance to treatment adherence. Practical support is identified as the most important form of support in the context of adherence. The processes of support underpinning its relationship to adherence are unclear. What does this study add? Variations in the provision and impacts of support are influenced by participants' disclosure and attitudes to photoprotection, with two key groups comprising 'positive responders' and 'negative responders'. The influence of emotional support on adherence may be underestimated through neglect of the ways in which practical support often conveys feelings of being valued and cared-for. Barriers to mobilizing effective adherence support extends across life spheres, with fears of stigma and discrimination in work settings highlighting the need to intervene at individual and organizational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSchool of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing’s College LondonUK
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSchool of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing’s College LondonUK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSchool of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing’s College LondonUK
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Walburn J, Canfield M, Norton S, Sainsbury K, Araújo‐Soares V, Foster L, Berneburg M, Sarasin A, Morrison‐Bowen N, Sniehotta FF, Sarkany R, Weinman J. Psychological correlates of adherence to photoprotection in a rare disease: International survey of people with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Br J Health Psychol 2019; 24:668-686. [PMID: 31183946 PMCID: PMC6772157 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an extremely rare genetic disorder (approximately 100 known cases in the United Kingdom), where DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation in daylight cannot be repaired. Adherence to photoprotection is essential to prevent skin cancer. We investigated psychological correlates of photoprotection in the XP population of Western Europe and the United States. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of adults with XP and caregivers of patients <16 years and those with cognitive impairment in the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, and France (n = 156). METHODS Photoprotection activities to protect the face and body when outdoors; avoidance of going outside during daylight hours; intention; self-efficacy; and social support were assessed using measures developed for this study. Participants answered questions about their illness representations of XP (BIPQ); beliefs about photoprotection (BMQ); automaticity (i.e., without conscious effort) (SRBAI); clinical and demographic characteristics. Ordinal logistic regressions determined factors associated with photoprotection. RESULTS One third did not achieve optimal face photoprotection. After controlling for demographic and clinical factors, modifiable correlates of higher photoprotection included greater perceived control of XP, stronger beliefs in necessity and effectiveness of photoprotection, and higher intention. Avoidance of going outside was associated with greater photoprotection concerns, more serious illness consequences, and higher XP-related distress. Greater automaticity and higher self-efficacy were associated with better protection across all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of all known cases across three European countries participated. Identified modifiable predictors of photoprotection may be targeted by interventions to reduce the incidence of skin cancers in the immediate future, when a treatment breakthrough is unlikely. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Adherence to photoprotection in other populations at elevated risk from skin cancer is poor; however, the level in XP is unknown. Research across chronic conditions shows that adherence to treatment and lifestyle recommendations are influenced by illness perceptions, self-efficacy, and treatment beliefs. Studies on photoprotection conducted with the general population have found that perceived risk, perceptions of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection, self-efficacy for the behaviour, and automaticity (behaviours that are enacted with little conscious awareness) are related to better photoprotection. What does this study add? This is the first international survey to examine adherence and its correlates in people with XP (an under-researched group at very high risk of fatal skin cancer). Adherence varies and at least one third have potential for improvement. Perceptions about XP, photoprotection beliefs, self-efficacy, intention, and automaticity were associated with photoprotection of the face and body when outdoors. Negative emotional representations of XP were associated with avoidance of going outside during daylight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing’s College LondonUK
| | - Martha Canfield
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonUK
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing’s College LondonUK
| | - Sam Norton
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonUK
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing’s College LondonUK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and SocietyNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Vera Araújo‐Soares
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and SocietyNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Lesley Foster
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum ServiceGuy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of DermatologyUniversitätsklinikum RegensburgGermany
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Institute of Cancer and GeneticsGustave Roussy Institute, UMR8200 CNRSVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Falko F. Sniehotta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and SocietyNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Robert Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum ServiceGuy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing’s College LondonUK
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Walburn J, Norton S, Sarkany R, Sainsbury K, Araújo-Soares V, Morgan M, Canfield M, Foster L, Heydenreich J, McCrone P, Mander A, Sniehotta FF, Wulf HC, Weinman J. Evaluation of a personalised adherence intervention to improve photoprotection in adults with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): protocol for the trial of XPAND. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028577. [PMID: 31320353 PMCID: PMC6661555 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor adherence to photoprotection for people with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) can be life-threatening. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is being conducted to test the efficacy of a personalised adherence intervention (XPAND) to reduce the level of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the face, by improving photoprotection activities in adults with XP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A two-armed parallel groups RCT, where we randomised 24 patients with suboptimal adherence to either an intervention group who received XPAND in 2018 or a delayed intervention group who will receive XPAND in 2019. XPAND involves seven sessions, one-to-one with a facilitator, using behaviour change techniques and specially designed materials to target barriers to photoprotection. Following baseline assessment in April 2018 (t0) and intervention, the primary outcome will be measured across 21 consecutive days in June and July 2018 (t1). The primary outcome is the average daily UVR dose to the face (D-to-F), calculated by combining objective UVR exposure at the wrist (measured by a dosimeter) with face photoprotection activities recorded on a daily UVR protection diary. Secondary outcomes include average daily UVR D-to-F across 21 days in August (t2); psychosocial process variables measured by daily questions (t0, t1, t2) and self-report questionnaires (t0, t1, t2, December 2018 (t3)). Intervention cost-utility is assessed by service use and personal cost questionnaires (t0, t3). The delayed intervention control arm participants will complete three further assessments in April 2019 (t4) and June-July 2019 (t5), and December 2019 (t6) with dosimetry and UVR protection diary completed for 21 days at t4 and t5. A process evaluation will be conducted using mixed methods. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been received from West London & GTAC REC 17/LO/2110. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. This study tests a novel intervention, which, if successful, will be integrated into routine care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03445052; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vera Araújo-Soares
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Martha Canfield
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Paul McCrone
- Health Service & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Adrian Mander
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Falko F Sniehotta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Health & Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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Morgan M, Anderson R, Walburn J, Weinman J, Sarkany R. The influence of perceived medical risks and psychosocial concerns on photoprotection behaviours among adults with xeroderma pigmentosum: a qualitative interview study in the UK. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024445. [PMID: 30782905 PMCID: PMC6377541 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of photoprotection is required by people with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a rare skin disease, to reduce skin cancer and other risks. However poor photoprotection is thought to be widespread. PURPOSE This study examines the influences on photoprotection behaviours in adults with XP. DESIGN Inductive qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Analysis employed a framework approach. SETTING National sample recruited through a specialist XP centre in London. METHODS Semistructured interviews at patients' homes. All transcripts were coded and themes charted for each participant. Comparisons within and across cases identified common themes and differing motivations and approaches to photoprotection. Credibility of interpretations assessed through patient/carer input and clinic adherence scores. PARTICIPANTS 25 adults (17 male, eight female) aged 16-63 years with diagnosed XP attending a specialist centre. 18 lived outside London. RESULTS Awareness of risks of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and photoprotection was high. However, photoprotection behaviours varied according to perceived necessity and concerns. Three behavioural responses were identified: (1) 'dominated' by planning and routines to achieve a high level of photoprotection with significant activity restrictions and psychosocial impacts. (2) 'resistant' to photoprotection with priority given to avoiding an illness identity and enjoying a normal life. (3) Photoprotection' integrated' with an individual's life with little psychosocial impact. These responses were influenced by illness, personal and contextual factors including age, life stage and social support. Only the 'integrated' group achieved an equilibrium between perceived 'necessity' and 'concerns'. CONCLUSIONS The personal balance between perceived risks of UVR and social/psychological 'concerns' led to differing behavioural responses and contributes to an understanding of adaptation and normalisation in chronic illness. The study will also inform a series of individualised behavioural interventions to reduce measured UVR exposure among people with XP that are potentially applicable to other conditions with high risks of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sainsbury K, Walburn J, Araujo-Soares V, Weinman J. Challenges and proposed solutions for formative research to inform systematic intervention development in rare and unstudied conditions: The case example of Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Br J Health Psychol 2018; 23:229-237. [PMID: 29265545 PMCID: PMC5901402 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Sainsbury
- Institute of Health & Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Jessica Walburn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Institute of Health & Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - John Weinman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK
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