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Barik S. Suppression of Innate Immunity by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Revisiting the Specificity of Host-Virus Interactive Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16100. [PMID: 38003289 PMCID: PMC10671098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of hepatitis that may also lead to liver cancer and lymphomas. Chronic hepatitis C affects an estimated 2.4 million people in the USA alone. As the sole member of the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family, HCV encodes a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is translated into a single large polypeptide, which is then proteolytically processed to yield the individual viral proteins, all of which are necessary for optimal viral infection. However, cellular innate immunity, such as type-I interferon (IFN), promptly thwarts the replication of viruses and other pathogens, which forms the basis of the use of conjugated IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C management. As a countermeasure, HCV suppresses this form of immunity by enlisting diverse gene products, such as HCV protease(s), whose primary role is to process the large viral polyprotein into individual proteins of specific function. The exact number of HCV immune suppressors and the specificity and molecular mechanism of their action have remained unclear. Nonetheless, the evasion of host immunity promotes HCV pathogenesis, chronic infection, and carcinogenesis. Here, the known and putative HCV-encoded suppressors of innate immunity have been reviewed and analyzed, with a predominant emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. Clinically, the knowledge should aid in rational interventions and the management of HCV infection, particularly in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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Islam MR, Akash S, Jony MH, Alam MN, Nowrin FT, Rahman MM, Rauf A, Thiruvengadam M. Exploring the potential function of trace elements in human health: a therapeutic perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2141-2171. [PMID: 36637616 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A trace element, known as a minor element, is a chemical element whose concentration is very low. They are divided into essential and non-essential classes. Numerous physiological and metabolic processes in both plants and animals require essential trace elements. These essential trace elements are so directly related to the metabolic and physiologic processes of the organism that either their excess or deficiency can result in severe bodily malfunction or, in the worst situations, death. Elements can be found in nature in various forms and are essential for the body to carry out its varied functions. Trace elements are crucial for biological, chemical, and molecular cell activity. Nutritional deficits can lead to weakened immunity, increased susceptibility to oral and systemic infections, delayed physical and mental development, and lower productivity. Trace element enzymes are involved in many biological and chemical processes. These compounds act as co-factors for a number of enzymes and serve as centers for stabilizing the structures of proteins and enzymes, allowing them to mediate crucial biological processes. Some trace elements control vital biological processes by attaching to molecules on the cell membrane's receptor site or altering the structure of the membrane to prevent specific molecules from entering the cell. Some trace elements are engaged in redox reactions. Trace elements have two purposes. They are required for the regular stability of cellular structures, but when lacking, they might activate alternate routes and induce disorders. Therefore, thoroughly understanding these trace elements is essential for maintaining optimal health and preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hossain Jony
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Feana Tasmim Nowrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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B UR, Tandon H, Pradhan MK, Adhikesavan H, Srinivasan N, Das S, Jayaraman N. Potent HCV NS3 Protease Inhibition by a Water-Soluble Phyllanthin Congener. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11553-11562. [PMID: 32478245 PMCID: PMC7254805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NS3/4A protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important role in viral RNA replication. A 1,4-diphenylbutanedicarboxylic acid derivative, namely, phyllanthin, extracted from the leaf of a herbal plant, Phyllanthus amarus, inhibits HCV NS3/4A protease and replication activities. However, the reduced aqueous solubility, high toxicity, and poor oral bioavailability are major impediments with phyllanthin. We herein present a design approach to generate phyllanthin congeners in order to potentiate inhibition activity against protease. The phyllanthin congeners were synthesized by chemical methods and subjected to systematic biological studies. One of the congeners, annotated as D8, is identified as a novel and potent inhibitor of the HCV-NS3/4Aprotease activity in vitro and the viral RNA replication in cell culture. Structural analysis using the computational-based docking approach demonstrated important noncovalent interactions between D8 and the catalytic residues of the viral protease. Furthermore, D8 was found to be significantly nontoxic in cell culture. More importantly, oral administration of D8 in BALB/c mice proved its better tolerability and bioavailability, as compared to native phyllanthin. Taken together, this study reveals a promising candidate for developing anti-HCV therapeutics to control HCV-induced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Reddy B
- Microbiology and
Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Himani Tandon
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Manoj K. Pradhan
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | | | | - Saumitra Das
- Microbiology and
Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- National Institute
of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741 251, India
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Stamoulis I, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Zinc and the liver: an active interaction. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1595-612. [PMID: 17415640 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element, exerting important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. It affects growth and development and participates in processes such as aging and cancer induction. The liver is important for the regulation of zinc homeostasis, while zinc is necessary for proper liver function. Decreased zinc levels have been implicated in both acute and chronic liver disease states, and zinc deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Zinc supplementation offers protection in experimental animal models of acute and chronic liver injury, but these hepatoprotective properties have not been fully elucidated. In the present review, data on zinc homeostasis, its implication in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and its effect on acute and chronic liver diseases are presented. It is concluded that zinc could protect against liver diseases, although up to now the underlying pathophysiology of zinc and liver interactions have not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stamoulis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Athens, Medical School, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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