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Adzrago D, Wong SW, Wilkerson JM. Effect Modification of Illicit Drug Use on Symptoms of a Major Depressive Episode to Better Understand Binge Drinking by Adolescents and Adults in the United States. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Harvey DC, Baer RJ, Bandoli G, Chambers CD, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Kumar SR. Association of Alcohol Use Diagnostic Codes in Pregnancy and Offspring Conotruncal and Endocardial Cushion Heart Defects. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e022175. [PMID: 35014860 PMCID: PMC9238516 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of congenital heart disease (CHD) remains largely unknown, with only a small percentage explained solely by genetic causes. Modifiable environmental risk factors, such as alcohol, are suggested to play an important role in CHD pathogenesis. We sought to evaluate the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and CHD to gain insight into which components of cardiac development may be most vulnerable to the teratogenic effects of alcohol. Methods and Results This was a retrospective analysis of hospital discharge records from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and linked birth certificate records restricted to singleton, live‐born infants from 2005 to 2017. Of the 5 820 961 births included, 16 953 had an alcohol‐related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD‐9; ICD‐10) code during pregnancy. Log linear regression was used to calculate risk ratios (RR) for CHD among individuals with an alcohol‐related ICD‐9 and ICD10 code during pregnancy versus those without. Three models were created: (1) unadjusted, (2) adjusted for maternal demographic factors, and (3) adjusted for maternal demographic factors and comorbidities. Maternal alcohol‐related code was associated with an increased risk for CHD in all models (RR, 1.33 to 1.84); conotruncal (RR, 1.62 to 2.11) and endocardial cushion (RR, 2.71 to 3.59) defects were individually associated with elevated risk in all models. Conclusions Alcohol‐related diagnostic codes in pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of an offspring with a CHD, with a particular risk for endocardial cushion and conotruncal defects. The mechanistic basis for this phenotypic enrichment requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drayton C Harvey
- Department of Surgery Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Department of Pediatrics and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science University of California San Diego La Jolla CA.,The California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Gretchen Bandoli
- Department of Pediatrics and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Christina D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- The California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California Los Angeles CA.,Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California Los Angeles CA.,Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
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Hernández-Serrano O, Ghiţă A, Figueras-Puigderrajols N, Fernández-Ruiz J, Monras M, Ortega L, Mondon S, Teixidor L, Gual A, Ugas-Ballester L, Fernández M, Montserrat R, Porras-Garcia B, Ferrer-Garcia M, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. Predictors of Changes in Alcohol Craving Levels during a Virtual Reality Cue Exposure Treatment among Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3018. [PMID: 32962176 PMCID: PMC7565669 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Determining the predictive variables associated with levels of alcohol craving can ease the identification of patients who can benefit from treatments. This study aimed to describe changes (improvement or no change/deterioration) in alcohol craving levels and explore the predictors of these changes from admission to discharge in outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) undergoing treatment-as-usual (TAU), or treatment-as-usual supplemented with virtual reality cue-exposure therapy (TAU + VR-CET). METHOD A prospective cohort study was conducted amongst 42 outpatients with AUD (n = 15 TAU + VR-CET and n = 27 TAU) from a clinical setting. Changes in the levels of alcohol craving between admission and discharge were assessed with the Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and socioeconomic and civil status), cognitive-affective behavioral patterns (AUD severity, abstinence duration, psychiatric comorbidity, state anxiety, attentional bias, and substance use), and type of treatment (TAU + VR-CET and only TAU) were also evaluated. RESULTS The TAU + VR-CET group showed greater changes of improvement in the levels of alcohol craving than the TAU group (χ2 = 10.996; p = 0.001). Intragroup changes in alcohol craving from pre to post-treatment were significant in the TAU + VR-CET group (χ2 = 13.818; p = 0.003) but not within the TAU group (χ2 = 2.349; p = 0.503). The odds of an improvement in any of the craving levels between pre- and post-test was 18.18 (1/0.055) times higher in the TAU + VR-CET group with respect to the TAU group. The use of illicit drugs in the month prior to the test increased the odds of having a positive change by 18.18 (1/0.055) with respect to not having consumed. CONCLUSIONS Including VR-CET in TAU programs may provide benefits in the treatment of AUDs mainly among patients with intense alcohol craving and individuals having used illicit substances prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Hernández-Serrano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Escola Universitària de la Salut i l’Esport (EUSES)-University of Girona, Carrer Francesc Macià, 65, Campus of Salt, 17190 Girona PC, Spain;
| | - Alexandra Ghiţă
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Natàlia Figueras-Puigderrajols
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Jolanda Fernández-Ruiz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Miquel Monras
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona PC, Spain; (M.M.); (L.O.); (S.M.); (L.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Lluïsa Ortega
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona PC, Spain; (M.M.); (L.O.); (S.M.); (L.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Mondon
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona PC, Spain; (M.M.); (L.O.); (S.M.); (L.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Lidia Teixidor
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona PC, Spain; (M.M.); (L.O.); (S.M.); (L.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona PC, Spain; (M.M.); (L.O.); (S.M.); (L.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Lidia Ugas-Ballester
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Maribel Fernández
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Roger Montserrat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Bruno Porras-Garcia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - Marta Ferrer-Garcia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
| | - José Gutiérrez-Maldonado
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d’Hebron, 175, 08035 Barcelona PC, Spain; (A.G.); (N.F.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (L.U.-B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (B.P.-G.); (M.F.-G.)
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Klugah-Brown B, Di X, Zweerings J, Mathiak K, Becker B, Biswal B. Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: A coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4459-4477. [PMID: 32964613 PMCID: PMC7555084 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance‐specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, a meta‐analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance‐specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta‐analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task‐paradigms. Subsequent sub‐analyses revealed substance‐specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula‐thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Examining task‐specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward‐related processes. Finally, an exploratory meta‐analysis revealed that neurofunctional alterations in striatal and frontal reward processing regions can already be determined with a high probability in studies with subjects with comparably short durations of use. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in frontostriatal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward‐related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance‐specific behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Petrucci AS, LaFrance EM, Cuttler C. A Comprehensive Examination of the Links between Cannabis Use and Motivation. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1155-1164. [PMID: 32100610 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1729203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use is widely perceived to produce an "amotivational syndrome" characterized by reduced desire to work or compete, passivity, and lower achievement orientation. The notion that cannabis diminishes motivation has been perpetuated in popular culture, despite the equivocal results of past research. Moreover, previous literature has largely failed to consider the potentially confounding influences of depression, other substance use, and personality, despite known relationships between these variables and cannabis use.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the nature of the relationships between specific aspects of motivation and cannabis use/misuse. Moreover, we sought to determine whether depression, alcohol and other substance use, and/or personality could account for these relationships.Method: A total of 1,168 participants completed a survey comprising self-report measures of motivation (self-efficacy, apathy, goal orientation, reward-sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition/approach systems) and cannabis use/misuse (cannabis use status, cannabis use frequency, quantity, age of onset of cannabis use, symptoms of cannabis use disorder, problematic cannabis use).Results: The results revealed small (r < .30) but significant correlations between various aspects of cannabis use and motivation, which were largely accounted for by cannabis-related differences in depression, alcohol and other substance use, and personality. However, relationships between cannabis misuse and apathy remained statistically significant after controlling for confounds, indicating that individuals who misuse cannabis may demonstrate higher levels of apathy specifically.Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest that differences in depression, substance use, and personality between cannabis users and non-users largely explain differences in motivation between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria S Petrucci
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Emily M LaFrance
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Carrie Cuttler
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Subgroup trends in alcohol and cannabis co-use and related harms during the rollout of recreational cannabis legalization in Washington state. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 75:S0955-3959(19)30181-1. [PMID: 31351754 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US state of Washington legalized recreational cannabis in 2012; how this impacted the co-use of cannabis and alcohol in the population overall and among key subgroups has not been examined. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in patterns of alcohol- and cannabis use and alcohol-related harms during the rollout of retail recreational cannabis stores. METHODS Data come from six cross-sectional samples recruited between January 2014-October 2016 via Random Digit Dial procedures (N = 5492). Survey-weighted multivariable regression adjusting for gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, employment, marital status, cannabis use, and survey year were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS In the sample overall, no significant changes were observed in any alcohol use measures between 2014-2016, while the prevalence of cannabis use significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 25.0% to 31.7%, the prevalence of alcohol-related harms at home significantly decreased from 2.1% to 1.0%, and the prevalence of alcohol-related financial harms decreased from 1.5% to 0.8%. Both women and men significantly increased any cannabis use, while women also experienced significantly fewer alcohol-related harms at home and financial harms over time, and increases in the prevalence of cannabis users/non-drinkers. Those 18-29 years old significantly reduced the number of drinking days and overall volume in the past 30 days, and those 30-49 years old significantly decreased alcohol-related harms at home and financial harms. Those 50+ years old significantly increased any cannabis use and simultaneous use of cannabis and alcohol. Non-cannabis users slightly decreased average number of drinks/day, and cannabis users significantly decreased alcohol-related financial harms. CONCLUSIONS Between 2014-2016, the years during and immediately following the introduction of legal recreational cannabis stores in Washington state, there were no significant changes in cannabis and alcohol co-use or overall alcohol consumption. The only significant changes in the sample overall were an increase in any cannabis use and decreases in alcohol-related harms at home and alcohol-related financial harms.
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Ramstedt M. Concurrent use of addictive substances among alcohol drinkers: Prevalence and problems in a Swedish general population sample. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2019; 36:402-412. [PMID: 32934575 PMCID: PMC7434143 DOI: 10.1177/1455072519853917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To examine concurrent use of addictive substances among alcohol drinkers in the Swedish general population and to assess to what extent this increases the risk of alcohol problems. Methods: Data were retrieved from a nationally representative survey from 2013 on use of and problems related to alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives with 15,576 respondents. Alcohol users were divided into different groups on the basis of frequency of drinking overall and binge drinking. Tobacco use was measured in terms of daily use and use of illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives were measured in terms of last 12 months prevalence. A dichotomous indicator of a DSM-IV dependence or abuse diagnosis was used. Logistic regression models were estimated to examine the relationship between various patterns of drinking in combination with other substance use and risk of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Results: People who drink alcohol in Sweden were more likely to use other addictive substances than non-drinkers and such concurrent use becomes more common the more alcohol is consumed. Alcohol drinkers using other substances have a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence at all frequencies of drinking. Multivariate models controlling for sex, age and drinking frequency found that an elevated risk of harm remained for drinkers using addictive substances other than snuff. Conclusion: A large group of drinkers in the Swedish general population have an accumulation of risks as a result of using both alcohol and other addictive substances. Concurrent use of cigarettes, illicit drugs and non-prescribed use of analgesics and sedatives adds an independent risk of alcohol abuse/dependence in this group in addition to their drinking. The findings point at the importance of taking multiple substance-use patterns into account when combating drinking problems. Screening for concurrent use of other addictive substances could help healthcare providers to identify patients in need of treatment for alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ramstedt
- The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN), Stockholm, Sweden
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Subbaraman MS, Barnett SB, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Risks Associated with Mid level Cannabis Use Among People Treated for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:690-694. [PMID: 30830686 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between cannabis use frequency with alcohol use, alcohol-related harms, and persistent alcohol use disorder (AUD) in a general population subsample of individuals previously treated for AUD were examined. METHODS Secondary analyses of the 2005, 2010, and 2015 U.S. National Alcohol Surveys, a nationwide general population sample of individuals ages 18+, were performed. The analytic subsample (N = 772) reported 3+ lifetime DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria and prior AUD treatment. Primary exposure was past 12-month frequency of cannabis use (weekly or more, or "heavy;" more than monthly/less than weekly or "midlevel;" less than monthly or "light;" none). Primary outcomes were past 12-month total volume, average frequency of 5+ drinks/month, past 12-month alcohol-related harms, and past 12-month DSM-IV alcohol dependence. RESULTS Multivariable negative binomial and logistic regressions showed that the only cannabis users who consistently differed significantly from cannabis abstainers were midlevel users; specifically, more than monthly/less than weekly cannabis users drank 2.83 times as many drinks (95% CI: 1.43, 5.60); had 2.83 as many 5+ occasions (95% CI: 1.38, 5.79); had 6.82 times the odds of experiencing any harms (95% CI: 2.29, 20.33); and had 6.53 times the odds of persistent AUD as cannabis abstainers (95% CI: 2.66, 16.02; all ps < 0.05). The relationship between midlevel cannabis use and harms remained significant after adjustment for volume and frequency of 5+ (OR = 6.18, 95% CI: 1.35, 28.37). CONCLUSIONS Among those with lifetime AUD who have been to treatment, only more than monthly/less than weekly cannabis use is related to more alcohol-related harms and persistent AUD compared to cannabis abstinence. Heavier and lighter cannabis use is not related to worse alcohol outcomes compared to cannabis abstinence.
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Karjalainen K. Comment on Karriker-Jaffe et al. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2018; 35:443-445. [PMID: 32934544 PMCID: PMC7434109 DOI: 10.1177/1455072518807052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kataja K, Tigerstedt C, Hakkarainen P. More social research into polydrug use. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2018; 35:399-403. [PMID: 32934541 PMCID: PMC7434110 DOI: 10.1177/1455072518807055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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