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Pillay P, Smith MTD, Bruce JL, Clarke DL, Bekker W. The Efficacy of VAMMFT Compared to "Bogota Bag" in Achieving Sheath Closure Following Temporary Abdominal Closure at Index Laparotomy for Trauma. World J Surg 2023; 47:1436-1441. [PMID: 36995399 PMCID: PMC10156862 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-023-06898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The open abdomen (OA) is a necessary component of damage control surgery and closure is often challenging. Our aim was to review our ten-year experience with OA in trauma patients and to compare the success of a dual closure technique termed vacuum-assisted, mesh-mediated fascial traction (VAMMFT) to an exclusively Bogota Bag (BB) approach. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed using the HEMR database from 2012 to 2022, comparing demographics, mechanism of injury, admission vitals and biochemistry between patients with BB and VAMMFT applications. Rate of secondary abdominal closure and complications were assessed in both groups. Logistic regression was used to find predictors of closure. RESULTS OA was required by 348 patients at index laparotomy. Of these, 133 (38.2%) were managed with VAMMFT and 215 (61.8%) exclusively with a BB. There were no statistical differences between the BB and VAMMFT groups in terms of demographics, injuries, admission vitals and biochemistry. The VAMMFT group achieved a closure rate of 73% compared to 54.9% in the BB group (OR of 2.2 [1.4-3.7]). There was no significant difference in fistulation rate between the two groups (p = 0.103). Length of hospital stay was 30 versus 17 days in the VAMMFT and BB groups, respectively (OR 1.41 [1.30-1.54]). There were no independent predictors of closure identified in the VAMMFT group. Older patients were less likely to achieve closure when BB was used (OR 0.97 [0.95-0.99]). VAMMFT failure was commonly due to lack of stock (39%) and protocol violations (33%). CONCLUSION The VAMMFT approach to the OA is efficacious and safe. VAMMFT achieves a much higher rate of secondary closure than BB alone with a low rate of enteric fistula formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavalini Pillay
- Department of Surgery, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
- School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Michelle T D Smith
- School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - John L Bruce
- Department of Surgery, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Damian L Clarke
- Department of Surgery, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Wanda Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Factors Associated with Inability to Perform Delayed Primary Fascial Closure of Open Abdomen in Trauma Patients: a Retrospective Observational Study. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Giuliani A, Romano L, Papale E, Puccica I, Di Furia M, Salvatorelli A, Cianca G, Schietroma M, Carlei F, Amicucci G. Post-surgical abdominal damage: management and treatment with vacuum therapy and biological mesh. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0394-9508.18.04912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Apelqvist J, Willy C, Fagerdahl AM, Fraccalvieri M, Malmsjö M, Piaggesi A, Probst A, Vowden P. EWMA Document: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy. J Wound Care 2019; 26:S1-S154. [PMID: 28345371 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2017.26.sup3.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Introduction Since its introduction in clinical practice in the early 1990's negative pressure wounds therapy (NPWT) has become widely used in the management of complex wounds in both inpatient and outpatient care.1 NPWT has been described as a effective treatment for wounds of many different aetiologies2,3 and suggested as a gold standard for treatment of wounds such as open abdominal wounds,4-6 dehisced sternal wounds following cardiac surgery7,8 and as a valuable agent in complex non-healing wounds.9,10 Increasingly, NPWT is being applied in the primary and home-care setting, where it is described as having the potential to improve the efficacy of wound management and help reduce the reliance on hospital-based care.11 While the potential of NPWT is promising and the clinical use of the treatment is widespread, highlevel evidence of its effectiveness and economic benefits remain sparse.12-14 The ongoing controversy regarding high-level evidence in wound care in general is well known. There is a consensus that clinical practice should be evidence-based, which can be difficult to achieve due to confusion about the value of the various approaches to wound management; however, we have to rely on the best available evidence. The need to review wound strategies and treatments in order to reduce the burden of care in an efficient way is urgent. If patients at risk of delayed wound healing are identified earlier and aggressive interventions are taken before the wound deteriorates and complications occur, both patient morbidity and health-care costs can be significantly reduced. There is further a fundamental confusion over the best way to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in this complex patient population. This is illustrated by reviews of the value of various treatment strategies for non-healing wounds, which have highlighted methodological inconsistencies in primary research. This situation is confounded by differences in the advice given by regulatory and reimbursement bodies in various countries regarding both study design and the ways in which results are interpreted. In response to this confusion, the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) has been publishing a number of interdisciplinary documents15-19 with the intention of highlighting: The nature and extent of the problem for wound management: from the clinical perspective as well as that of care givers and the patients Evidence-based practice as an integration of clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research The nature and extent of the problem for wound management: from the policy maker and healthcare system perspectives The controversy regarding the value of various approaches to wound management and care is illustrated by the case of NPWT, synonymous with topical negative pressure or vacuum therapy and cited as branded VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) therapy. This is a mode of therapy used to encourage wound healing. It is used as a primary treatment of chronic wounds, in complex acute wounds and as an adjunct for temporary closure and wound bed preparation preceding surgical procedures such as skin grafts and flap surgery. Aim An increasing number of papers on the effect of NPWT are being published. However, due to the low evidence level the treatment remains controversial from the policy maker and health-care system's points of view-particularly with regard to evidence-based medicine. In response EWMA has established an interdisciplinary working group to describe the present knowledge with regard to NPWT and provide overview of its implications for organisation of care, documentation, communication, patient safety, and health economic aspects. These goals will be achieved by the following: Present the rational and scientific support for each delivered statement Uncover controversies and issues related to the use of NPWT in wound management Implications of implementing NPWT as a treatment strategy in the health-care system Provide information and offer perspectives of NPWT from the viewpoints of health-care staff, policy makers, politicians, industry, patients and hospital administrators who are indirectly or directly involved in wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Apelqvist
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden and Division for Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Willy
- Department of Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, Septic & Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Research and Treatment Center for Complex Combat Injuries, Federal Armed Forces of Germany, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Mari Fagerdahl
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, and Wound Centre, Södersjukhuset AB, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Fraccalvieri
- Plastic Surgery Unit, ASO Città della Salute e della Scienza of Turin, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Piaggesi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pisa University Hospital, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Astrid Probst
- Kreiskliniken Reutlingen GmbH, 72764 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Peter Vowden
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, and Honorary Consultant Vascular Surgeon, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A part of damage-control laparotomy is to leave the fascial edges and the skin open to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome and allow further explorations. This condition, known as open abdomen (OA), although effective, is associated with severe complications. Our aim was to develop evidence-based recommendations to define indications for OA, techniques for temporary abdominal closure, management of enteric fistulas, and methods of definitive wall closure. METHODS The literature from 1990 to 2014 was systematically screened according to PRISMA [Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses] protocol. Seventy-six articles were reviewed by a panel of experts to assign grade of recommendations (GoR) and level of evidence (LoE) using the GRADE [Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation] system, and an international consensus conference was held. RESULTS OA in trauma is indicated at the end of damage-control laparotomy, in the presence of visceral swelling, for a second look in vascular injuries or gross contamination, in the case of abdominal wall loss, and if medical treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome has failed (GoR B, LoE II). Negative-pressure wound therapy is the recommended temporary abdominal closure technique to drain peritoneal fluid, improve nursing, and prevent fascial retraction (GoR B, LoE I). Lack of OA closure within 8 days (GoR C, LoE II), bowel injuries, high-volume replacement, and use of polypropylene mesh over the bowel (GoR C, LoE I) are risk factors for frozen abdomen and fistula formation. Negative-pressure wound therapy allows to isolate the fistula and protect the surrounding tissues from spillage until granulation (GoR C, LoE II). Correction of fistula is performed after 6 months to 12 months. Definitive closure of OA has to be obtained early (GoR C, LoE I) with direct suture, traction devices, component separation with or without mesh. Biologic meshes are an option for wall reinforcement if bacterial contamination is present (GoR C, LoE II). CONCLUSION OA and negative-pressure techniques improve the care of trauma patients, but closure must be achieved early to avoid complications.
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Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the contemporary strategies to treat the open abdomen have reduced the lethal complications. Systematic intensive care and modern wound management in conjunction with a plastic barrier to protect the viscera and topical negative pressure on the soft tissues have reduced the development of small bowel fistulas. The literature selected for this review shows that the surgical handling of the exposed bowel, the choice of the material for temporary coverage and early progressive closure of the defect are crucial for the prevention of fistulas. At present, surgeons worldwide have adopted these principles leading to an increase of primary or delayed closure rates. When a small fistula occurs, biological dressings like human acellular dermal matrix and fibrin glue may help to seal the orifice and to treat the patient conservatively. In case of a large fistula, vacuum-assisted wound management is recommended as well. Through a separate hole in the vacuum sponge matching to the fistula, the enteric contents are sucked off while the wound bed heals and is prepared for split thickness skin graft. Surgical resection of established fistula unresponsive to conservative measures should only be performed on patients well-nourished and free of infection with a delay of at least six months. for patients with an open abdomen, surgical expertise and a well-structured management plan offer the best chances to overcome this potentially devastating condition — with or without fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Becker
- Department of General, Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery, Central Military Hospital, Koblenz, Germany
| | - A. Willms
- Department of General, Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery, Central Military Hospital, Koblenz, Germany
| | - R. Schwab
- Department of General, Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery, Central Military Hospital, Koblenz, Germany
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Abstract
The use of open abdomen (OA) as a technique in the treatment of exsanguinating trauma patients was first described in the mid-19(th) century. Since the 1980s, OA has become a relatively new and increasingly common strategy to manage massive trauma and abdominal catastrophes. OA has been proven to help reduce the mortality of trauma. Nevertheless, the OA method may be associated with terrible and devastating complications such as enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF). As a result, OA should not be overused, and attention should be given to critical care as well as special management. The temporary abdominal closure (TAC) technique after abbreviated laparotomy was used to improve wound healing and facilitate final fascial closure of OA. Negative pressure therapy (NPT) is the most commonly used TAC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 China
| | - You-Sheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 China
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Zosa BM, Como JJ, Kelly KB, He JC, Claridge JA. Planned ventral hernia following damage control laparotomy in trauma: an added year of recovery but equal long-term outcome. Hernia 2015; 20:231-8. [PMID: 25877693 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-015-1377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Significantly injured trauma patients commonly require damage control laparotomy (DCL). These patients undergo either primary fascial closure during the index hospitalization or are discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Hospital and long-term outcomes of these patients have not been extensively studied. METHODS Patients who underwent DCL for trauma from 2003 to 2012 at a regional Level I trauma center were identified and a comparison was made between those who had primary fascial closure and planned ventral hernia. RESULTS DCL was performed in 154 patients, 47% of whom sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age and injury severity score (ISS) were 40 and 25, respectively. Hospital mortality was 19%. Primary fascial closure was performed in 115 (75%) of those undergoing DCL during the index hospitalization. Of these, 11 (9%) had reopening of the fascia. Of the surviving patients, 22 (19%) never had primary fascial closure and were discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia were similar in age, gender, ISS, and mechanism. Those with planned ventral hernias underwent more subsequent laparotomies (3.0 vs. 1.3, p < 0.001), and had more enteric fistulas (18.2 vs. 4.3%, p = 0.041) and intra-abdominal infections (46 vs. 15%, p = 0.007), and had a greater number of hospital days (38 vs. 25, p = 0.007) during the index hospitalization. Sixteen (73%) patients with a planned ventral hernia had definitive reconstruction (mean days = 266). Once definitive abdominal wall closure was achieved, the two groups achieved similar rates of return to work and usual activity (71 vs. 70%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS Following DCL for trauma, patients with a planned ventral hernia have definitive reconstruction nearly 9 months after the initial injury. Once definitive abdominal wall closure has been achieved; patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia have similar rates of return to usual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Zosa
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Dr., Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - J J Como
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Dr., Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.
| | - K B Kelly
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Dr., Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - J C He
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Dr., Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - J A Claridge
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Dr., Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
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Lambertz A, Mihatsch C, Röth A, Kalverkamp S, Eickhoff R, Neumann U, Klink C, Junge K. Fascial closure after open abdomen: Initial indication and early revisions are decisive factors – A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2015; 13:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zelken JA, AlDeek NF, Hsu CC, Chang NJ, Lin CH, Lin CH. Algorithmic approach to lower abdominal, perineal, and groin reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flaps. Microsurgery 2014; 36:104-14. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Zelken
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Nidal F. AlDeek
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chen Hsu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Nai-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University; Taipei Taiwan
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Willms A, Güsgen C, Schaaf S, Bieler D, von Websky M, Schwab R. Management of the open abdomen using vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014; 400:91-9. [PMID: 25128414 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-014-1240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The open abdomen has become an accepted treatment option of critically ill patients with severe intra-abdominal conditions. Fascial closure is a particular challenge in patients with peritonitis. This study investigates whether fascial closure rates can be increased in peritonitis patients by using an algorithm that combines vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction. Moreover, fascial closure rates for patients with peritonitis, trauma or abdominal compartment system (ACS) are compared. METHODS Data were collected prospectively from all patients who underwent open abdomen management at our institution from 2006 to 2012. All patients were treated under a standardised algorithm that combines vacuum-assisted closure and mesh placement at the fascial level. RESULTS During the study period, 53 patients (mean age 53 years) underwent open abdomen management for a mean duration of 15 days. Indications for leaving the abdomen open were peritonitis (51 %), trauma (26 %), and ACS or abdominal wall dehiscence (23 %). The fascial closure rate was 79 % in an intention-to-treat analysis and 89 % in a per-protocol analysis. Mortality was 13 %. No patient developed an enteroatmospheric fistula or abdominal wall dehiscence after closure. The mean duration of treatment was significantly longer in peritonitis patients (20 days) than in patients without peritonitis (10 days) (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in fascial closure rates between patients with peritonitis (87 %), trauma (85 %), and ACS or abdominal wall dehiscence (100 %) (p = 0.647). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the underlying pathology, high fascial closure rates can be achieved using a combination of vacuum-assisted closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willms
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, German Armed Forces Central Hospital of Koblenz, Ruebenacher Strasse 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany,
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Ibarra-Hurtado TR, Nuño-Guzmán CM, Miranda-Díaz AG, Troyo-Sanromán R, Navarro-Ibarra R, Bravo-Cuéllar L. Effect of botulinum toxin type A in lateral abdominal wall muscles thickness and length of patients with midline incisional hernia secondary to open abdomen management. Hernia 2014; 18:647-52. [PMID: 25033942 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-014-1280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abdominal wall hernia secondary to open abdomen management represents a surgical challenge. The hernia worsens due to lateral muscle retraction. Our objective was to evaluate if Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTA) application in lateral abdominal wall muscles modifies its thickness and length. METHODS A clinical trial of male trauma patients with hernia secondary to open abdomen management was performed from January 2009 to July 2011. Thickness and length of lateral abdominal muscles were measured by a basal Computed Tomography and 1 month after BTA application. A dosage of 250 units of BTA was applied at five points at each side between the external and internal oblique muscles under ultrasonographic guidance. Statistical analysis for differences between basal and after BTA application measures was performed by a paired Student's t test (significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS Seventeen male patients with a mean age of 35 years were included. There were muscle measure modifications in all the patients. Left muscle thickness: mean reduction of 1 ± 0.55 cm (p < 0.001). Right muscle thickness: mean reduction of 1.00 ± 0.49 cm (p < 0.001). Left muscle length: mean increase of 2.44 ± 1.22 cm (p < 0.001). Right muscle length: mean increase of 2.59 ± 1.38 cm (p < 0.001). No complications secondary to BTA or recurrences at mean follow-up of 49 months were observed. CONCLUSIONS BTA application in lateral abdominal muscles decreases its thickness and increases its length in abdominal wall hernia patients secondary to open abdomen management.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Ibarra-Hurtado
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Calle Hospital 278, Col. El Retiro, 44280, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the second World Congress on the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WCACS) in Noosa 2 years ago, interest and publications on intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and ACS have increased exponentially. This paper aimed to critically review recent publications and put this new data into the context of already acquired knowledge concerning IAH/ACS. METHODS A Medline and PubMed search was performed from January 2005 up to now using "intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)", "intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH)", "abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS)" and "decompressive laparotomy" as search items. RESULTS Although consensus definitions of IAH/ACS have been formulated recently, data on awareness are still disconcerting. Several groups refined current IAP measurement techniques and tested new direct IAP measurement devices for use in selected subpopulations. A series of recent publications identified specific patient subpopulations in IAH/ACS, like patients with burns or severe acute pancreatitis, with their specific pathophysiology and therapy. Although many studies already assessed the effect of elevated IAP on regional and micro-circulatory organ perfusion, a number of new publications attempted to unravel the link between elevated IAP and more "downstream" organ function or histology. Finally, therapy for IAH/ACS still reveals more questions than it answers. Global resuscitation does not necessarily equate with organ resuscitation. In fact, fluid-resuscitation may even induce IAH/ACS. CONCLUSIONS After publication of consensus guidelines on IAH/ACS, there is an urgent need for human intervention studies and, in parallel, clinically relevant animal models. Given moderately low incidence of ACS and the complex and interrelated pathologies of the critically ill patient with IAH/ACS, large animal models of pathology-induced IAH/ACS might create the opportunity to gain clinically relevant knowledge on the treatment of IAH/ACS.
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Chen J, Xu J, Wang A, Zheng M. Scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair: review of the efficacy of commercial products. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:61-73. [PMID: 19105781 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.6.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedics Research, School of Surgery University of Western Australia, Room 2.33, 2nd Floor, M-Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Slade DAJ, Carlson GL. Takedown of Enterocutaneous Fistula and Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. Surg Clin North Am 2013; 93:1163-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kreis BE, de Mol van Otterloo AJ, Kreis RW. Open abdomen management: a review of its history and a proposed management algorithm. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:524-33. [PMID: 23823991 PMCID: PMC3706408 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we look into the historical development of open abdomen management. Its indication has spread in 70 years from intra-abdominal sepsis to damage control surgery and abdominal compartment syndrome. Different temporary abdominal closure techniques are essential to benefit the potential advantages of open abdomen management. Here, we discuss the different techniques and provide a new treatment strategy, based on available evidence, to facilitate more consistent decision making and further research on this complicated surgical topic.
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Abstract
Complex abdominal wall defects refer to situations where simple ventral hernia repair is not feasible because the defect is very large, there is a concomitant infection or failed previous repair attempt, or if there is not enough original skin to cover the repair. Usually a complex abdominal wall repair is preceded by a period of temporary abdominal closure where the short-term aims include closure of the catabolic drain, protection of the viscera and preventing fistula formation, preventing bowel adherence to the abdominal wall, and enabling future fascial and skin closure. Currently the best way to achieve these goals is the vacuum- and mesh-mediated fascial traction method achieving close to 90% fascial closure rates. The long-term aims of an abdominal closure following a planned hernia strategy include intact skin cover, fascial closure at midline (if possible), good functional outcome with innervated abdominal musculature, no pain and good cosmetic result. The main methods of abdominal wall reconstruction include the use of prosthetic (mesh) or autologous material (tissue flaps). In patients with original skin cover over the fascial defect (simple ventral hernia), the most commonly used method is hernia repair with an artificial mesh. For more complex defects, our first choice of reconstruction is the component separation technique, sometimes combined with a mesh. In contaminated fields where component separation alone is not feasible, a combination with a biological mesh can be used. In large defects with grafted skin, a free TFL flap is the best option, sometimes reinforced with a mesh and enhanced with components separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Leppäniemi
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. Tukiainen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Wise DM. Suppressed wound healing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking leflunomide (arava). Perm J 2012; 15:70-4. [PMID: 22319420 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/11-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are monitored for various medication adverse events, DMARDs, and leflunomide in particular, have effects that are not observed clinically, specifically adverse effects on wound healing.
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Latifi R, Joseph B, Kulvatunyou N, Wynne JL, O'Keeffe T, Tang A, Friese R, Rhee PM. Enterocutaneous fistulas and a hostile abdomen: reoperative surgical approaches. World J Surg 2012; 36:516-23. [PMID: 21976011 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Damage-control surgery and open-abdomen is an acceptable—and often lifesaving—approach to the treatment of patients with severe trauma, abdominal compartment syndrome, necrotizing soft tissue catastrophes, and other abdominal disasters, when closing the abdomen is not possible, ill advised, or will have serious sequelae. However, common consequences of open-abdomen management include large abdominal wall defects, enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs), and enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs). Furthermore, in such patients, a frozen and hostile abdomen (alone or combined with ECFs) is not uncommon. Adding biologic mesh to our surgical armamentarium has revolutionized hernia surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Latifi
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Pérez Domínguez L, Pardellas Rivera H, Cáceres Alvarado N, López Saco A, Rivo Vázquez A, Casal Núñez E. [Vacuum assisted closure in open abdomen and deferred closure: experience in 23 patients]. Cir Esp 2012; 90:506-12. [PMID: 22652131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We analyse our experience and the results obtained with the use of vacuum assisted closure (VAC(®), KCI Clinic Spain SL) in the management of open abdomen. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the laparostomies performed between June 2006 and March 2011 using VAC(®) treatment in the Hospital Xeral-Cíes, Vigo. RESULTS We included 23 consecutive patients (18 males and 5 females) on whom the VAC(®) was used in the open abdomen due to different indications (abdominal trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis, ischaemic disease or abdominal compartmental syndrome). The VAC(®) needed changing a mean of 3.1 times per patient (range 1-7), with total mean treatment duration of 14.8 days (2-43) until closure, primary closure being achieved in 18 out of 21 patients (86%). The mean hospital stay was 110.1 days (8-163) and 6 patients (26%) died during their hospital stay due to problems related to their underlying disease. Seven cases (30%) had complications during the VAC® therapy: 3 intra-abdominal abscesses (13%), 4 fistulas or suture dehiscence (17%), and 1 evisceration (4%). CONCLUSIONS VAC(®) therapy is simple to manage, with an acceptable rate of complication, particularly of intestinal fistulas, and a reduced mortality. Of the various systems available for the deferred closure of the abdomen, the VAC(®) has made considerable progress in the past few years, mainly due to its adaptable material, and its numerous advantages. Its use will possibly increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Pérez Domínguez
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Xeral-Cíes, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, España.
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22
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Impact of closure at the first take back: complication burden and potential overutilization of damage control laparotomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 71:1503-11. [PMID: 22182860 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31823cd78d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage control laparotomy (DCL) is a lifesaving technique initially employed to minimize the lethal triad of coagulopathy, hypothermia, and acidosis. Recently, it has been recognized that DCL itself carries significant morbidity and may be overutilized. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) whether early fascial closure is associated with a reduction in postoperative complications and (2) whether patients at our institution met traditional DCL indications (acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy). METHODS This is a retrospective review of all patients undergoing immediate laparotomy at a Level I trauma center between 2004 and 2008. DCL was defined as temporary abdominal closure at the initial surgery. Early closure was defined as primary fascial closure at initial take back laparotomy. Patients were excluded if they died before first take back. Acidosis (pH <7.30), hypothermia (temperature <95.0°F), and coagulopathy (international normalized ratio >1.5) were measured on intensive care unit (ICU) arrival. RESULTS Totally, 925 patients were eligible. Thirty percent had DCL employed. Of these, 86 subjects (34%) were closed at first take back while 161 (66%) were not. Both groups were similar in demographics, injury severity score, resuscitation volumes, blood products, and prehospital, emergency department, and operating room vital signs. Univariate analyses noted that intra-abdominal abscesses (8.4% vs. 21.3%), respiratory failure (14.4% vs. 37.1%), sepsis (8.4% vs. 25.1%), and renal failure (3.6% vs. 25.1%) were lower in patients closed at first take back (all <0.05). Controlling for age, gender, injury severity score, and transfusions, logistic regression analysis noted that closure at the first take back was associated with a reduction in infectious (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.66; p = 0.004) and noninfectious abdominal complications (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.56; p = 0.001) as well as wound (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13-0.72; p = 0.007) and pulmonary complications (odds ratio, 0.35; CI, 0.20-0.62; p < 0.001). Of patients closed at the initial take back, 78% were acidotic (35%), coagulopathic (49%), or hypothermic (44%) on initial ICU admission. CONCLUSION Early fascial closure is an independent predictor of reduced complications in DCL patients. One in five patients closed at initial take back did not meet any of the traditional indications for DCL upon initial ICU admission. This may represent an overutilization of this valuable technique, exposing patients to increased complications. Further efforts should be directed at achieving both early facial closure as well as redefining the appropriate indications for DCL.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the early 1990s, vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy has been used to treat acute and chronic wounds in almost all disciplines of surgery in Germany. Taking this into consideration, the use of vacuum therapy in the area of head and neck surgery was examined. METHODS A literature review using MEDLINE (with PubMed) and EMBASE as well as a Cochrane search was performed on 15 December 2010. Search terms included "vacuum therapy", "vacuum-assisted closure", "V.A.C.", "VAC", "(topical) negative pressure (wound therapy)". RESULTS There were 1,502 peer-reviewed articles about "vacuum therapy" concerning all medical fields in literature. There were a total of 37 publications from the discipline of head and neck surgery (538 patients). Although benefits for the patients are consistently reported, these results are usually presented only in case reports or case series (evidence level IV and V). Positive results are mainly observed for the treatment of lifting defects in reconstructive surgery and for the treatment of acute and chronic soft tissue defects of the neck. Only little experience exists in the vacuum therapy of war wounds in the head and neck region. CONCLUSION Due to its advantages (i.e., hygienic temporary wound care with support of the continuous decontamination, wound drainage, promotion of granulation tissue formation, and effective wound conditioning), VAC is an integral and indispensable part of modern wound treatment. Analogous to this general experience, a benefit must also be assumed for head and neck wounds. High-quality and reliable studies on the use of VAC must be performed to verify this observation and the future reimbursement of in- and outpatient wound VAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-G Palm
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Controlling und Qualitätsmanagement, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
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24
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Wise DM. Suppressed wound healing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking leflunomide (arava). Perm J 2012. [PMID: 22319420 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/11-044.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are monitored for various medication adverse events, DMARDs, and leflunomide in particular, have effects that are not observed clinically, specifically adverse effects on wound healing.
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One hundred percent fascial approximation can be achieved in the postinjury open abdomen with a sequential closure protocol. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:235-41. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318236b319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Management of enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs) involves (1) recognition and stabilization, (2) anatomic definition and decision, and (3) definitive operation. Phase 1 encompasses correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, skin protection, and nutritional support. Abdominal imaging defines the anatomy of the fistula in phase 2. ECFs that do not heal spontaneously require segmental resection of the bowel segment communicating with the fistula and restoration of intestinal continuity in phase 3. The enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF) is a malevolent condition requiring prolonged wound care and nutritional support. Complex abdominal wall reconstruction immediately following fistula resection is necessary for all EAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Schecter
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Ward 3A17, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Current Use of Damage-Control Laparotomy, Closure Rates, and Predictors of Early Fascial Closure at the First Take-Back. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:1429-36. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31821b245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Byrnes MC, Irwin E, Carlson D, Campeau A, Gipson JC, Beal A, Croston JK. Repair of High-Risk Incisional Hernias and Traumatic Abdominal Wall Defects with Porcine Mesh. Am Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481107700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex ventral hernias represent a significant challenge to surgeons. We hypothesized that a wide underlay technique in combination with a novel biologic mesh would result in repair with a low recurrence rate. Medical records of patients undergoing ventral herniorrhaphy with Xen-Matrix biologic mesh were evaluated. All patients were evaluated for hernia recurrence both immediately and after 2 to 3 years. There were 57 patients included in the study. The overall recurrence rate was 7.2 per cent; however, all recurrences were early and were likely technical failures. The average duration of follow-up was 30.6 months with no further recurrences after the early technical failures. The average number of previous recurrences was 1.5. Fascial closure was obtained over the mesh in 84 per cent of patients, with component separation being necessary in 36 per cent of patients. Lack of fascial reapproximation over the mesh was associated with early recurrence (0 vs 55%, P < 0.0001). Complex ventral hernias can be repaired with a low recurrence rate. Our technique in combination with the XenMatrix biologic mesh provides for durable repair. Whenever possible, the fascia should be closed above the underlay mesh, because this technique provides a more durable repair than using the mesh as a “fascial bridge.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Byrnes
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
- Division of Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric Irwin
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
| | - Dana Carlson
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
| | - Amy Campeau
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
| | - Jonathon C. Gipson
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
| | - Alan Beal
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
| | - J. Kevin Croston
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota
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30
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Byrnes MC, Reicks P, Irwin E. Early enteral nutrition can be successfully implemented in trauma patients with an "open abdomen". Am J Surg 2010; 199:359-62; discussion 363. [PMID: 20226910 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of an "open abdomen" after a trauma laparotomy can complicate the nutritional management of injured patients. METHODS The medical records of patients admitted to an American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma center were evaluated. The timing of nutritional support was noted. The method to obtain abdominal closure was also noted. RESULTS Twenty-three patients were included in the study. Enteral nutrition was successfully initiated in 52% of patients before fascial closure. Enteral nutrition was initiated 3.8 days after the initial laparotomy in these patients. All patients successfully achieved fascial and skin closure, obviating the need for delayed hernia repair or skin grafting. CONCLUSIONS Enteral nutrition can be successfully initiated in patients with "open abdomens." In our series, early enteral nutrition did not alter our ability to ultimately obtain fascial and skin closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Byrnes
- Department of Trauma, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, MN, USA.
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31
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Pliakos I, Papavramidis TS, Mihalopoulos N, Koulouris H, Kesisoglou I, Sapalidis K, Deligiannidis N, Papavramidis S. Vacuum-assisted closure in severe abdominal sepsis with or without retention sutured sequential fascial closure: a clinical trial. Surgery 2010; 148:947-53. [PMID: 20227097 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple techniques have been introduced to obtain fascial closure for the open abdomen to minimize morbidity and cost of care. We hypothesized that a modification of the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) technique that provides constant fascial tension and prevents abdominis rectis retraction would facilitate primary fascial closure and reduce morbidity. METHODS In all, 53 patients with severe abdominal sepsis were allocated randomly into 2 groups, and 30 patients were analyzed. In the VAC group, we included patients managed only with the VAC device, whereas the retentions sutured sequential fascial closure (RSSFC) group included patients to whom RSSFC was performed. RESULTS The abdomen was left open for 12 days (P = .0001) with 4.4 ± 1.35 changes per patient for the VAC group (P = .001) and 8 days with 2.87 ± 0.74 dressing changes per patient for the RSSFC group, respectively. Abdominal closure was possible in only 6 patients in the VAC group, whereas for the RSSFC group, abdominal closure was achieved in 14 patients (P = .005). Planned hernia was exclusively decided in patients in the VAC group (P = .001). The hospital stay was 17.53 ± 4.59 days for the VAC group and 11.93 ± 2.05 days for the RSSFC group (P = .0001). The median initial intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was 12 mm Hg for the VAC group and 16 mm Hg for the RSSFC group (P < .0001). CONCLUSION We demonstrated the superiority of RSSFC compared with the single use of the VAC device. In our opinion, sequential fascial closure can immediately begin when abdominal sepsis is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Pliakos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Schecter WP, Hirshberg A, Chang DS, Harris HW, Napolitano LM, Wexner SD, Dudrick SJ. Enteric fistulas: principles of management. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 209:484-91. [PMID: 19801322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P Schecter
- Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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The effect of AlloDerm envelopes on periprosthetic capsule formation with and without radiation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:807-816. [PMID: 19319043 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318199eef3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathobiology of radiation-induced periprosthetic capsular formation and factors that may ameliorate its development have not been fully elucidated. The authors hypothesized that AlloDerm would diminish radiation-induced capsular formation. METHODS Two 5-ml implants were placed submuscularly in the backs of 41 rats. The right implant was wrapped with AlloDerm and the left remained bare. After 48 hours, 20 animals underwent irradiation to each implant, and 21 animals underwent no further treatment and served as controls. After 3 and 12 weeks, the capsules were harvested and submitted for tensile strength and histologic examination. Intraprosthetic pressures were measured in each implant at the time of surgery and when the animals were killed. RESULTS The intraprosthetic pressure decrease was uniform among all groups at 3 and 12 weeks. Between 3 and 12 weeks, capsular tensile strength increased in nonirradiated bare implants. There was considerable invasion of nonirradiated AlloDerm by inflammatory infiltrates at 3 weeks, and AlloDerm thickness decreased over time. Cellular invasion of AlloDerm was decreased with irradiation at both time points. Capsular tensile strength and thickness of the irradiated bare and AlloDerm capsules did not change between 3 and 12 weeks. Radiation increased inflammation of bare capsules at 12 weeks, but it was significantly reduced in irradiated AlloDerm capsules. The majority of irradiated bare capsules developed pseudoepithelium, whereas AlloDerm protected capsules from this transformation. CONCLUSION AlloDerm decreases radiation-related inflammation and delays or diminishes pseudoepithelium formation and thus may slow progression of capsular formation, fibrosis, and contraction.
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Leppäniemi A. Surgical management of abdominal compartment syndrome; indications and techniques. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2009; 17:17. [PMID: 19366442 PMCID: PMC2671476 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-17-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The indications for surgical decompression of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are not clearly defined, but undoubtedly some patients benefit from it. In patients without recent abdominal incisions, it can be achieved with full-thickness laparostomy (either midline, or transverse subcostal) or through a subcutaneous linea alba fasciotomy. In spite of the improvement in physiological variables and significant decrease in IAP, however, the effects of surgical decompression on organ function and outcome are less clear. Because of the significant morbidity associated with surgical decompression and the management of the ensuing open abdomen, more research is needed to better define the appropriate indications and techniques for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Leppäniemi
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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36
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Gaarder C, Naess PA, Christensen EF, Hakala P, Handolin L, Heier HE, Ivancev K, Johansson P, Leppäniemi A, Lippert F, Lossius HM, Opdahl H, Pillgram-Larsen J, Røise O, Skaga NO, Søreide E, Stensballe J, Tønnessen E, Töttermann A, Örtenwall P, Östlund A. Scandinavian Guidelines — “The Massively Bleeding Patient”. Scand J Surg 2008; 97:15-36. [DOI: 10.1177/145749690809700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gaarder
- Trauma Unit, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P. A. Naess
- Trauma Unit, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - P. Hakala
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - L. Handolin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - H. E. Heier
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. Ivancev
- Endovascular Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P. Johansson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Leppäniemi
- Department of Surgery, Meilahti Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F. Lippert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - H. Opdahl
- Intensive Care Unit/NBC centre, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - J. Pillgram-Larsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - O. Røise
- Orthopaedic Centre, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - N. O. Skaga
- Department of Anaesthesia, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Søreide
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - J. Stensballe
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E. Tønnessen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A. Töttermann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Örtenwall
- Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. Östlund
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tekin S, Tekin A, Küçükkartallar T, Çakir M, Kartal A. Use of chorioamniotic membrane instead of bogota bag in open abdomen: How I Do It? World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:815-6. [PMID: 18205280 PMCID: PMC2684017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is one of the most important problems for general surgeons to decide which operation should be undertaken on patients with intra-abdominal infection, especially those with concomitant abdominal hypertension. Recentlly, closure techniques using prosthetic meshes in order to retain abdominal tension and to control sepsis have become very popular for patients with abdominal sepsis and hypertension. We used chorioamniotic membrane instead of plastic material to cover the open abdomen. We conclude that human chorioamniotic membrane prepared under sterile conditions may be an alternative to conventional plastic bags in daily practice, for preventing serosal erosion and fistulas in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery.
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Open Abdomen after Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2008; 34:17-23. [PMID: 26815486 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-008-7169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The need for surgical decompression for abdominal compartment syndrome is becoming more frequent in patients with severe acute pancreatitis, especially in association with massive fluid resuscitation at the early stages of the disease. Decompression can be achieved with either a full-thickness laparostomy that can be performed through a vertical midline or transverse subcostal incision, or by performing a subcutaneous linea alba fasciotomy. Following a fullthickness laparostomy the open abdomen can be best managed with some form of negative abdominal pressure dressing. During dressing changes every 2-3 days, every attempt should be made to gradually close the fascial incision starting from edges, but avoiding recurrent abdominal compartment syndrome. Gradual closure is more likely to succeed in association with a negative fluid balance. Peripancreatic exploration or necrosectomy is seldom required at the initial laparostomy, unless performed for late onset abdominal compartment syndrome associated with infected peripancreatic necrosis. Primary fascial closure should always be attempted. If impossible and there is no need for subsequent abdominal re-exploration, the open wound should be covered with split-thickness skin grafting directly over the bowel loops. After a maturation period of 9-12 months definitive repair of the abdominal wall defect is performed utilizing the components separation technique, mesh repair, or a pedicular or microvascular tensor facia lata flap. Knowledge of the available decompression and reconstruction options is essential for individualized management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis and abdominal compartment syndrome. More research and comparative studies are needed to determine the most successful methods to be used.
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Leppäniemi A, Mentula P, Hienonen P, Kemppainen E. Transverse laparostomy is feasible and effective in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg 2008; 3:6. [PMID: 18234076 PMCID: PMC2266717 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only recently has the important role of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) been recognized as a contributing factor to the multiple organ failure commonly seen in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Decompressive laparostomy for ACS is a life-saving procedure usually performed through a midline incision followed by a negative pressure wound dressing. High risk of intestinal fistulas and frequent inability to close the fascia with ensuing planned ventral hernia has prompted the search for alternative techniques. Subcutaneous fasciotomy may be effective in early and less severe cases of ACS but it is always accompanied with a ventral hernia. CASE REPORT A patient with SAP developed manifest ACS and was treated with bilateral subcostal laparostomy. Immediately after decompression, the intra-abdominal pressure dropped from 23 mmHg to 10 mmHg, and the respiratory, cardiovascular and renal functions improved markedly leading to full recovery. The abdominal incision including the fascia and the skin was closed gradually over 4 relaparotomies, and during the 6 months' follow up there are no signs of ventral hernia or other wound complications. DISCUSSION Transverse subcostal laparostomy is a promising alternative decompression technique for ACS in SAP. It is feasible, effective and might provide a chance of early fascial closure. Comparative studies are needed to define its role as a decompressive technique for ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Leppäniemi
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Meilahti hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Mentula
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Meilahti hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Hienonen
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Meilahti hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kemppainen
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Meilahti hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Perez D, Wildi S, Clavien PA. The use of an abdominal vacuum-dressing system in the management of abdominal wound complications. Adv Surg 2007; 41:121-31. [PMID: 17972560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perez
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Overhaus M, Schaefer N, Hirner A, Kalff JC, Tolba RH. Influence of temporary abdominal wall repair on the intestinal integrity: an experimental study in the rat. Eur Surg Res 2007; 40:55-60. [PMID: 17921674 DOI: 10.1159/000109342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to analyze intestinal integrity after temporary abdominal wall repair with absorbable mesh. METHODS Rats underwent abdominal wall repair with absorbable mesh or sham operation. Myeloperoxidase-positive cells in the intestinal muscularis were histochemically quantified. Intestinal transit was visualized 48 h after surgery. Local and systemic inflammatory response was measured with TNF-alpha and IL-6 ELISA as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) expression in serum and peritoneal fluid. RESULTS Neutrophil count of the intestinal muscularis revealed that infiltration in the mesh-implanted and in the mesh-free animals 48 h postoperatively was similar. Gastrointestinal transit was similarly unaffected 48 h after surgery, with or without mesh implantation. TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MDA concentration in serum and peritoneal fluid showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION Intestinal contractility and local and systemic inflammatory response remained unaffected. Therefore, absorbable mesh augmentation is a safe and reliable method for temporary repair of the abdominal wall without affecting the intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Overhaus
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Rodriguez ED, Bluebond-Langner R, Silverman RP, Bochicchio G, Yao A, Manson PN, Scalea T. Abdominal Wall Reconstruction following Severe Loss of Domain: The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:669-680. [PMID: 17700118 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270303.44219.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large, complex, posttraumatic and recurrent abdominal hernias present a reconstructive challenge. Multiple techniques have been described to restore the integrity of the abdominal wall, although the indications and applications can be difficult to navigate. The authors propose an algorithm that facilitates the assessment and treatment of secondary large ventral defects. METHODS The algorithm described involves a systematic approach to abdominal wall reconstruction and was applied to 23 consecutive patients at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center. Data collected from the chart review included age, body mass index, mechanism of injury, placement of skin graft and use of resorbable mesh before definitive reconstruction, size of defect, number of tissue expanders placed, length of follow-up, and complications. RESULTS There were six female patients and 17 male patients, with an average age of 36 years. The average follow-up was 7 months. Seventeen patients had posttraumatic laparotomies, five patients had aggressive abdominal wall debridement following necrotizing fasciitis, and one patient developed a large abdominal wall hernia following complications from gastric bypass surgery. All patients underwent delayed abdominal wall reconstruction, with an average time to initial reconstruction of 19.5 months. Sixteen patients had no postoperative complications. Seven patients had complications, including one with an enterocutaneous fistula, one with a partial small bowel obstruction, two with seromas, one with a superficial wound infection, and two with recurrent abdominal wall laxity. CONCLUSIONS The reconstructive ladder for large, complex abdominal hernias is poorly defined. The proposed algorithm provides a systematic staged approach that incorporates available techniques used for delayed reconstruction of the abdominal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Rodriguez
- Baltimore, Md. From the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and the University of Maryland School of Medicine
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Kim EK, Hong JP. Efficacy of Negative Pressure Therapy to Enhance Take of 1-Stage Allodermis and a Split-Thickness Graft. Ann Plast Surg 2007; 58:536-40. [PMID: 17452839 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000245121.32831.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Negative pressure therapy has been used in various conditions to promote wound healing. It has also been used to secure a skin graft by improving microcirculation and providing tight adhesion between the graft and the recipient bed. The authors coupled the idea of negative pressure therapy for 1-stage allodermis and a split-thickness skin graft. This prospective study presents 47 cases of skin defects treated by 1-stage allodermis and a split-thickness skin graft. The patients were divided into 2 groups either treated with simultaneous aid of negative pressure therapy for 5 days (group 1, n = 37) or a classic tieover dressing (group 2, n = 10). In group 1, 97.8% graft take was noted at day 5 and the mean time until complete healing was 5.8 days. In group 2, 84% graft take was noted at day 5 and mean time until complete healing was 8.9 days with an average number of 3.2 dressings. Statistically significant graft take (day 5) and time until complete healing was noted (P < 0.05). Good aesthetic and functional result mimicking a full-thickness skin graft was achieved in both groups. However, frequent dressings, longer time to heal, and more restriction to the graft site were needed for group 2. Split-thickness skin added to allodermis provided a sufficient amount of dermis to prevent contracture, and the negative pressure therapy ensured fast and complete take of the 2-layered composite graft. This option can be used to achieve healing mimicking a full-thickness skin graft without requiring large full-thickness donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Key Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Jehle KS, Rohatgi A. Use of porcine dermal collagen graft and topical negative pressure on infected open abdominal wounds. J Wound Care 2007; 16:36-7. [PMID: 17334145 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2007.16.1.26988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on two cases in which porcine dermal collagen grafts were used successfully alongside topical negative pressure therapy in order to close open abdominal wounds in which severe infection was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Jehle
- Department of General Surgery, Worthing and Southlands NHS Trust, Worthing, UK.
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46
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Discussion. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000254537.68612.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barker DE, Green JM, Maxwell RA, Smith PW, Mejia VA, Dart BW, Cofer JB, Roe SM, Burns RP. Experience with vacuum-pack temporary abdominal wound closure in 258 trauma and general and vascular surgical patients. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204:784-92; discussion 792-3. [PMID: 17481484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporary closure of an open abdominal wound by vacuum-pack is the method of choice for patients requiring open abdomen management in our institution. We have previously reported our experience with a vacuum-pack in trauma patients and have expanded its use to general and vascular surgery patients. STUDY DESIGN This is a descriptive study performed through review of medical records of all patients undergoing vacuum-pack closure after celiotomy from January 1999 to May 2006. Clinical and demographic data were collected. RESULTS Seven hundred seventeen vacuum-pack closures were performed in 258 surgical patients (116 trauma versus 142 general and vascular surgery). The most common indication for open abdomen management was damage control in trauma patients and planned reexploration in general and vascular surgery patients. Total abdominal complication rate was 15.5% (14.7% trauma versus 16.2% general and vascular surgery). Fistulas occurred in 13 (5%), intraabdominal abscesses in 9 (3.5%), bowel obstruction in 3 (1.2%), abdominal compartment syndrome in 3 (1.2%), and evisceration in 1 (0.4%). Two hundred twenty-six patients survived to permanent abdominal wound closure. Of these, 154 (68.1%) patients underwent primary fascial closure of their abdominal wounds. Seventy-two patients (31.9%) required delayed closure. In-hospital mortality rate was 26.0% (25.9% trauma versus 26.1% general and vascular surgery). The cost of vacuum-pack materials is less than $50. CONCLUSIONS Indication for open abdomen management varied between general and vascular surgery and trauma patients. Complication rates were similar. Primary closure of open abdominal wounds was achieved in 68.4% of patients. Vacuum-pack temporary abdominal wound closure, initially used in trauma patients, continues to demonstrate ease of mastery, effectiveness in patient care and comfort, consistently low associated complication rate, and low cost in both general and vascular surgery and trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Barker
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
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Diaz JJ, Guy J, Berkes MB, Guillamondegui O, Miller RS. Acellular Dermal Allograft for Ventral Hernia Repair in the Compromised Surgical Field. Am Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480607201207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A ventral hernia and a contaminated surgical field are a difficult surgical combination. We hypothesize that acellular human dermis (AHD) can be a suitable biological tissue alternative in the repair of a ventral hernia. The study involved a retrospective review of the use of AHD in the repair of ventral hernia from 2001–2004. Inclusion criteria included a ventral hernia repair in a clean-contaminated (CC) or contaminated-dirty (CD) surgical field. The primary outcome of the study was wound infection and mesh removal. Patients were stratified into CC and CD, and management of a wound infection [medically managed (MM) or surgically managed (SM)]. Seventy-five patients met the study criteria. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (45.3%). There was one death in the study (from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome). The overall wound infection rate was 33.3 per cent: 11 MM (14.7%) and 14 SM (18.7%). The average length of stay was 16.7 days (±20.8) with a mean follow-up of 275 (±209) days. Subgroup analysis: CC (n = 64) had 9 wound infections that were MM (14.1%) and 12 wound infections that were SM (18.8%); CD (n = 11) had 2 wound infections that were MM (18.2%) and 2 wound infections that were SM (18.2%). Five of 14 SM (35.7%) wound infections required removal of the mesh. Wound infection in the contaminated surgical field occurred 33.3 per cent of the time. Some (18.7%) of the cases required SM management, and 35.7 per cent of these required removal of the AHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. Diaz
- From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey Guy
- From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marshall B. Berkes
- From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Oscar Guillamondegui
- From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard S. Miller
- From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tung CS, Zighelboim I, Scott B, Anderson ML. Human acellular dermal matrix for closure of a contaminated gynecologic wound. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:354-6. [PMID: 17048346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypropylene mesh for abdominal wall reconstruction increases the risk of postoperative complications in previously irradiated patients or patients with contaminated operative fields. A novel alternative, acellular dermal matrix, easily incorporates into native tissue when used for fascial reconstruction, forming a strong repair with minimal adhesions and lower infection rates. CASE We describe a patient previously treated with radiation for cervical cancer who presented with a contaminated operative field due to enteral spillage and pelvic infection. Acellular dermal matrix was used as part of a stepwise secondary closure of a large fascial defect in the anterior abdominal wall that was the result of repeated surgical procedures. CONCLUSION Use of acellular dermal matrix rather than traditional polypropylene mesh should be considered for patients with contaminated or irradiated operative fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine S Tung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden Road, Suite 1141, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Leppäniemi AK, Hienonen PA, Siren JE, Kuitunen AH, Lindström OK, Kemppainen EAJ. Treatment of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome with Subcutaneous Anterior Abdominal Fasciotomy in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. World J Surg 2006; 30:1922-4. [PMID: 16983467 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Managing the abdominal compartment syndrome associated with severe acute pancreatitis by the open abdomen method is associated with considerable morbidity and resource utilization. METHODS A technique of subcutaneous anterior abdominal fasciotomy is described for the first time in two patients with severe acute pancreatitis. RESULTS Following the procedure, the intra-abdominal pressure decreased from 30 mmHg immediately to 23 mmHg and to a sustained level of 12-14 mmHg in the first patient, and from 35 mmHg immediately to 23 mmHg and to a sustained level of 14-19 mmHg in the second patient. CONCLUSIONS The subcutaneous anterior abdominal fasciotomy is a promising method for safe and effective abdominal decompression with sustained effect and avoiding the morbidity associated with the alternative open abdomen techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari K Leppäniemi
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Meilahti Hospital, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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