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Löfvenmark I, Mogome W, Sekakela K. Outcomes 10-years after traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana - a long-term follow-up study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2024; 10:57. [PMID: 39112469 PMCID: PMC11306236 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-024-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective follow-up study. OBJECTIVES To describe outcomes, survival, and attendance to routine follow-up visits 10 years post-SCI. SETTING The national SCI-rehabilitation center in Botswana. METHODS All persons who were admitted with traumatic SCI during a 2-year period, 2011-2013, and survived up to 2 years post-injury were included. Data were collected from the medical records from the follow-up assessment closest to 10 years post-SCI and included demographic and clinical characteristics, functional outcomes, and secondary complications. Data regarding mortalities were received from relatives. Statistical comparisons were made, when possible, between those who attend follow-up assessment and those who did not, and between those who survived up to 10 years post-SCI and those who died. RESULTS The follow-up rate was 76% (19/25) of known survivors. No statistically significant factors were found to affect the follow-up rate. Secondary complications rates were for pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections 21%. Self-catheterisation and suprapubic catheter were the preferred methods to manage neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Ten persons (26%) had deceased since 2nd follow-up assessment. The causes of death were probably SCI-related in more than half of the cases. CONCLUSIONS This was a follow-up study at year 10 after acute TSCI in Botswana conducted at the national SCI-rehabilitation center. The study supports previous reports regarding the importance of that having specialized SCI units and the need of structured follow-ups, a responsible person in charge of scheduling, and updated patient registers. We found high follow-up rate, low rates of complications and of patients being lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Löfvenmark
- Karolinska Institutet, Institution for neurobiology, care science and society, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Spinalis Foundation, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Wame Mogome
- Spinalis Botswana SCI-rehabilitation Centre, Gaborone, Botswana
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Kendrick D, Lindley R, Blackburn L, Roadevin C, Thompson E, Andrews I, Anwar F, Brooks A, Carlton E, Crouch R, Day F, Fallon S, Farrin A, Graham L, Hoffman K, Howell R, Holmes J, James M, Jones T, Kellezi B, Kettlewell J, Morriss R, das Nair R, Richardson D, Smith M, Timmons S, Wright-Hughes A, Radford K. Early vocational rehabilitation and psychological support for trauma patients to improve return to work (the ROWTATE trial): study protocol for an individually randomised controlled multicentre pragmatic trial. Trials 2024; 25:439. [PMID: 38956682 PMCID: PMC11221047 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderately severe or major trauma (injury severity score (ISS) > 8) is common, often resulting in physical and psychological problems and leading to difficulties in returning to work. Vocational rehabilitation (VR) can improve return to work/education in some injuries (e.g. traumatic brain and spinal cord injury), but evidence is lacking for other moderately severe or major trauma. METHODS ROWTATE is an individually randomised controlled multicentre pragmatic trial of early VR and psychological support in trauma patients. It includes an internal pilot, economic evaluation, a process evaluation and an implementation study. Participants will be screened for eligibility and recruited within 12 weeks of admission to eight major trauma centres in England. A total of 722 participants with ISS > 8 will be randomised 1:1 to VR and psychological support (where needed, following psychological screening) plus usual care or to usual care alone. The ROWTATE VR intervention will be provided within 2 weeks of study recruitment by occupational therapists and where needed, by clinical psychologists. It will be individually tailored and provided for ≤ 12 months, dependent on participant need. Baseline assessment will collect data on demographics, injury details, work/education status, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic distress, disability, recovery expectations, financial stress and health-related quality of life. Participants will be followed up by postal/telephone/online questionnaires at 3, 6 and 12 months post-randomisation. The primary objective is to establish whether the ROWTATE VR intervention plus usual care is more effective than usual care alone for improving participants' self-reported return to work/education for at least 80% of pre-injury hours at 12 months post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes include other work outcomes (e.g. hours of work/education, time to return to work/education, sickness absence), depression, anxiety, post-traumatic distress, work self-efficacy, financial stress, purpose in life, health-related quality of life and healthcare/personal resource use. The process evaluation and implementation study will be described elsewhere. DISCUSSION This trial will provide robust evidence regarding a VR intervention for a major trauma population. Evidence of a clinically and cost-effective VR intervention will be important for commissioners and providers to enable adoption of VR services for this large and important group of patients within the NHS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN: 43115471. Registered 27/07/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kendrick
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Lindley
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lauren Blackburn
- East Midlands Major Trauma Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Cristina Roadevin
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ellen Thompson
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Isabel Andrews
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fahim Anwar
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Brooks
- East Midlands Major Trauma Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Edd Carlton
- North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Robert Crouch
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, S016 6YD, UK
| | - Florence Day
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steve Fallon
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Amanda Farrin
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laura Graham
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Karen Hoffman
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Barts Health NHS Trust and Queen Mary University London, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark St, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Rebekah Howell
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jain Holmes
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Ageing Research (CRAR), Injury, Recovery Sciences and Inflammation (IRIS), School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marilyn James
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Trevor Jones
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Blerina Kellezi
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Jade Kettlewell
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Morriss
- Institute of Mental Health, Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | | | - Davina Richardson
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, The Bays, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Stephen Timmons
- Centre for Health Innovation, Leadership and Learning, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Radford
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Ageing Research (CRAR), Injury, Recovery Sciences and Inflammation (IRIS), School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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O'Loghlen J, Geraghty T, Kendall M, Nielsen M, Jones R, McLennan V, Watter K, Ownsworth T. Perceived vocational support needs and return-to-work outcomes in the first 12-months post-discharge in individuals with acquired brain injury and spinal cord injury: A retrospective cohort study. Work 2024; 77:275-293. [PMID: 37638466 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Return-to-work (RTW) is often viewed as an important outcome following acquired brain injury (ABI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), although not all individuals have vocational goals and many experience barriers to RTW. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between RTW and psychosocial functioning at 12-months post-discharge after ABI and SCI and examined patterns of RTW according to perceived need for and receipt of vocational support. METHODS A file audit was conducted for 69 participants with ABI (n = 44) and SCI (n = 25). Data on employment status and perceived vocational support at 3- and 12-months post-discharge, home and community participation, psychological distress, and health-related quality of life were extracted. RESULTS Individuals in paid employment at 12-months post-discharge (22%, n = 15) reported significantly better psychosocial functioning at this timepoint compared to those not employed (78%; n = 54). For those not employed, three subgroups were identified: 1) Did not perceive the need for or receive vocational support (50%; n = 27); 2) Perceived vocational support needs were unmet (19%; n = 10); and 3) Perceived and received vocational support (31%; n = 17). Psychological distress was highest for those who perceived and received vocational support but were not employed. CONCLUSION RTW was associated with better psychosocial functioning after acquired neurological injury. The findings highlight the need for clinicians to explore and revisit individuals' perceived need for and preferences for vocational support and monitor the psychological well-being of those with RTW goals that are not yet successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica O'Loghlen
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy Geraghty
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metro South Health Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melissa Kendall
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metro South Health Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mandy Nielsen
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metro South Health Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rachel Jones
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metro South Health Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vanette McLennan
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerrin Watter
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metro South Health Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tamara Ownsworth
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Gutierrez NC, Fullmer N, Chai S, Rosario ER. Return to work post spinal cord injury through a comprehensive rehabilitative program: A case series. J Spinal Cord Med 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37975760 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2265099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Spinal cord injury (SCI) can impair bodily functions and limit an individual's ability to maintain or gain steady employment. Vocational rehabilitation programs have been shown to effectively facilitate individuals with a SCI to return to work, however, further research is needed on the implementation, outcomes, and feasibility of such programs including with the integration of healthcare. OBJECTIVE The objective of this single-group study was to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive vocational rehabilitation program, as measured by improvements in employment, work confidence, life satisfaction, and quality of life for individuals with a SCI. METHODS Four individuals with a SCI participated in the vocational rehabilitation program. Participants were assigned responsibilities within their department of interest and attended weekly meetings with the vocational rehabilitation team to address barriers, discuss resources and education, and set professional goals. Completion of pre and post-test assessments was required to evaluate the program's impact on participants' work readiness and overall well-being. RESULTS Each participant worked with an interdisciplinary team on an individualized work-plan (over 100 h of employment) with necessary accommodations for successful rehabilitation. Participants reported beneficial changes in multiple post-program assessment categories including physical, social, and emotional functions, with all reporting a general improvement in physical strength upon completion of the program. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a comprehensive vocational rehabilitation program can be effective in facilitating individuals with SCI to gain greater functional independence and confidently pursue employment. Further studies are crucial to advance the knowledge required to implement a successful rehabilitative program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisha C Gutierrez
- Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Niko Fullmer
- Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Stephen Chai
- Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Emily R Rosario
- Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, California, USA
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Nowrouzi-Kia B, Garrido P, Gohar B, Yazdani A, Chattu VK, Bani-Fatemi A, Howe A, Duncan A, Riquelme MP, Abdullah F, Jaswal S, Lo J, Fayyaz Y, Alam B. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Return-to-Work Interventions for Individuals with Work-Related Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101403. [PMID: 37239689 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The workplace is a vital setting to support positive mental health. Mental health conditions in the workforce contribute to decreased work engagement and participation. There is existing literature on return-to-work (RTW) interventions for individuals with work-related mental health conditions, however, there lacks consensus on their effectiveness. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature and evaluate the effectiveness of return-to-work interventions on return-to-work rates, quality of life, and psychological wellbeing for individuals with work-related mental health conditions. Selected articles were organized and identified using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) framework. Quality assessment of the included studies was completed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme randomized controlled trials checklist and the Joanna Briggs Institute quasi-experimental studies checklist. A random effects meta-analysis model was performed using DerSimonian-Laird weighting to calculate standard mean difference and risk ratios to assess the impact of RTW interventions on return-to-work rates, absenteeism, stress symptoms, depression symptoms, and quality of life. A total of 28 out of 26,153 articles met the inclusion criteria. Diagnoses for participants in the studies ranged from work-related stress to work-related PTSD following exposure to a psychologically traumatizing event in the workplace. No significant differences were found for the meta-analyses examining return-to-work rates, absenteeism, depression, stress, and quality of life. The most effective interventions were found to be a multi-domain intervention (67% of participants RTW full time) and a health-focused intervention (85% RTW rate). Future research may consider establishing effective interventions to develop programs or policies supporting the RTW of employees and promote mental well-being among employees experiencing work-related mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Pablo Garrido
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda 2653, Valparaíso 2341369, Chile
- OH&S Salud Ocupacional, Av. Salvador 149 Of 811, Santiago 7500710, Chile
| | - Basem Gohar
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amin Yazdani
- Canadian Institute for Safety, Wellness, and Performance, School of Business, Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, 299 Doon Valley Drive, Kitchener, ON N2G 4M4, Canada
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442107, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ali Bani-Fatemi
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Aaron Howe
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Andrea Duncan
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Maria Paz Riquelme
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda 2653, Valparaíso 2341369, Chile
| | - Faizah Abdullah
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Sharan Jaswal
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Joyce Lo
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Yusra Fayyaz
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
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Krause JS, Dismuke-Greer CE, Reed K. Characteristics Associated With Perceived Underemployment Among Participants With Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2022; 4:100230. [PMID: 36545525 PMCID: PMC9761249 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify job characteristics related to perceived underemployment among people with spinal cord injury (SCI), while controlling for demographic, injury, and educational factors. Design Cross-sectional, logistic regression with predicted probabilities of underemployment. Setting Medical University in the Southeastern United States. Participants 952 were adults with traumatic SCI, all of whom were a minimum of 1-year post-injury and employed at the time of the study. They averaged 46.7 years of age, the majority were male (70.5%), and over half (52%) were ambulatory (N=952). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Perceived underemployment was defined and measured by a dichotomous variable (yes/no). Results Demographic, injury, and educational factors explained only 4.8% of the variance in underemployment, whereas the full model explained 21.8%. Underemployment was significantly lower for women (odds ratio [OR]=0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI; .44, .98]), those who were either married or in a nonmarried couple (OR=0.63, 95% CI [.42, .93]), those with health benefits (OR=0.58, 95% CI [.37, .91]) and higher for those with lower earnings and occupations in the category of sales, professional/managerial. Postsecondary educational milestones, having received a promotion or recognition, and working full time were not identified as significant predictors in the multivariate model, although each was significantly related to a lower likelihood of underemployment when using a restricted model that controls only for demographics, SCI, and educational status (rather than all variables simultaneously). Age, years since injury, and injury severity were not significant. Conclusion Underemployment is a concern among people with SCI and is more prevalent in low-paying jobs, without benefits, and opportunities for recognition and promotion. Vocational counseling strategies need to promote quality employment, including jobs with recognition and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Krause
- College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Corresponding author James S. Krause, PhD, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, 151-B Rutledge Ave, MSC 962, Charleston, SC 29425.
| | | | - Karla Reed
- Spartanburg Methodist College, Spartanburg, SC
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Hui KYL, Wong CHY, Siu AMH, Lee TMC, Chan CCH. Cognitive and Emotional Appraisal of Motivational Interviewing Statements: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:727175. [PMID: 34630059 PMCID: PMC8494474 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.727175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The counseling process involves attention, emotional perception, cognitive appraisal, and decision-making. This study aimed to investigate cognitive appraisal and the associated emotional processes when reading short therapists' statements of motivational interviewing (MI). Thirty participants with work injuries were classified into the pre-contemplation (PC, n = 15) or readiness stage of the change group (RD, n = 15). The participants viewed MI congruent (MI-C), MI incongruent (MI-INC), or control phrases during which their electroencephalograms were captured. The results indicated significant Group × Condition effects in the frontally oriented late positive complex (P600/LPC). The P600/LPC's amplitudes were more positive-going in the PC than in the RD group for the MI congruent statements. Within the PC group, the amplitudes of the N400 were significantly correlated (r = 0.607–0.649) with the participants' level of negative affect. Our findings suggest that the brief contents of MI statements alone can elicit late cognitive and emotional appraisal processes beyond semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y L Hui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR China.,The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Clive H Y Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Andrew M H Siu
- Department of Health Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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