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Lorenzo‐Soler L, Olafsdottir OB, Garhöfer G, Jansook P, Kristinsdottir IM, Tan A, Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in cyclodextrin nanoparticle eye drops: Ocular pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effect on intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:376-382. [PMID: 33191620 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orally administered angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) decrease intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical administration may reduce systemic side effects and result in a useful glaucoma drug. The aim of this study is to test the ocular delivery and pharmacologic effect of nanoparticle eye drops containing ARBs (e.g. irbesartan and candesartan). METHODS 1.5% irbesartan and 0.15% candesartan eye drops were applied to rabbits. The pharmacokinetics in cornea and aqueous humour after single eye drop application were studied in 49 rabbits. The effect of the eye drops on IOP was studied in 10 rabbits using an iCare (® TonoVet Plus, iCare, Finland) tonometer and compared with 0.5% timolol eye drops. RESULTS Candesartan lowered IOP from 24.6 ± 5.1 mmHg at baseline to 19.0 ± 2.9 mmHg (mean ± SD, p = 0.030, n = 10) 4 hr after application. Irbesartan lowered IOP from 24.2 ± 1.7 mmHg to 20.2 ± 0.9 mmHg (p = 0.14, n = 10). Timolol decreased the IOP from 24.9 ± 4.2 mmHg to 20.4 ± 4.8 mmHg (mean ± SD, p = 0.036, n = 10). The pharmacokinetics data show that both formulations deliver effective amounts of drug into the intraocular tissues, with irbesartan and candesartan reaching concentrations of 121 ± 69 and 30.43 ± 13.93 ng/g (mean ± SD), respectively, in the aqueous humour 3 hr after a single-dose administration. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of irbesartan and candesartan eye drops delivers effective drug concentrations to the anterior segment of the eye in rabbits, achieving drug concentrations 100 times above the IC50 for angiotensin II receptor and showing an IOP-lowering effect. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) eye drops have potential as a new class of glaucoma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olof Birna Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
- Oculis ehf. Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Einar Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
- Oculis ehf. Reykjavík Iceland
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Kallab M, Schuetzenberger K, Hommer N, Schäfer BJ, Schmidl D, Bergmeister H, Zeitlinger M, Tan A, Jansook P, Loftsson T, Stefansson E, Garhöfer G. Bio-Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Topically Administered γ-Cyclodextrin Based Eye Drops in Rabbits. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050480. [PMID: 34070168 PMCID: PMC8158513 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ocular pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution and local tolerability of γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) based irbesartan 1.5% eye drops and candesartan 0.15% eye drops after single and multiple topical administration in rabbit eyes. In this randomized, controlled study, a total number of 59 New Zealand White albino rabbits were consecutively assigned to two study groups. Group 1 (n = 31) received irbesartan 1.5% and group 2 (n = 28) candesartan 0.15% eye drops. In both groups, single dose and multiple administration pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Rabbits were euthanized at five predefined time points after single-dose administration, whereas multiple-dose animals were dosed for 5 days twice-daily and then euthanized 1 h after the last dose administration. Drug concentration was measured by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the retinal tissue, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, corneal tissue and in venous blood samples. Pharmacokinetic parameters including maximal drug concentration (Cmax), time of maximal drug concentration (Tmax), half-life and AUC were calculated. To assess local tolerability, six additional rabbits received 1.5% irbesartan eye drops twice daily in one eye for 28 days. Tolerability was assessed using a modified Draize test and corneal sensibility by Cochet Bonnet esthesiometry. Both γCD based eye drops were rapidly absorbed and distributed in the anterior and posterior ocular tissues. Within 0.5 h after single administration, the Cmax of irbesartan and candesartan in retinal tissue was 251 ± 142 ng/g and 63 ± 39 ng/g, respectively. In the vitreous humor, a Cmax of 14 ± 16 ng/g for irbesartan was reached 0.5 h after instillation while Cmax was below 2 ng/g for candesartan. For multiple dosing, the observed Cmean in retinal tissue was 338 ± 124 ng/g for irbesartan and 36 ± 10 ng/g for candesartan, whereas mean vitreous humor concentrations were 13 ± 5 ng/g and <2 ng/g, respectively. The highest plasma concentrations of both irbesartan (Cmax 5.64 ± 4.08 ng/mL) and candesartan (Cmax 4.32 ± 1.04 ng/mL) were reached 0.5 h (Tmax) after single administration. Local tolerability was favorable with no remarkable differences between the treated and the control eyes. These results indicate that irbesartan and candesartan in γCD based nanoparticle eye drops can be delivered to the retinal tissue of the rabbit’s eye in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Moreover, safety and tolerability profiles appear to be favorable in the rabbit animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kallab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (B.J.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ocular and Dermal Effects of Thiomers, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bhavapriya Jasmin Schäfer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (B.J.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ocular and Dermal Effects of Thiomers, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Helga Bergmeister
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Aimin Tan
- Nucro-Technics, Toronto, ON M1H 2W4, Canada;
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Einar Stefansson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-29810
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Evaluation of the high affinity [ 18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan in rats for PET imaging of renal AT 1 receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:41-49. [PMID: 33798796 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations in the expression of the Angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) have been demonstrated in the development of several heart and renal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the novel compound [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan as a PET imaging tracer of AT1R in rat kidneys. METHODS Competition binding assays were carried out with membranes from CHO-K1 cells expressing human AT1R. Binding to plasma proteins was assessed by ultrafiltration. Radiolabeled metabolites in rat plasma and kidneys of control and pretreated animals (candesartan 10 mg/kg or losartan 30 mg/kg) were analyzed by column-switch HPLC. Dynamic PET/CT images of [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan in male Sprague-Dawley rats were acquired for 60 min at baseline, pre-treatment with the AT1R antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg) or the AT2R antagonist PD123,319 (5 mg/kg). RESULTS Fluoropyridine-candesartan bound with a high affinity for AT1R (Ki = 5.9 ± 1.1 nM), comparable to fluoropyridine-losartan but lower than the parent compound candesartan (Ki = 0.4 ± 0.1 nM). [18F]Fluoropyridine-candesartan bound strongly to plasma proteins (99.3%) and was mainly metabolized to radiolabeled hydrophilic compounds, displaying minimal interference on renal AT1R binding with 82% of unchanged tracer in the kidneys at 20 min post-injection. PET imaging displayed high renal and liver accumulations and slow clearances, with maximum tissue-to-blood ratios of 14 ± 3 and 54 ± 12 in kidney cortex and liver, respectively, at 10 min post-injection. Binding specificity for AT1R was demonstrated with marked reductions in kidney cortex (-84%) and liver (-93%) tissue-to-blood ratios at 20 min post-injection, when blocking with AT1R antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg). No change was observed in kidney cortex of rats pre-treated with AT2R antagonist PD 123,319 (5 mg/kg), confirming binding selectivity for AT1 over AT2 receptors. CONCLUSION High kidney-to-blood ratios and binding selectivity to renal AT1R combined with tracer in vivo stability displaying minimal interference from labeled metabolites support further PET imaging studies with [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan.
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Abreu Diaz AM, Drumeva GO, Petrenyov DR, Carrier JF, DaSilva JN. Synthesis of the Novel AT 1 Receptor Tracer [ 18F]Fluoropyridine-Candesartan via Click Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20353-20362. [PMID: 32832788 PMCID: PMC7439361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel 7-((4-(3-((2-[18F]fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivative of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) blocker candesartan, [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan, was synthesized via the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction between 2-[18F]fluoro-3-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)pyridine ([18F]FPyKYNE) and the tetrazole-protected azido-candesartan derivative, followed by acid deprotection. This three-step, two-pot, and two-step purification synthesis was done within 2 h. The use of tris[(1-hydroxypropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (THPTA) as a Cu(I) stabilizing agent increased the overall radiochemical yield by 4-fold (10 ± 2%, n = 13) compared to the reaction without THPTA (2.4 ± 0.2%, n = 3; decay-corrected from 18F produced at the end-of-beam). Complete separation of [18F]FPyKYNE from its nitro precursor and [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan from the deprotected azido-candesartan allowed for high molar activities (>380 GBq/μmol) of the tracer. The use of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water for reformulation and the addition of sodium ascorbate to the final formulation (1.6 ± 0.2 GBq/mL, n = 3) prevented tracer radiolysis with >97% radiochemical purity for a period of up to 10 h after the end-of-synthesis. A significant reduction in the uptake (86 ± 3%, n = 8) of the tracer was observed ex vivo in rats (at 20 min postinjection) in the AT1R-rich kidney cortex following pretreatment with saturating doses of the AT1R antagonist candesartan or losartan. This specific binding to AT1R was confirmed in vitro in the rat renal cortex (autoradiography) by a reduction of 26 ± 5% (n = 12) with losartan coincubation (10 μM). These favorable binding properties support further studies to assess the potential of [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan as a tracer for the positron emission tomography imaging of renal AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida M. Abreu Diaz
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Departamento
de Radioquímica, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y
Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de la Habana, Ave. Salvador Allende y Luaces,
Quinta de los Molinos, La Habana 10400, Cuba
| | - Gergana O. Drumeva
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniil R. Petrenyov
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-François Carrier
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Département
de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire,
Faculté de Médecine, Université
de Montréal, Pavillon
Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean N. DaSilva
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire,
Faculté de Médecine, Université
de Montréal, Pavillon
Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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