1
|
Britt KC, Boateng ACO, Zhao H, Ezeokonkwo FC, Federwitz C, Epps F. Spiritual Needs of Older Adults Living with Dementia: An Integrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1319. [PMID: 37174861 PMCID: PMC10178032 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults living with dementia experience progressive decline, prompting reliance on others for spiritual care and support. Despite a growing interest in studying persons living with dementia (PLwDs), empirical evidence on the spiritual needs of PLwDs has not been synthesized. Using the Whittemore and Knafl method, this integrative review examined the literature from 2000 to 2022 on the spiritual care needs of PLwDs. We sought to identify characteristics of the spiritual needs of PLwDs and ways to address them. The ATLA Religion, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Socindex databases were used to search the literature, and 12 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Spiritual care needs varied across studies. Overall, findings support the importance of identifying PLwDs' religious and spiritual backgrounds to inform person-centered care. Spiritual needs were identified as verbal and non-verbal expressions related to past meaning and religious and spiritual background and were not consistently addressed in care. Providers reported observing spiritual distress in the mild stage prompting the need for spiritual care. There is a great need for dementia-specific spiritual assessment tools and spiritual care interventions to support spiritual well-being in dementia care. Spiritual care involves facilitating religious rituals and providing spiritual group therapy and religious and spiritual activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Carroll Britt
- NewCourtland Center for Transitions and Health, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Augustine C. O. Boateng
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Nursing, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | | | - Chad Federwitz
- Gerontology, Western Colorado Community College, Grand Junction, CO 81505, USA
| | - Fayron Epps
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Britt KC, Richards KC, Radhakrishnan K, Vanags-Louredo A, Park E, Gooneratne NS, Fry L. Religion, Spirituality, and Coping During the Pandemic: Perspectives of Dementia Caregivers. Clin Nurs Res 2023; 32:94-104. [PMID: 35912847 PMCID: PMC9772110 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221115239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Religious and spiritual (R/S) practices support individuals during difficult situations. The COVID-19 social distancing restrictions may have limited access to R/S practices for older adults with Alzheimer's disease related dementia (ADRD) and their caregivers, affecting coping and well-being. This qualitative study explored the impact of social distancing on R/S practices and coping in ADRD-caregiver dyads from the perspective of caregivers. Interviews were conducted with 11 family caregivers of older adults with ADRD residing in nursing homes (n = 4) or private homes (n = 7). Caregivers continued individual and started virtual R/S practices which improved their ability to cope. However, organized R/S practices were unavailable for those with ADRD, but they used prayer and read religious texts which noticeably improved their mood. Healthcare professionals' sharing of individual and community R/S resources available for ADRD-caregiver dyads could decrease anxiety and agitation, while improving their ability to cope with increased isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Carroll Britt
- The University of Texas at Austin,
USA
- Katherine Carroll Britt, School of Nursing,
The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liam Fry
- The University of Texas at Austin,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Britt KC, Kwak J, Acton G, Richards KC, Hamilton J, Radhakrishnan K. Measures of religion and spirituality in dementia: An integrative review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12352. [PMID: 36089934 PMCID: PMC9436293 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Literature on the association of religion and spirituality (R/S) and health is growing. However, it is unclear how R/S affects outcomes and is assessed in persons with dementia (PWDs). In this integrative review, we evaluate published R/S measures and synthesize R/S findings for PWDs. Methods We searched five databases (ATLA Religion, CINAHL, PsychInfo, PubMed, SocIndex) and identified 14 of 1043 studies for review. We assess the studies' information, quality, measures, and results. Results We identified 17 measures for R/S: six were adapted for use with PWDs and only two were validated for PWDs; most studies reported only measures' reliability, with Cronbach's alpha. The studies' findings support significant positive associations between R/S and cognitive function and negative associations between R/S and depression and behavioral expressions. Discussion The two validated scales indicated acceptable validity with overall good reliability. Nevertheless, diverse samples and rigorous study designs are needed to improve R/S measures and to examine associations over time for PWDs. Highlights Few scales for measuring religion and spirituality (R/S) have been validated in persons with dementia (PWD); additional testing is needed.Most R/S measures only reported scale reliability with Cronbach's alpha.Studies supported positive associations between R/S and health yet few studies exist. conducted.Only one spiritual intervention, spiritual reminiscence, was found for PWD.More rigorous R/S studies are needed to examine health outcomes in dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung Kwak
- School of NursingThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Gayle Acton
- School of NursingThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Jill Hamilton
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of NursingEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cuniah M, Bréchon G, Bailly N. Validation of the Revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale in a French Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:736171. [PMID: 34759868 PMCID: PMC8573416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Death and dying are processes that every human being encounters in his or her lifetime and perhaps the greatest loss an individual can suffer. In this sense, fear of death is regarded as a risk and maintaining factor of psychopathology. As such, effective and efficient measurement of this construct becomes a priority. While the Revised Collett-Lester Fear Of Death Scale (CL-FODS) is a brief, commonly used assessment, such a tool is lacking in French clinical practice. The present study aimed to adapt the revised CL-FODS in a general French sample and to determine its psychometric properties, namely its factorial structure, concurrent and convergent validity, and internal consistency. A sample of 590 participants responded to the French revised CL-FODS, as well as three instruments assessing death anxiety (DAS), neuroticism and spirituality (FACIT-Sp), to examine the internal consistency, validity and factorial structure of the scale. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a four-factor model: (1) One’s Own Death,” (2) The Death of Others, (3) The Dying of Others, and (4) One’s Own Dying. Five items did not load on these four factors, suggesting that the revised CL-FODS might require further psychometric refinement. The revised CL-FODS showed good internal consistency. The scale was found to be significantly associated with the Death Anxiety Scale. When the appropriate psychometric characteristics are taken into account, this scale can be used in clinical and research settings to assess death concerns in French society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Cuniah
- Department of Psychology, Psychology of the Various Stages of Life and Adaptation (PAVEA, EA 2114), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Geneviève Bréchon
- Department of Psychology, Psychology of the Various Stages of Life and Adaptation (PAVEA, EA 2114), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Bailly
- Department of Psychology, Psychology of the Various Stages of Life and Adaptation (PAVEA, EA 2114), University of Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clarke C, Woods B, Moniz-Cook E, Mountain G, Øksnebjerg L, Chattat R, Diaz A, Gove D, Vernooij-Dassen M, Wolverson E. Measuring the well-being of people with dementia: a conceptual scoping review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:249. [PMID: 32709238 PMCID: PMC7382062 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enabling people with dementia to 'live well' is a policy and research priority in many countries. However, instruments for measuring outcomes of psychosocial interventions designed to promote well-being in dementia are often derived from a symptom-focused, loss/deficit approach, or from broad quality of life concepts. A pan-European dementia working group called for research on the development of an alternative asset/strengths-based conceptual framework of well-being in dementia. This paper takes forward this recommendation by developing such a framework and using this to map relevant self-report outcome measures. METHODS Three scoping reviews of published studies were conducted iteratively. First, we examined the literature on lived experiences of well-being and quality of life in people with dementia and then the wider dementia literature for application of well-being constructs. The synthesised findings generated conceptual domains of well-being in people with dementia. Corresponding self-report instruments used in dementia research were scoped, categorised within the conceptual framework and their potential value in measuring outcomes for people with dementia was examined. FINDINGS Six conceptual domains for the measurement of well-being and 35 self-report instruments that have been used with people with dementia were identified. Six instruments were developed specifically for people with dementia, five were derived from the gerontological literature and 24 from the well-being literature. Fifteen instruments and one sub-scale have been examined for psychometric properties amongst people with dementia. To date, 20 have been used as outcome measures, with seven measuring change over time. A number of identified instruments utilise traditional retrospective Likert-scaling response formats, limiting their potential for use with some groups of people with dementia. CONCLUSION An assets/strengths-based framework is presented, outlining structural domains for selecting self-report measures of well-being in people with dementia. It provides a foundation for enhancing research into processes and outcomes of psychosocial interventions, including instrument development, more precise matching of intervention aims with outcome measurement, and newer technology-based 'in-the-moment' measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Clarke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Bob Woods
- DSDC Wales, Bangor University, Ardudwy, Holyhead Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2PZ UK
| | - Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Gail Mountain
- School of Dementia Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - Laila Øksnebjerg
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 6922, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rabih Chattat
- Department of Psychology Università di Bologna - Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Diaz
- Alzheimer Europe, L-1417 14, rue Dicks, Luxembourg
| | - Dianne Gove
- Alzheimer Europe, L-1417 14, rue Dicks, Luxembourg
| | - Myrra Vernooij-Dassen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, IQ Healthcare 114, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Wolverson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Friedrich R, Woods B, Williams S. ' Just because the mind is confused it doesn't mean the spirit is confused': Exploring the role of Anglican clergy in ministry to persons with dementia. DEMENTIA 2020; 20:698-716. [PMID: 32216465 DOI: 10.1177/1471301220910572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Churches and faith groups have an important role to play in the development of dementia-friendly communities; their support of spirituality of people with dementia and their care-givers adds an important dimension, interwoven with concepts of personhood and identity. Priests have a central role here, but little is known of their experiences of ministering to people with dementia and their families, of the challenges they may encounter, or of their perspective on dementia. METHOD Using a collective case-study approach, 10 Church in Wales priests took part in an in-depth qualitative interview regarding their ministry with people with dementia. Initial thematic analysis was used as a basis for an in-depth analysis of the positions adopted by clergy in relation to dementia and those experiencing it, as well as to their roles in the wider church. RESULTS Clergy described discovering ways of working with people with dementia, learning 'on the job', and, for example, finding familiar symbols and music helpful. They found themselves being an intermediary, between people with dementia and God, but also within families and other care settings, such as care homes. Promoting spirituality within personhood was a fundamental aspect of their role, but was also reflected both in fears of dementia and in identifying redeeming aspects of dementia. They described an absence of preparedness, training and peer support for this ministry. The emerging model of Dementia ministry reflected the dynamic interplay of positions adopted by clergy, with an interface between the professional and the personal at its centre. CONCLUSION The study indicates the need for increased support for clergy in taking forward dementia friendly churches and highlights their role in ensuring that the spiritual life of people with dementia can be maintained and supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Friedrich
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Sion Williams
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agli O, Bailly N, Ferrand C, Martinent G. Spirituality, quality of life, and depression in older people with dementia. JOURNAL OF RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY & AGING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2018.1452832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Océane Agli
- Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
dos Santos SB, Rocha GP, Fernandez LL, de Padua AC, Reppold CT. Association of Lower Spiritual Well-Being, Social Support, Self-Esteem, Subjective Well-Being, Optimism and Hope Scores With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia. Front Psychol 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29666594 PMCID: PMC5891611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Positive psychology (PP) constructs contribute significantly to a better quality of life for people with various diseases. There are still few studies that have evaluated the evolution of these aspects during the progression of dementia. Objective: To compare the scores for self-esteem, life satisfaction, affect, spirituality, hope, optimism and perceived support network between elderly people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild dementia and moderate dementia and control group. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 66 healthy controls, 15 elderly people with MCI, 25 with mild dementia and 22 with moderate dementia matched by age, gender, and schooling. The instruments used were: Spirituality Self Rating Scale (SSRS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Medical Outcomes Study's Social Support Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), and Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS). Results: The scores for spiritual well-being, social support, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, optimism, negative affect, and hope differed significantly between the groups (p < 0.05). The individuals with MCI and mild dementia had lower spiritual well-being, social support, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, optimism and hope scores, and higher negative affect scores compared with the controls. The scores for PP constructs did not differ between the group of people with moderate dementia and the control group. Conclusion: Dementia was found to impact several PP constructs in the early stages of the disease. For individuals with greater cognitive impairment, anosognosia appears to suppress the disease's impact on these constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina B. dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli P. Rocha
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liana L. Fernandez
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Analuiza C. de Padua
- Department of Medical Clinics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline T. Reppold
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stoner CR, Stansfeld J, Orrell M, Spector A. The development of positive psychology outcome measures and their uses in dementia research: A systematic review. DEMENTIA 2017; 18:2085-2106. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301217740288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive psychology is gaining credence within dementia research but currently there is a lack of outcome measures within this area developed specifically for people with dementia. Authors have begun adopting positive psychology measures developed with other populations but there is no consensus around which are more appropriate or psychometrically robust. A systematic search identified measures used between 1998 and 2017 and an appraisal of the development procedure was undertaken using standardised criteria enabling the awarding of scores based on reporting of psychometric information. Twelve measures within the constructs of identity, hope, religiosity/spirituality, life valuation, self-efficacy, community and wellbeing were identified as being used within 17 dementia studies. Development procedures were variable and scores on development criterion reflected this variability. Of the measures included, the Herth Hope Index, Systems of Belief Inventory and Psychological Wellbeing Scale appeared to be the most robustly developed and appropriate for people with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Stoner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacki Stansfeld
- Research and Development, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Orrell
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aimee Spector
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toivonen K, Charalambous A, Suhonen R. Supporting spirituality in the care of older people living with dementia: a hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry into nurses’ experiences. Scand J Caring Sci 2017; 32:880-888. [DOI: 10.1111/scs.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Charalambous
- Department of Nursing Science; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Nursing Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol Cyprus
| | - Riitta Suhonen
- Department of Nursing Science; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Welfare Division; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agli O, Bailly N, Ferrand C. Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2017; 56:464-476. [PMID: 26976133 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-016-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a French version of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being short version (FACIT-Sp12), in order to provide a self-reported measure for French people in the field of gerontology. The study involving 63 nursing home residents was conducted to evaluate the construct validity, reliability, and convergence validity of the FACIT-Sp12. A confirmatory factor analysis corroborated a three-factor model (Meaning, Peace and Faith) with modifications for two items, also valid among people with cognitive impairment. Subscales showed good internal consistency and are correlated with quality of life and depression. In conclusion, the validated French version is an suitable instrument to study the maintenance and promotion of quality of life in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Océane Agli
- Members of the Laboratory EA 2114 "Psychologie des âges de la vie", Team "Adaptation psychosociale de l'adulte âgé", Department Psychology, University François Rabelais, 3, rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours Cedex 1, France.
- , 1 chemin des petits prés, 36260, La Ferté, Reuilly, France.
| | - Nathalie Bailly
- Members of the Laboratory EA 2114 "Psychologie des âges de la vie", Team "Adaptation psychosociale de l'adulte âgé", Department Psychology, University François Rabelais, 3, rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Claude Ferrand
- Members of the Laboratory EA 2114 "Psychologie des âges de la vie", Team "Adaptation psychosociale de l'adulte âgé", Department Psychology, University François Rabelais, 3, rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours Cedex 1, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Religious and spiritual issues are clearly important to the older adult population and may play a positive role in maintaining health and recovering from illness. This study systematically reviewed the literature examining the effects of religion and spirituality on health outcomes such as cognitive functioning, coping strategies, and quality of life in people with dementia. METHODS First, 51 articles with defined keywords were collected from online databases. Then, using inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected. These were classified according to methodological quality before being analyzed one by one. RESULTS The findings highlight the benefits of spirituality and religion on health outcomes. Three articles showed that in participants who used their spirituality or religion more, through their faith, their practices and in maintaining social interactions, their cognitive disorders tended to reduce or stabilize. In the other eight articles, use of spirituality or faith in daily life enabled people to develop coping strategies to help accept their disease, maintain their relationships, maintain hope, and find meaning in their lives, thereby improving their quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Spirituality and religion appear to slow cognitive decline, and help people use coping strategies to deal their disease and have a better quality of life. This literature review allows us to take stock of research over the last decade on spirituality/religion and health outcomes. The benefits observed should be considered with caution and included in rigorous experimental research in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
Higgins P. “It’s a Consolation”: The Role of Christian Religion for People With Dementia Who Are Living in Care Homes. JOURNAL OF RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY & AGING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2014.880773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Landau L, Brazil K, Kaasalainen S, Crawshaw D. Training and Sustaining: A Model for Volunteer Spiritual Care Visitors in Long-Term Care. JOURNAL OF RELIGION SPIRITUALITY & AGING 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2012.741562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|