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DiBello JR, Lu Y, Swartz J, Bortnichak EA, Liaw KL, Zhong W, Liu X. Patterns of use of symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD). BMC Neurol 2023; 23:400. [PMID: 37946118 PMCID: PMC10634008 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia could temporarily slow symptom worsening and improve the quality of life for both AD dementia patients and their caregivers. A comprehensive evaluation of symptomatic treatment patterns using recent data for newly diagnosed AD dementia has not been performed and compared across different countries. METHODS The drug name, time to the first therapy, duration, discontinuation or switches were described in newly diagnosed AD dementia patients in two databases (a major U.S. health plan [US] and UK-Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD GOLD]). This analysis included patients with newly diagnosed AD dementia in 2018-2019, who initiated symptomatic AD drug therapy, with ≥ 1 year baseline period and ≥ 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS Over median follow-ups of 698 and 645 days, 63% and 65% of AD dementia patients used symptomatic treatments, with 34% and 77% newly initiating therapy, constituting analytic samples of 7637 patients in the US database and 4470 patients in the CPRD, respectively. The median time to the first therapy was 14 days for US and 49 days for CPRD; donepezil ranked the as most frequently used (69% vs 61%), followed by memantine (19% vs 28%) in the US database and CPRD, respectively. Median time on first therapy was 213 and 334 days, and 30% and 12% of patients proceeded to a second treatment in the US and CPRD databases, respectively. CONCLUSION Approximately two thirds of newly diagnosed AD dementia patients utilized approved symptomatic treatment. Time on first therapy was relatively short (< 1 year) and the majority did not move to a second therapy, highlighting the need for better adherence and persistence to existing AD symptomatic therapies and the need for additional therapies to alleviate the significant burden of AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R DiBello
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Yifei Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jina Swartz
- Exciva EXCIVA GmbH, Hauptstrasse 25, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward A Bortnichak
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Kai-Li Liaw
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhong
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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2
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Saini F, Masina F, Wells J, Rosch R, Hamburg S, Startin C, Strydom A. The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive abilities in adults with Down syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9639-9651. [PMID: 37401006 PMCID: PMC10431748 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with an ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding variability in pre-AD cognitive abilities may help understand cognitive decline in this population. The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component reflecting the detection of deviant stimuli that is thought to represent underlying memory processes, with reduced MMN amplitudes being associated with cognitive decline. To further understand the MMN in adults with DS without AD, we explored the relationships between MMN, age, and cognitive abilities (memory, language, and attention) in 27 individuals (aged 17-51) using a passive auditory oddball task. Statistically significant MMN was present only in 18 individuals up to 41 years of age and the latency were longer than canonical parameters reported in the literature. Reduced MMN amplitude was associated with lower memory scores, while longer MMN latencies were associated with poorer memory, verbal abilities, and attention. Therefore, the MMN may represent a valuable index of cognitive abilities in DS. In combination with previous findings, we hypothesize that while MMN response and amplitude may be associated with AD-related memory loss, MMN latency may be associated with speech signal processing. Future studies may explore the potential impact of AD on MMN in people with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedal Saini
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Fabio Masina
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni, 70, 30126 Lido VE, Italy
| | - Jasmine Wells
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Richard Rosch
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Golden Jubilee, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Sarah Hamburg
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
| | - Carla Startin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Grove House, Roehampton Lane, London, SW15 5PJ, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Ct Rd, London W1T 7BN, UK
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Phenolic Acids and Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Profiles in Leucojum aestivum L. In Vitro Plants Grown under Different Light Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041525. [PMID: 36838512 PMCID: PMC9958804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as efficient light sources for promoting in vitro plant growth and primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This study investigated the effects of blue, red, and white-red LED lights on plant biomass growth, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, phenolic compounds, the production of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Leucojum aestivum L. cultures. A white fluorescent light was used as a control. The plants that were grown under white-red and red light showed the highest fresh biomass increments. The blue light stimulated chlorophyll a, carotenoid, and flavonoid production. The white-red and blue lights were favourable for phenolic acid biosynthesis. Chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and benzoic acids were identified in plant materials, with ferulic acid dominating. The blue light had a significant beneficial effect both on galanthamine (4.67 µg/g of dry weight (DW)) and lycorine (115 µg/g DW) biosynthesis. Red light treatment increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and high catalase activity was also observed in plants treated with white-red and blue light. This is the first report to provide evidence of the effects of LED light on the biosynthesis of phenolic acid and Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in L. aestivum cultures, which is of pharmacological importance and can propose new strategies for their production.
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4
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Lin C, Ridder MC, Sah P. The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1095441. [PMID: 36925563 PMCID: PMC10011138 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons that all make local connections, but also have long-range ascending and descending connections. While initially thought of as a region only involved in gait and locomotion, recent evidence is showing that this structure also participates in decision-making to initiate movement. Clinically, the PPN has been used as a target for deep brain stimulation to manage freezing of gait in late Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss current thinking on the role of the PPN in locomotor control. We will focus on the cytoarchitecture and functional connectivity of the PPN in relationship to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Lin
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Lin RH, Wang CC, Tung CW. A Machine Learning Classifier for Predicting Stable MCI Patients Using Gene Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084839. [PMID: 35457705 PMCID: PMC9025386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious onset and irreversible condition. Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk of converting to AD. Early diagnosis of unstable MCI patients is therefore vital for slowing the progression to AD. However, current diagnostic methods are either highly invasive or expensive, preventing their wide applications. Developing low-invasive and cost-efficient screening methods is desirable as the first-tier approach for identifying unstable MCI patients or excluding stable MCI patients. This study developed feature selection and machine learning algorithms to identify blood-sample gene biomarkers for predicting stable MCI patients. Two datasets obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database were utilized to conclude 29 genes biomarkers (31 probes) for predicting stable MCI patients. A random forest-based classifier performed well with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.841 and 0.775 for cross-validation and test datasets, respectively. For patients with a prediction score greater than 0.9, an excellent concordance of 97% was obtained, showing the usefulness of the proposed method for identifying stable MCI patients. In the context of precision medicine, the proposed prediction model is expected to be useful for identifying stable MCI patients and providing medical doctors and patients with new first-tier diagnosis options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-6-3724-6166 (ext. 35771); Fax: +88-6-3758-6456
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Abiyev A, Yakaryılmaz FD, Öztürk ZA. A new diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease: The critical flicker fusion threshold. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:89-96. [PMID: 35719254 PMCID: PMC9170257 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Although AD treatment is still insufficient despite all the recent developments, detection and treatment in the early stage of disease have provided more clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Abiyev
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Zeynel Abidin Öztürk
- Gaziantep University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Geriatrics, Gaziantep, Turkey
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7
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Pisu M, Martin RC, Shan L, Pilonieta G, Kennedy RE, Oates G, Kim YI, Geldmacher DS. Dementia Care in Diverse Older Adults in the U.S. Deep South and the Rest of the United States. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1753-1765. [PMID: 34459392 PMCID: PMC8843111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of specialists and recommended drugs has beneficial effects for older adults living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). Gaps in care may exist for minorities, e.g., Blacks, and especially in the United States (U.S.) Deep South (DS), a poor U.S. region with rising ADRD cases and minority overrepresentation. Currently, we have little understanding of ADRD care utilization in diverse populations in this region and elsewhere in the U.S. (non-DS), and the factors that adversely impact it. OBJECTIVE To examine utilization of specialists and ADRD drugs (outcomes) in racial/ethnic groups of older adults with ADRD and the personal or context-level factors affecting these outcomes in DS and non-DS. METHODS We obtained outcomes and personal-level covariates from claims for 127,512 Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD in 2013-2015, and combined county-level data in exploratory factor analysis to define context-level covariates. Adjusted analyses tested significant association of outcomes with Black/White race and other factors in DS and non-DS. RESULTS Across racial/ethnic groups, 33%-43% in DS and 43%-50% in non-DS used specialists; 47%-55% in DS and 41%-48% in non-DS used ADRD drugs. In adjusted analyses, differences between Blacks and Whites were not significant. Vascular dementia, comorbidities, poverty, and context-level factor "Availability of Medical Resources" were associated with specialist use; Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, comorbidities, and specialist use were associated with drug use. In non-DS only, other individual, context-level covariates were associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSION We did not observe significant gaps in ADRD care in DS and non-DS; however, research should further examine determinants of low specialist and drug use in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pisu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-4410, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Roy C. Martin
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, Suite 350, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-4410, USA
| | - Giovanna Pilonieta
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, Suite 350, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Richard E. Kennedy
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, 933 19th Street South, CH19 201, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gabriela Oates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-4410, USA
| | - David S. Geldmacher
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, Suite 350, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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8
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Ptak A, Morańska E, Skrzypek E, Warchoł M, Spina R, Laurain-Mattar D, Simlat M. Carbohydrates stimulated Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthesis in Leucojum aestivum L. plants cultured in RITA ® bioreactor. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8688. [PMID: 32211230 PMCID: PMC7081780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucojum aestivum L. is an important medicinal plant which produces Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, especially galanthamine and lycorine. Research is currently exploring the possibility of producing these alkaloids using biotechnological methods, including in vitro cultures. The biosynthesis of alkaloids may be affected by the types and concentrations of carbohydrate sources used in the medium. In the present investigation we performed such studies on in vitro cultures of L. aestivum with a view to obtaining plant material of good quality, characterized, in particular, by a high content of valuable Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Methods We examined the effects of various types of carbohydrate sources—sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose—at different concentrations (30, 60 and 90 g/L)—on the quality of L. aestivum plants grown in the RITA® bioreactor. The plants’ quality was assessed by their biomass increments, as well by as analysing photosynthetic pigments, endogenous sugar, phenolics and Amaryllidaceae alkaloid content. We also investigated the effect of sugars on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results The highest biomass increments were observed in plants cultivated in the medium containing 90 g/L sucrose. The highest CAT activity was noted in cultures growing in the medium supplemented with 90 g/L maltose, while the highest POD activity was observed in the presence of 90 g/L fructose and 60 g/L maltose. No differences in SOD activity were observed. Moreover, the sugars did not affect the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, whereas the highest amount of chlorophyll b was recorded in plants growing in the medium with 60 g/L maltose. No statistically significant differences were observed in the contents of endogenous sugars and phenolics in any in vitro conditions. However, the addition of sugar had a decisive effect on the biosynthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The highest distribution of alkaloids occurred in plants cultured in the medium containing 60 g/L sucrose. Six Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were detected in the plant tissue. The addition of 30 g/L fructose in the medium resulted in the accumulation of five alkaloids, including ismine, which was not identified in other analysed tissues. The highest concentration of galanthamine was observed in plants cultured in the presence of 30 g/L fructose and 60 g/L sucrose (39.2 and 37.5 µg/g of dry weight (DW), respectively). The plants grown in the medium containing 60 g/L sucrose exhibited the highest lycorine content (1048 µg/g of DW). Conclusions The type and concentration of sugar used in the medium have an essential influence on the biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in L. aestivum plants cultured in a RITA® bioreactor. The results point to an interesting approach for commercial production of galanthamine and lycorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ptak
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Morańska
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Magdalena Simlat
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Linna M, Vuoti S, Silander K, Hörhammer I, Halminen O, Mikkola T, Koivuranta-Vaara P, Virta LJ, Koivusalo M, Ylisaukko-oja T. Impact of Anti-Dementia Medication on the Risk of Death and Causes of Death in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:1297-1308. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miika Linna
- Aalto University/Health Care, Engineering, Management and Architecture (HEMA), Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Katariina Silander
- Aalto University/Health Care, Engineering, Management and Architecture (HEMA), Aalto, Finland
| | - Iiris Hörhammer
- Aalto University/Health Care, Engineering, Management and Architecture (HEMA), Aalto, Finland
| | - Olli Halminen
- Aalto University/Health Care, Engineering, Management and Architecture (HEMA), Aalto, Finland
| | - Teija Mikkola
- Finnish Local and Regional Authorities, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lauri J. Virta
- Research Department, Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tero Ylisaukko-oja
- MedEngine, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Oulu, Center for Life Course Health Research, Oulu, Finland
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10
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Leung CW, Lam TP, Wong KW, Chao VKD. Early detection of dementia: The knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians in Hong Kong. DEMENTIA 2018; 19:830-846. [PMID: 30025474 DOI: 10.1177/1471301218788133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundDementia affects people worldwide and its prevalence is growing. Early detection of dementia by primary care physicians can be beneficial; thus, their knowledge and attitudes about this issue are important.ObjectiveTo assess primary care physicians’ knowledge and attitudes about the early detection of dementia in Hong Kong.MethodsThis was a mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) study. Four focus groups with a purposive sample of 31 primary care physicians were interviewed, and a questionnaire-survey was completed and returned by 437 primary care physicians.ResultsParticipants all agreed that the early detection of dementia would benefit patients and primary care physicians should be capable of making such diagnoses. Confidence in making an early diagnosis varied; physicians tended to overlook symptoms in the early stages. All agreed that more training is needed at the post-graduate level of medical education.ConclusionsParticipants had positive attitudes towards early detection of dementia; however, their confidence and ability to make an early diagnosis varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Wing Leung
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Tai Pong Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Kwai Wing Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Vai Kiong David Chao
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
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11
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Nwidu LL, Elmorsy E, Thornton J, Wijamunige B, Wijesekara A, Tarbox R, Warren A, Carter WG. Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant properties of extracts and fractions of Carpolobia lutea. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55. [PMID: 28629287 PMCID: PMC6130458 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1339283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is an unmet need to discover new treatments for Alzheimer's disease. This study determined the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, DPPH free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of Carpolobia lutea G. Don (Polygalaceae). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to quantify C. lutea anti-AChE, DPPH free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activities and cell cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant stem, leaves and roots were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, and screened for anti-AChE activity across a concentration range of 0.02-200 μg/mL. Plant DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, and cytotoxicity evaluated using human hepatocytes. RESULTS Carpolobia lutea exhibited concentration-dependent anti-AChE activity. The most potent inhibitory activity for the stem was the crude ethanol extract and hexane stem fraction oil (IC50 = 140 μg/mL); for the leaves, the chloroform leaf fraction (IC50 = 60 μg/mL); and for roots, the methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous root fractions (IC50 = 0.3-3 μg/mL). Dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity and reducing power were observed with increasing stem, leaf or root concentration. Total phenolic contents were the highest in the stem: ∼632 mg gallic acid equivalents/g for a hexane stem fraction oil. Total flavonoid content was the highest in the leaves: ∼297 mg quercetin equivalents/g for a chloroform leaf fraction. At 1 μg/mL, only the crude ethanol extract oil was significantly cytotoxic to hepatocytes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Carpolobia lutea possesses anti-AChE activity and beneficial antioxidant capacity indicative of its potential development as a treatment of Alzheimer's and other diseases characterized by a cholinergic deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Legbosi Nwidu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jack Thornton
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Buddhika Wijamunige
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Anusha Wijesekara
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Rebecca Tarbox
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Averil Warren
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Wayne Grant Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- CONTACT Wayne Grant CarterSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
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12
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A Real-world Analysis of Treatment Patterns for Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine among Newly-diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:131-144. [PMID: 28508250 PMCID: PMC5447560 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. Pharmacological therapies for symptomatic treatment, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and memantine, have been available in the USA since 2000. Over the past decade, few studies have analyzed real-world anti-dementia treatment patterns in the USA. This study evaluated monotherapy AChEIs and memantine treatment patterns among newly diagnosed AD patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Medicare data and the Minimum Data Set from 2008 to 2012. Patients aged 65–100 years with newly diagnosed AD (ICD-9 code: 331.0) and monotherapy AChEI or memantine treatment initiated after diagnosis were included. Descriptive treatment pattern analyses, including discontinuation and switch, were undertaken. Kaplan–Meier curves were developed to examine the treatment duration. Results A total of 9812 newly diagnosed AD patients were identified, with 56.7% (n = 5567) first receiving anti-dementia treatment after the initial AD diagnosis. Among patients initiating monotherapy AChEIs or memantine after AD diagnosis (N = 5200), 51.6% continued index treatment during the entire follow-up period (mean follow-up: 659.7 days) and 21.7% discontinued treatment. Of those who initiated monotherapy treatment with an AChEI, 11.1% received adjunct therapy with memantine. Among patients with ≥1 year of continuous treatment (mean follow-up: 834 days), 75.6% remained on the index drug, 10.2% discontinued during the remaining follow-up period, and 9.5% of the AD patients initiating AChEIs received adjunct memantine therapy during the remaining follow-up period. Conclusion In the USA Medicare population, about 50% of the patients who initiated treatment with AChEI or memantine after diagnosis continued the index treatment, and more than 20% discontinued and were untreated afterwards over the observation period. AD patients initiating AChEIs or memantine were more likely to remain on their treatment if they were persistently treated for the first year. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40120-017-0067-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Moon CM, Kim BC, Jeong GW. Effects of donepezil on brain morphometric and metabolic changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A DARTEL-based VBM and (1)H-MRS. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:1008-16. [PMID: 27131829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A few studies have performed on the brain morphometric changes over the whole brain structure following donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume alterations and cellular metabolic changes in patients with AD before and after donepezil treatment, and further to reveal the correlations of the scores of various neuropsychological scales with the volumetric and metabolic changes. Twenty-one subjects comprising of 11 patients with AD and 10 age-matched healthy controls participated in this study. All of the patients participated in the follow-up study 24weeks following donepezil treatment. In this study, a combination of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) was used to assess the brain morphometric and metabolic alterations in AD. In the GM volumetric analysis, both of the untreated and treated patients with donepezil showed significantly reduced volumes in the hippocampus (Hip), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), precuneus (PCu) and middle frontal gyrus compared with healthy controls. However, donepezil-treated patients showed significantly increased volumes in the Hip, PCu, fusiform gyrus and caudate nucleus compared to untreated patients. In the WM volumetric analysis, untreated and treated patients showed significant volume reductions in the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), cerebral peduncle of the midbrain and PHG compared to healthy controls. However, there was no significant WM morphological change after donepezil treatment in patients with AD. In MRS study, untreated patients with AD showed decreased N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) and increased myo-inositol (mI)/Cr compared to healthy controls, while treated patients showed only decreased NAA/Cr in the same comparison. However, the treated patients showed simultaneously increased NAA/Cr and decreased mI/Cr and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios compared to untreated patients. This study shows the regional GM and WM volume changes in combination with metabolic changes following donepezil treatment in AD. These findings would be helpful to aid our understanding of the neuroanatomical mechanisms associated with effects of donepezil on the cognitive function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Man Moon
- Research Institute for Medical Imaging, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Chae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Woo Jeong
- Research Institute for Medical Imaging, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Dai X, Hou W, Sun Y, Gao Z, Zhu S, Jiang Z. Chitosan Oligosaccharides Inhibit/Disaggregate Fibrils and Attenuate Amyloid β-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10526-36. [PMID: 26006224 PMCID: PMC4463660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by a large number of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits in the brain. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ aggregation or destabilizing preformed aggregates could be a promising therapeutic target for halting/slowing the progression of AD. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have previously been reported to exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Recent study shows that COS could markedly decrease oligomeric Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat hippocampal neurons. However, the potential mechanism that COS reduce Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, our findings from circular dichroism spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and thioflavin T fluorescence assay suggested that COS act as an inhibitor of Aβ aggregation and this effect shows dose-dependency. Moreover, data from thioflavin T assay indicated that COS could significantly inhibit fibrils formation and disrupt preformed fibrils in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of COS attenuated Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. Taken together, our results demonstrated for the first time that COS could inhibit Aβ1-42 fibrils formation and disaggregate preformed fibrils, suggesting that COS may have anti-Aβ fibrillogenesis and fibril-destabilizing properties. These findings highlight the potential role of COS as novel therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wanqi Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhaolan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Shigong Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Maxwell CJ, Stock K, Seitz D, Herrmann N. Persistence and adherence with dementia pharmacotherapy: relevance of patient, provider, and system factors. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:624-31. [PMID: 25702361 PMCID: PMC4304581 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405901203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies examining adherence and (or) persistence with dementia pharmacotherapy during the past decade, including a summary of the key patient-, drug-, system-, and provider-level factors associated with these measures. Estimates of adherence and 1-year persistence to these drugs have ranged from 34% to 94% and 35% to 60%, respectively. Though many studies reported nonsignificant associations, there are data suggesting that patient age, sex, ethnoracial background, socioeconomic status, and region-specific reimbursement criteria, as well as the extent and quality of interactions among patients, caregivers, and providers, may influence persistence with pharmacotherapy. As many studies relied on administrative data, limited information was available regarding the relevance of patient's cognitive and functional status or the importance of caregiver involvement or assistive devices to adherence or persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Maxwell
- Professor, Schools of Pharmacy and Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
| | - Kathryn Stock
- Student, School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
| | - Dallas Seitz
- Assistant Professor, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Queen's University and Providence Care, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Head, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario
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Alom Poveda J, Baquero M, González-Adalid Guerreiro M. Estadio evolutivo de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer que acuden a la consulta especializada en España. Estudio EACE. Neurologia 2013; 28:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Clinical stages of patients with Alzheimer disease treated in specialist clinics in Spain. The EACE study. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhang W, Du Y, Bai M, Xi Y, Li Z, Miao J. S14G-humanin inhibits Aβ1-42 fibril formation, disaggregates preformed fibrils, and protects against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:159-65. [PMID: 23349038 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide into oligomers/fibrils is one of the key pathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ aggregates are considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ aggregation and destabilizing preformed Aβ fibrils would be an attractive therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of AD. S14G-humanin (HNG), a synthetic derivative of Humanin (HN), has been shown to be a strong neuroprotective agent against various AD-related insults. Recent studies have shown that HNG can significantly improve cognitive deficits and reduce insoluble Aβ levels as well as amyloid plaque burden without affecting amyloid precursor protein processing and Aβ production in transgenic AD models. However, the potential mechanisms by which HNG reduces Aβ-related pathology in vivo remain obscure. In the present study, we found that HNG could significantly inhibit monomeric Aβ1-42 aggregation into fibrils and destabilize preformed Aβ1-42 fibrils in a concentration-dependent manner by Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. In transmission electron microscope study, we observed that HNG was effective in inhibiting Aβ1-42 fibril formation and disrupting preformed Aβ1-42 fibrils, exhibiting various types of amorphous aggregates without identifiable Aβ fibrils. Furthermore, HNG-treated monomeric or fibrillar Aβ1-42 was found to significantly reduce Aβ1-42-mediated cytotoxic effects on PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner by MTT assay. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that HNG not only inhibits Aβ1-42 fibril formation but also disaggregates preformed Aβ1-42 fibrils, which provides the novel evidence that HNG may have anti-Aβ aggregation and fibrillogenesis, and fibril-destabilizing properties. Together with previous studies, we concluded that HNG may have promising therapeutic potential as a multitarget agent for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China
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Bernabei R, Rossini PM, Di Cioccio L, Gragnaniello D, Luda di Cortemiglia E, Attar M, Colombo D. Compliance and Caregiver Satisfaction in Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the AXEPT Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012; 2:418-32. [PMID: 23139687 PMCID: PMC3493009 DOI: 10.1159/000338228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims According to experimental data, a transdermal application is preferred by caregivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared with oral medications. The AXEPT study compared compliance to treatment among community-dwelling patients with mild-to-moderate AD treated with transdermal application compared to oral medications and caregiver satisfaction in a real clinical setting. Methods Data from 45 memory clinics in Italy were collected between September 8, 2010 and January 31, 2011. Compliance to treatment and caregiver satisfaction were measured using the Caregiver Medication Interview. Results A total of 855 AD patients and their caregivers participated in the study. Nearly 80% of caregivers of patients on patch were not concerned about adherence to treatment compared with 64% of caregivers of patients on oral drugs. Among caregivers of patients on patch, 94% did not report any difficulties in remembering to administer treatment compared with 73% of caregivers of patients on oral medications. The highest level of compliance and satisfaction was reported by caregivers of patients on transdermal application. Conclusion Caregivers of patients treated with a transdermal application appeared to be more satisfied and reported a higher level of compliance than caregivers of patients receiving anti-AD oral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bernabei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geriatriche, Gerontologiche e Fisiatriche, Centro di Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Rome
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Zhang W, Zhang W, Li Z, Hao J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Mao N, Miao J, Zhang L. S14G-humanin improves cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid pathology in the middle-aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:361-9. [PMID: 21993310 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by clinical cognitive decline and pathological deposition of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) in the brain. So far, there has been no causative therapy for this devastating disease. S14G-Humanin (HNG), a synthetic derivative of Humanin (HN), has been shown to have strong neuroprotective ability against AD-related insults in vitro and prevent cognitive impairments in Aβ-infused animal models. In addition, a recent study has reported a beneficial effect of intranasal HNG treatment on memory deficit and Aβ accumulation in triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice at the early plaque-bearing stage. However, whether HNG treatment has the disease-modifying efficacy on AD with pre-existing well-established amyloid plaque pathology remains unclear. In this study, we employed 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice with pre-existing robust amyloid plaque pathology to investigate the effects of chronic HNG treatment on the progression of cognitive dysfunction and Aβ-associated neuropathology. We found that vehicle-treated APPswe/PS1dE9 mice showed impaired spatial learning and memory compared with vehicle- and HNG-treated wild-type mice, while intraperitoneal HNG treatment for 3 months significantly improved spatial learning and memory deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice compared with vehicle control treatment. Coincidental with this, HNG treatment significantly reduced cerebral Aβ plaque deposition, insoluble Aβ levels, and neuroinflammatory responses in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice compared with control treatment. Cumulatively, these findings demonstrate that chronic administration of HNG is able to attenuate cognitive deficits and reduce Aβ loads as well as neuroinflammation in the middle-aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice even with pre-existing substantial Aβ neuropathology, indicating that HNG has potential as a pharmacotherapeutic intervention in the development of cognitive deficits and neuropathology seen in the cases of established AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
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Abstract
SUMMARY Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs cognitive function. Currently, the main purpose of pharmacological treatment is to slow down the progression by relieving its symptoms. Galantamine is one of the three cholinesterase inhibitors that are commonly used, either alone or in conjunction with memantine, to treat AD. Four fixed-dose pivotal trials with the immediate-release form and one with the extended-release form established its effectiveness in treating mild-to-moderate AD, without causing excessive adverse events. Both forms possess similar efficacy, but the extended-release form has better compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Seltzer
- Division of Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 500 West Thomas Road Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Molinuevo J, Berthier M, Rami L. Donepezil provides greater benefits in mild compared to moderate Alzheimer's disease: Implications for early diagnosis and treatment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011; 52:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Amuah JE, Hogan DB, Eliasziw M, Supina A, Beck P, Downey W, Maxwell CJ. Persistence with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in a population-based cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19:670-9. [PMID: 20583207 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the risk (and determinants) of discontinuing cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) in a population-based sample of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study based on linked de-identified administrative health data from the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The cohort included all AD patients receiving a ChEI prescription during the first year of provincial coverage (2000-2001). Persistence was defined as no gap of 60+ days between depletion and subsequent refill of a ChEI prescription. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the risk of discontinuation over 40 months. Cox regression with time-varying covariates was used to assess risk factors for ChEI discontinuation. RESULTS The sample included 1080 patients (64% female, average age 80 +/- 7 years). Baseline mean (SD) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) scores were 20.8 (4.4) and 17.5 (7.7), respectively. Over 40 months, 84% discontinued therapy. The 1-year risk of discontinuation was 66.4% (95%CI 63.5-69.3%). Discontinuation was significantly more likely for females (adjusted HR 1.34, 95%CI 1.16-1.55) and among those with lower MMSE scores (2.52, 2.01-3.17 if <15), not receiving social assistance (1.25, 1.07-1.45), and paying at least 65% of total prescription costs (1.51, 1.30-1.74). It was significantly less likely for patients with frequent physician visits (0.78, 0.66-0.93, for 7-19 vs. <7 visits), higher Chronic Disease Scores (0.74, 0.61-0.89, for 7+ vs. <4), and FAQ scores of 9+ (0.82, 0.69-0.99). CONCLUSION The likelihood of discontinuing ChEI therapy was high in this real-world sample of AD patients. Significant predictors included clinical, socioeconomic, and practice factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Amuah
- Methodology Unit, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Peethumnongsin E, Yang L, Kallhoff-Muñoz V, Hu L, Takashima A, Pautler RG, Zheng H. Convergence of presenilin- and tau-mediated pathways on axonal trafficking and neuronal function. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13409-18. [PMID: 20926667 PMCID: PMC2962595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1964-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant and growing health problem in the aging population. Although definitive mechanisms of pathogenesis remain elusive, genetic and histological clues have implicated the proteins presenilin (PS) and tau as key players in AD development. PS mutations lead to familial AD, and although tau is not mutated in AD, tau pathology is a hallmark of the disease. Axonal transport deficits are a common feature of several neurodegenerative disorders and may represent a point of intersection of PS and tau function. To investigate the contribution of wild-type, as opposed to mutant, tau to axonal transport defects in the context of presenilin loss, we used a mouse model postnatally deficient for PS (PS cDKO) and expressing wild-type human tau (WtTau). The resulting PS cDKO;WtTau mice exhibited early tau pathology and axonal transport deficits that preceded development of these phenotypes in WtTau or PS cDKO mice. These deficits were associated with reduced neurotrophin signaling, defective learning and memory and impaired synaptic plasticity. The combination of these effects accelerated neurodegeneration in PS cDKO;WtTau mice. Our results strongly support a convergent role for PS and tau in axonal transport and neuronal survival and function and implicate their misregulation as a contributor to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Peethumnongsin
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Interdepartmental Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Medial Scientist Training Program
| | | | | | - Lingyun Hu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 350-0198 3510198, Japan
| | - Robia G. Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Interdepartmental Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and
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Chiu CS, Deng JS, Hsieh MT, Fan MJ, Lee MM, Chueh FS, Han CK, Lin YC, Peng WH. Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) ameliorates cognition deficit and attenuates oxidative damage in senescent mice induced by D-galactose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 37:889-902. [PMID: 19885949 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x09007296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to access the neuroprotective effect of yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) on the senescent mice induced by D-gal. The mice in the experiments were administered orally with yam (20, 100 or 500 mg/kg for 4 weeks, from the sixth week). The learning and memory abilities of the mice in Morris water maze test and the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of yam on the mice brain tissue were investigated. The content of diosgenin in the yam was also detected by using HPLC. Mice treated with yam were found to significantly improve their learning and memory abilities in Morris water maze test compared to those treated with D-gal (200 mg/kg for 10 weeks). In addition, yam was also found to increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level on the brains of D-gal treated mice. Finally, the amount of diosgenin in the yam was 5.49 mg/g extract. To sum up, these results indicate that yam had the potential to be a useful treatment for cognitive impairment in TCM. Its beneficial effect may be partly mediated via enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Sung Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Contestabile A. The history of the cholinergic hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2010; 221:334-40. [PMID: 20060018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease has been for decades a "polar star" for studies on dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Aim of the present article is to briefly summarize its birth and its evolution throughout years and discoveries. Putting the cholinergic hypothesis in an historical perspective, allows to appreciate the enormous amount of experimental and clinical research that it has stimulated over years and the impressive extent of knowledge generated by this research. While some of the assumptions at the basis of its original formulation are disputable in the light of recent developments, the cholinergic hypothesis has, however, constituted an invaluable stimulus to better understand not only the anatomy and the biochemistry of the cholinergic systems of brain connections but also its developmental biology, its complex relationships with trophic factors, its role in cognitive functions. Thus, rather than being consigned to history, the cholinergic hypothesis will likely contribute to further understanding dementia and neurodegenerative diseases and will hopefully be integrated in novel therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Contestabile
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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When should drug treatment be started for people with dementia? Maturitas 2009; 62:230-4. [PMID: 19201114 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a rapidly growing global health problem. It is a clinical syndrome characterised by multiple cognitive deficits which impact on social functioning and activities of day-to-day living. Currently available treatments offer symptomatic improvements in cognitive functions; however their effect on progression of disease is unclear and requires development of validated outcome measures which can track such long-term changes. There is some evidence that non-pharmacological therapies have a role in reducing psychiatric co-morbidity in care givers, while psychological and social interventions may improve behavioural symptoms in some people. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for AD has generated huge controversy in recent years and attracted a lot of attention and interest from scientific community and various non-statutory agencies and consumer groups. Various evidence-based guidelines have been developed for the assessment and management of dementia. The evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of using the cholinesterase inhibitors as symptomatic treatments, however, the key question is how early should one consider the treatment and institute such treatments. Treatment at the "pre-dementia" or Mild Cognitive Impairment stage is not warranted. Once dementia is apparent, early treatment is effective and makes obvious clinical sense, though argument continues over whether it is really cost effective at these early stages.
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Visch Brink EG, Van Rhee Temme W, Rietveld T, Krulder JWM, Van Harskamp F, Van der Cammen TJM. Improvement of spontaneous speech in early stage Alzheimer's with rivastigmine. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:34-8. [PMID: 19151906 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Placebo-controlled trials have shown that rivastigmine can delay cognitive deterioration in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Benefits on cognitive functioning, as measured with the ADAS-Cog, occur on a daily dose of 6-12 mg when used for at least 6 months. The effect of rivastigmine on the adequacy of spontaneous speech is unknown. This study aimed to (i) compare the spontaneous speech of AD patients with the spontaneous speech of persons with normal cognition, (ii) compare the spontaneous speech of the same group of AD patients before and after treatment with rivastigmine. METHODS Spontaneous speech of AD patients (n=9) was compared with that of healthy elderly volunteers (n=8). In the patient group, spontaneous speech was analysed before and after treatment with rivastigmine. RESULTS Before treatment, 100% discrimination was found between the spontaneous speech of AD patients and of healthy volunteers based on two linguistic parameters: empty words and compound sentences. After treatment with rivastigmine the spontaneous speech of the AD patients improved on these two variables, while the ADAS-Cog scores decreased. Mean interval between the two spontaneous speech samples was 8.89 months. CONCLUSION Assessment of spontaneous speech might be a valid parameter to discriminate between normal cognition and AD, and to evaluate the effects of anti-AD medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Visch Brink
- Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Comparative effects of the alpha7 nicotinic partial agonist, S 24795, and the cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, against aging-related deficits in declarative and working memory in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:499-508. [PMID: 18265960 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The comparative effects of a newly described specific alpha7 nAChR partial agonist, S 24795, and a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, currently used as a symptomatic Alzheimer's disease treatment were studied in two mouse models of aging-related memory deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed radial arm-maze paradigms assessing short-term working memory (STWM, experiment A) and mnemonic flexibility, a cardinal property of long-term declarative (LTDM, experiment B). Both compounds were administered daily at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg subcutaneously (~3 weeks). RESULTS In the STWM experiment, vehicle-treated aged mice displayed a severe and persistent deficit in the retention of successive arm visits in comparison to younger controls. S 24795 at 1 mg/kg (trends at 0.3 mg/kg) and donepezil at 0.3 mg/kg (but not 1 mg/kg) exerted beneficial effects on this deficit: The performance of aged mice treated with these drugs remarkably increased across the testing days and almost reached young adult performance level. In the critical test trials of memory flexibility (i.e., LTDM), in experiment B, S 24795 at 1 mg/kg (trends at 0.3 mg/kg) and donepezil at the dose of 1 mg/kg (but not 0.3 mg/kg) improved aged mice performance. CONCLUSION This preclinical demonstration that S 24795 restored specific age-related memory deficits with as much efficacy as donepezil adds to recent literature in highlighting the potential interest of an alpha7 nAChR drug as a symptomatic AD therapeutic.
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Seltzer B. Is long-term treatment of Alzheimer's disease with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy justified? Drugs Aging 2008; 24:881-90. [PMID: 17953456 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724110-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are the current mainstays in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is convincing evidence that these agents provide at least modest cognitive, behavioural and functional benefit for 6-12 months at all stages of the disease. Longer term benefits cannot be directly examined by placebo-controlled trials. Nevertheless, the results of virtually all open-label extensions of the pivotal trials, studies of patients with AD at different levels of severity and clinical trials using other designs favour treatment over no treatment for periods of up to 5 years. There are plausible biological reasons why ChEIs might be expected to work over a prolonged period of time although, to date, studies using various markers to chart the effects of medication on long-term disease progression have yielded mixed results. The most contentious issue regarding long-term treatment is economic, but the majority of available economic analyses suggest net savings over the long term if patients with AD receive persistent treatment with ChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Seltzer
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Mihara T, Mihara K, Yarimizu J, Mitani Y, Matsuda R, Yamamoto H, Aoki S, Akahane A, Iwashita A, Matsuoka N. Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel, Potent Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptor Dual Antagonist, 5-[5-Amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-1-isopropylpyridine-2(1H)-one (ASP5854), in Models of Parkinson's Disease and Cognition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:708-19. [PMID: 17684118 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central adenosine A(2A) receptor is a promising target for drugs to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), and the central blockade of adenosine A(1) receptor improves cognitive function. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a novel adenosine A(1) and A(2A) dual antagonist, 5-[5-amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl) pyrazin-2-yl]-1-isopropylpyridine-2(1H)-one (ASP5854), in animal models of PD and cognition. The binding affinities of ASP5854 for human A(1) and A(2A) receptors were 9.03 and 1.76 nM, respectively, with higher specificity and no species differences. ASP5854 also showed antagonistic action on A(1) and A(2A) agonist-induced increases of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. ASP5854 ameliorated A(2A) agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS21680)- and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, with the minimum effective doses of 0.32 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, and it also improved haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats at doses higher than 0.1 mg/kg. In unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, ASP5854 significantly potentiated l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced rotational behavior at doses higher than 0.032 mg/kg. ASP5854 also significantly restored the striatal dopamine content reduced by 1-metyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment in mice at doses higher than 0.1 mg/kg. Furthermore, in the rat passive avoidance test, ASP5854 significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficits, whereas the specific adenosine A(2A) antagonist 8-((E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione (KW-6002; istradefylline) did not. Scopolamine- or 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (dizocilpine maleate) (MK-801)-induced impairment of spontaneous alternation in the mouse Y-maze test was ameliorated by ASP5854, whereas KW-6002 did not exert improvement at therapeutically relevant dosages. These results demonstrate that the novel, selective, and orally active dual adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors antagonist ASP5854 improves motor impairments, is neuroprotective via A(2A) antagonism, and also enhances cognitive function through A(1) antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Mihara
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan.
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Chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen attenuates learning impairments in transgenic amyloid precursor protein mice. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:54. [PMID: 17650315 PMCID: PMC1948891 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have shown that certain NSAIDs reduce secretion of Aβ42 in cell culture and animal models, and that the effect of NSAIDs on Aβ42 is independent of the inhibition of cyclooxygenase by these compounds. Since Aβ42 is hypothesized to be the initiating pathologic molecule in AD, the ability of these compounds to lower Aβ42 selectively may be associated with their protective effect. We have previously identified R-flurbiprofen (tarenflurbil) as a selective Aβ42 lowering agent with greatly reduced cyclooxygenase activity that shows promise for testing this hypothesis. In this study we report the effect of chronic R-flurbiprofen treatment on cognition and Aβ loads in Tg2576 APP mice. Results A four-month preventative treatment regimen with R-flurbiprofen (10 mg/kg/day) was administered to young Tg2576 mice prior to robust plaque or Aβ pathology. This treatment regimen improved spatial learning as assessed by the Morris water maze, indicated by an increased spatial bias during the third probe trial and an increased utilization of a place strategy to solve the water maze. These results are consistent with an improvement in hippocampal- and medial temporal lobe-dependent memory function. A modest, though not statistically significant, reduction in formic acid-soluble levels of Aβ was also observed. To determine if R-flurbiprofen could reverse cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice where plaque pathology was already robust, a two-week therapeutic treatment was given to older Tg2576 mice with the same dose of R-flurbiprofen. This approach resulted in a significant decrease in Aβ plaque burden but no significant improvement in spatial learning. Conclusion We have found that chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen is able to attenuate spatial learning deficits if given prior to plaque deposition in Tg2576 mice. Given its ability to selectively target Aβ42 production and improve cognitive impairments in transgenic APP mice, as well as promising data from a phase 2 human clinical trial, future studies are needed to investigate the utility of R-flurbiprofen as an AD therapeutic and its possible mechanisms of action.
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Abstract
Donepezil hydrochloride is the most widely prescribed drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main mechanism of action through which it influences cognition and function is presumed to be the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the brain; however, donepezil may also impact the pathophysiology of AD at several other points. Officially approved for mild-to-moderate and severe AD, donepezil has also been shown to be effective in early-stage AD, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia/Lewy body disease and cognitive symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. In addition, one study suggested that donepezil may delay the onset of AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, a prodrome to AD. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety/tolerability profile and drug interaction properties of donepezil make it an easy and safe agent to use. However, in general, the efficacy of donepezil is limited, and ongoing studies are investigating other agents that may ultimately overtake its present position as the mainstay of anti-AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Seltzer
- V.A. Boston Healthcare System, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Geriatric Research Center, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22:385-92. [PMID: 17469215 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gupta RC, Dekundy A. Donepezil- or rivastigmine-induced acetylcholinesterase inactivation is not modulated by neramexane in rat brain. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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