1
|
Panvini FM, Pacini S, Montali M, Barachini S, Mazzoni S, Morganti R, Ciancia EM, Carnicelli V, Petrini M. High NESTIN Expression Marks the Endosteal Capillary Network in Human Bone Marrow. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:596452. [PMID: 33364234 PMCID: PMC7753038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is hosted, supported and regulated by a special bone marrow (BM) microenvironment known as "niche." BM niches have been classified based on micro-anatomic distance from the bone surface into "endosteal" and "central" niches. Whilst different blood vessels have been found in both BM niches in mice, our knowledge of the human BM architecture is much more limited. Here, we have used a combination of markers including NESTIN, CD146, and αSMA labeling different blood vessels in benign human BM. Applying immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence techniques on BM trephines and performing image analysis on almost 300 microphotographs, we detected high NESTIN expression in BM endothelial cells (BMECs) of small arteries (A) and endosteal arterioles (EA), and also in very small vessels we named NESTIN+ capillary-like tubes (NCLTs), not surrounded by sub-endothelial perivascular cells that occasionally reported low levels of NESTIN expression. Statistically, NCLTs were detected within 40 μm from bone trabecula, frequently found in direct contact to the bone line and spatially correlated with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Our results support the expression of NESTIN in human BMECs of EA and A in accordance with the updated classification of murine BM micro-vessels. NCLTs for their peculiar characteristics and micro-anatomical localization have been here proposed as transitional vessels possibly involved in regulating human hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M. Panvini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Pacini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Montali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Barachini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- Statistical Support to Clinical Trials Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenio M. Ciancia
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedsaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnicelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogozhin DV, Bulycheva IV, Kushlinsky NE, Konovalov DM, Talalaev AG, Roshchin VY, Ektova AP, Kushnir BL, Kuzin AS, Bologov AA. [Osteochondroma in children and adolescents]. Arkh Patol 2015; 77:37-40. [PMID: 26226780 DOI: 10.17116/patol201577337-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondroma is called a benign cartilage-forming tumor arising from an aberrant subperiosteal cartilage. Multiple osteochondromas syndrome (MOS) is an autosomal dominant disease, the basis for which is mutations in the EXT (EXT1 or EXT2) genes. Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign bone tumors. According to the WHO data, it is detectable in 35% of benign bone tumors and 8% of all surgically removed bone tumors. A total of 491 cases of bone tumors were analyzed in the children and adolescents diagnosed at the Department of Pathoanatomy, Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow, in 2009 to 2014. All the patients with osteochondroma were divided into 2 groups: 1) sporadic cases (n = 63) and 2) tumors included in MOS (n = 33). Both groups showed a preponderance of boys (39 boys and 24 girls in Group 1 and 21 boys and 12 girls in Group 2). Clinical, radiological, and morphological criteria for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteochondromas in children and adolescents are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V Rogozhin
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow; D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow
| | | | | | - D M Konovalov
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow; D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow
| | - A G Talalaev
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow; D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow
| | - V Yu Roshchin
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow; D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow
| | - A P Ektova
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow; D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow
| | - B L Kushnir
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow
| | - A S Kuzin
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow
| | - A A Bologov
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Characterization of Nestin, a Selective Marker for Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:762098. [PMID: 26236348 PMCID: PMC4506912 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages and contributing to tissue repair and regeneration. Characterization of the physiological function of MSCs has been largely hampered by lack of unique markers. Nestin, originally found in neuroepithelial stem cells, is an intermediate filament protein expressed in the early stages of development. Increasing studies have shown a particular association between Nestin and MSCs. Nestin could characterize a subset of bone marrow perivascular MSCs which contributed to bone development and closely contacted with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nestin expressing (Nes(+)) MSCs also play a role in the progression of various diseases. However, Nes(+) cells were reported to participate in angiogenesis as MSCs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in several tissues and be a heterogeneous population comprising mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells in the developing bone marrow. In this review article, we will summarize the progress of the research on Nestin, particularly the function of Nes(+) cells in bone marrow, and discuss the feasibility of using Nestin as a specific marker for MSCs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Carpenter EM, Llamas C, Buck BE, Malinin TI. Induction of neural tissue markers by micronized human spinal cord implants. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:495-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles California
| | - Carlos Llamas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles California
| | - Billy E. Buck
- Tissue Bank and Department of Orthopaedics; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Theodore I. Malinin
- Tissue Bank and Department of Orthopaedics; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cuellar A, Inui A, James MA, Borys D, Reddi AH. Immunohistochemical Localization of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their Receptors in Solitary and Multiple Human Osteochondromas. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:488-98. [PMID: 24789804 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414535781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their cognate receptors (BMPRs) in osteochondromas has not been investigated. We determined the immunohistochemical localization and distribution of BMP-2/4, -6 and -7; BMP receptors BMPR-1A, BMPR-1B and BMPR-2; signal transducing proteins phosphorylated Smad1/5/8; and BMP antagonist noggin in the cartilaginous cap of solitary (SO) and multiple (MO) human osteochondromas and compared these with bovine growth plate and articular cartilage. The distribution and localization patterns for BMP-6, BMP-7, BMPR-1A and BMPR-2 were similar between the cartilaginous cap and the growth plate. BMP-2/4 and BMPR-1B were present throughout the growth plate. However, BMP-2/4 and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were mainly detected in proliferating chondrocytes of the cartilaginous cap. Also, BMPR-1B was found in hypertrophic chondrocytes of SO and proliferating chondrocytes of MO. Noggin was observed in resting chondrocytes and, to a lesser extent, in clustered proliferating chondrocytes in SO. On the other hand, noggin in MO was observed in proliferating chondrocytes. Since BMPs can stimulate proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, these findings suggest that there is an imbalance of BMP-2/4 and noggin interactions that may lead to abnormal regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in the cartilaginous cap of human osteochondromas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Cuellar
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Pathology (DB), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaShriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (MAJ)
| | - Atsuyuki Inui
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Pathology (DB), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaShriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (MAJ)
| | - Michelle A James
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Pathology (DB), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaShriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (MAJ)
| | - Dariusz Borys
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Pathology (DB), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaShriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (MAJ)
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (AC, AI, AHR), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaDepartment of Pathology (DB), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CaliforniaShriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (MAJ)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cell biology of osteochondromas: bone morphogenic protein signalling and heparan sulphates. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:1591-6. [PMID: 23771188 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Frequent benign outgrowths from bone known as osteochondromas, exhibiting typical endochondral ossification, are reported from single to multiple lesions. Characterised by a high incidence of osteochondromas and skeletal deformities, multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is the most common inherited musculoskeletal condition. While factors for severity remain unknown, mutations in exostosin 1 and exostosin 2 genes, encoding glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquitously expressed heparan sulphate (HS) chains, are associated with MHE. HS-binding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional proteins involved in the morphogenesis of bone and cartilage. HS and HS proteoglycans are involved in BMP-mediated morphogenesis by regulating their gradient formation and activity. Mutations in exostosin genes disturb HS biosynthesis, subsequently affecting its functional role in the regulation of signalling pathways. As BMPs are the primordial morphogens for bone development, we propose the hypothesis that BMP signalling may be critical in osteochondromas. For this reason, the outcomes of exostosin mutations on HS biosynthesis and interactions within osteochondromas and MHE are reviewed. Since BMPs are HS binding proteins, the interactions of HS with the BMP signalling pathway are discussed. The impact of mouse models in the quest to better understand the cell biology of osteochondromas is discussed. Several challenges and questions still remain and further investigations are needed to explore new approaches for better understanding of the pathogenesis of osteochondromas.
Collapse
|
7
|
de Andrea CE, Hogendoorn PCW. Epiphyseal growth plate and secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma: the neighbours matter. J Pathol 2011; 226:219-28. [PMID: 21956842 DOI: 10.1002/path.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes interact with their neighbours through their cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocyte-matrix interactions compensate the lack of cell-cell contact and are modulated by proteoglycans and other molecules. The epiphyseal growth plate is a highly organized tissue responsible for long bone elongation. The growth plate is regulated by gradients of morphogens that are established by proteoglycans. Morphogens diffuse across the ECM, creating short- and long-range signalling that lead to the formation of a polarized tissue. Mutations affecting genes that modulate cell-matrix interactions are linked to several human disorders. Homozygous mutations of EXT1/EXT2 result in reduced synthesis and shortened heparan sulphate chains on both cell surface and matrix proteoglycans. This disrupts the diffusion gradients of morphogens and signal transduction in the epiphyseal growth plate, contributing to loss of cell polarity and osteochondroma formation. Osteochondromas are cartilage-capped bony projections arising from the metaphyses of endochondral bones adjacent to the growth plate. The osteochondroma cap is formed by cells with homozygous mutation of EXT1/EXT2 and committed stem cells/wild-type chondrocytes. Osteochondroma serves as a niche (a permissive environment), which facilitates the committed stem cells/wild-type chondrocytes to acquire secondary genetic changes to form a secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma. In such a scenario, the micro-environment is the site of the initiating processes that ultimately lead to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E de Andrea
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|